On the Theory and Policy of Neighborhood Consolidation

Economic analysis suggests the desirability of an integrated land use and housing policy for declining cities; planned neighborhood consolidation would help to preserve both standard housing and neighborhood commercial and social amenities, and might reduce public service costs. Housing allowances could be used to compensate relocated tenants and to insure their capacity to pay standard rents in conservation areas. Property value gains in conservation areas could be expected to exceed losses in clearance areas, indicating a more efficient use of urban resources and enabling a local authority to compensate losers out of the proceeds of a tax on gainers.

Political obstacles to neighborhood consolidation are formidable. However, such a policy would be more humane than the alternative of letting neighborhood depopulation run its course while wasting rehabilitation funds in a fruitless gesture of even-handed distribution.     

A Tale of Two Conservatives: Housing Policy Under Reagan and Thatcher

Low-income housing policies under Ronald Reagan in the United States and Margaret Thatcher in Great Britain have emphasized increased reliance on the market, individual choice, and sharper means testing of the recipients of subsidies. Their housing agendas were justified on grounds of promoting greater efficiency and equity in low-income rental housing programs. An evaluation of those policies indicates, however, that gains in efficiency—a given amount of spending producing greater benefits—are small compared to increases in inequities between low-income renters and other households, especially when all housing policies are considered.     

社会转型期的住房供应政策选择NO．6

住房供应政策的演化与现状 长期以来，我国住房供应呈现较强的二元特征，1998年以前，城镇居民基本依靠单位或国家分配住房，农村居民则靠国家划拨宅基地自行建房。由于长期实行低租金实物分配，住宅发展始终赶不上城镇人口增长的速度，1978年城镇人均居住面积不仅没有增长，反而由1949年的4．5m^2下降到3．6m^2，缺房户869万户，占城镇家庭的47.5％。为解决城镇居民住房短缺问题，1980年4月邓小平同志就城镇住房制度改革的基本走向作了重要讲话，同年，中共中央、国务院在批转《全国基本建设工作会议汇报提纲》中正式提出实行住房商品化政策．开始试点出售公房。     

Paying for Water: Policy Options and their Practical Implications

Paying for water supply, wastewater and surface water sewerage and treatment, and river basin management, is considered against the four strategic options of using taxation, charges to users, accepting environmental damage, and charitable funding. The different social consequences of each are addressed. A fundamental appraisal of issues of cost analysis is provided, and often overlooked factors are identified. The merits of (a) alternative tariff forms including rising and falling blocks, (b) seasonal and time-of-day tariffs, and (c) cover/fixed charge approaches are analysed, together with the often more cost-effective use of tariffs without meters for households. The important role of the engineering elasticity of demand is set alongside the more often discussed concept of economic elasticity.     

Indoor Air Quality: Exploring Policy Options to Reduce Human Exposures

Deciding between the different policy approaches available for reducing human exposures to indoor pollutants is an exceptionally complex task. These options can range from waiting until more definitive information is available to enacting regulatory standards, with many variations in between. This paper presents some of the factors policy-makers must consider in establishing indoor air quality policies, and the role researchers should play in ensuring that indoor air policies are based on the best available scientific information.     

Relevance Between City Size and Tra c Congestion and Its Policy Options

The study finds that,the traffic congestion will worsen along with the expansion of city size,if the factors of traffic structure,proportion of urban road area,spatial distribution of city traveling,and occurrence intensity of travel are fixed.Therefore,the need for certain public policies and intervention of urban transportation is related with city size.It is an unavoidable and urgent task for the governments of large and supper cities to formulate and implement scientific transportation policies in order to guarantee the operation efficiency of urban transportation system.     

浅析邻里中心的开放性

本文从深度阐释邻里中心的概念出发,通过对苏州工业园区的现有几家邻里中心的实地调研和对比,并结合笔者新近设计的苏州工业园区唯亭邻里中心,来探讨如何将邻里中心的开放性原则应用到设计中。     

邻里相连:再生我们的城市

本文从一个北美人的视角来关注社区的社会可持续性问题,并提出了美好社区的五个标准:充满活力和生机;以一个或多个集聚和碰面的场所为中心;有集体认同感;具备习俗和礼仪的物质环境;受日常生活参与者的喜爱。文章最后就地方邻里如何获得规划自身未来的必要能力提出了一些意见。     

邻里相连：再生我们的城市

本文从一个北美人的视角来关注社区的社会可持续性问题,并提出了“美好社区”的五个标准：充满活力和生机;以一个或多个集聚和碰面的场所为中心;有集体认同感;具备习俗和礼仪的物质环境;受日常生活参与者的喜爱。文章最后就地方邻里如何获得规划自身未来的必要能力提出了一些意见。     

美味行程簿

有人喜欢到哪都带着记事本,想到什么就写下来,一天下来的行程也从中体现。但现在写字也许不是唯一的记录手段,随身携带的本子还可以变成刀叉和餐垫,每天的美食行程即将精彩上演。     

The Choice Agenda in Disability Housing Provision

The notion of choice is emerging as fundamental to new approaches to the provision of housing for people with intellectual disabilities. In order to achieve a more coherent and informed understanding of choice as a basis for theory, policy and practice in housing for people with intellectual disabilities, what is necessary is a clearer understanding of the complexities and tensions inherent in the idea of choice and their implications. Therefore, this paper considers three main themes which give rise to a more critical conceptualization of choice: a tension between the formalist and the redistributive approach to social justice; a tension between the individuality implied by choice and the community-care ethos of disability housing; and the institutional implications of the choice agenda within and beyond state-administration. The manifestation of these tensions is illustrated using a case study: housing for people with intellectual disabilities in the State of Victoria, Australia.     

《千年宣言》和《人民议程》

在《人居议程》发表4年之后，《千年宣言》正式发表，该宣言是国际社会为解决目前最紧迫的发展问题所采取的行动的蓝图，相比之下《人居议程》中提出的对人居问题的一系列承诺则更为谨慎和基础。尽管上述两个文件在形式和内容上存在很大差异，但是在许多方面他们有很强的互补性。     

The Neighborhood Interest in a City's Recovery

This article examines the proposition that city neighborhoods can fare better under policies that promote a city's recovery than they can when recovery is not an objective, and that the greatest benefit may be expected in neighborhoods that have severely lost residents and commercial services. Depleted neighborhoods are the natural arena for a recovery undertaking.

Lest readers suppose that this article is something which it is not, it should be said at the outset that an undertaking to achieve a city's recovery—at least in the rigorous definition used here—is not known to me. In the absence of an example that can be appraised, support for the proposition must be sought in an analysis of circumstances and potential policies that would make a recovery undertaking practical.

The potential policies depend upon a set of related ideas which could benefit from further development and refinement (to which it is hoped interested readers will contribute) and above all from tests in particular neighborhoods in several cities.

Foremost among these ideas is that of recovery itself. Others which will be elaborated in due course are compatible redevelopment of depleted neighborhoods, the changing nature of cities as expressed in changes in hospitality to different kinds of employment, and finally strategic planning as an alternative at neighborhood and city levels to both comprehensive planning, on the one hand, and single-purpose planning, on the other. Although precision is not possible, depleted neighborhoods, as referred to here, will be distinguished from other kinds.     

Technology Development,Neighborhood Planning,and Negotiated Partnerships: The Case of Pittsburgh's Oakland Neighborhood

Neighborhood organizations are rarely involved in policymaking for high-technology industries, and as a result they often oppose new development initiatives. The Oakland Planning and Development Corporation (OPDC) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is an exception. That organization has attempted to influence high-tech growth in its community by commissioning a “technology impact analysis” as a tool with which to negotiate with key high-tech participants. OPDC has successfully used the analysis to broaden support and gain resources for its activities in housing and commercial development and land-use planning. OPDC's inability to establish job training and placement links to high-technology industries, however, points to difficulties in neighborhood-level planning for advanced technology economic development.     

复合型生态社区城市设计探讨——以上海市崇明岛国际实验生态社区为例

生态社区是崇明岛陈家镇近期重点建设项目,规划层面的思考与实践是项目推动的主要动力。崇明岛国际实验生态社区规划设计在重点区块的功能结构、空间形态、土地利用等方面遵守上位规划所制定的标准基础上,根据功能复合理念,整合空间体系,分类和控制生态型道路交通体系,打造具备生态功能的社区界面,营造滨水空间,并依照"吻合、优化、调整"三个不同程度的措施来控制整个社区的空间风貌,形成了具有地域代表性的生态社区。     

Investigating the New Landscapes of Welfare: Housing Policy,Politics and the Emerging Research Agenda

As debates about housing form an increasingly important arena of political controversy, much has been written about the new fissures that have appeared as governments not only struggle to reduce public expenditure deficits but also attempt to address problems such as affordability and homelessness. It is widely anticipated that new conflicts will be played out in the private rental market as access to homeownership becomes unrealistic and the supply of social housing diminishes. However, what other tensions might surface; that hitherto have not been subject to the critical gaze of housing research? In this paper, we provide some thoughts on the nascent policy issues as well as the ideological schisms that are likely to develop in coming years, offering suggestions as to how the focus of housing policy research might be reoriented towards a “politics” framework to capture and better understand the conflicts that are likely to arise.     

Nature's Neighborhood: Urban Environmental History and Neighborhood Planning

The physical form of an urban settlement is a product of the reciprocal relationship between the humans and the ecological systems in the area which act together to create an urban landscape that changes through time. While many of the interactions between the natural world and the built environment occur at the regional level, the quality of life experienced by residents is in large part a function of environmental conditions in the neighborhood. This article explores the benefits to neighborhood planning from incorporating urban environmental history. It reviews the conceptual territory of urban environmental history and presents a framework for its application to neighborhood planning. An environmental history completed for a neighborhood is highlighted to illustrate the technique.     

第二届绿色建筑设计国际研讨会暨建筑可持续发展对话会

2007年10月9日第二届绿色建筑设计国际研讨会暨建筑可持续发燕尾服对话会在天津成功召开,本次会议由中国建筑设计研究院、亚太建设科技信息研究院(原建设部科技信息研究所)主办,世界自然基金协会(WWF)、美国EMSI环境管理咨询有限公司、《建筑技术及设计》期刊、《建筑结构》期刊、天津大学环境科学与工程学院协办.