红茶萎凋处理温湿度条件对PPO、POD及茶多酚和色素的影响

通过控制不同温湿度进行萎凋,然后在较理想的揉捻、发酵、干燥条件下制成红茶。检测加工期间多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及茶多酚、茶色素含量。研究表明:不同温湿度处理萎凋期间PPO活性与萎凋叶含水量呈显著的正相关,相对湿度(RH)70%萎凋制得的红茶茶黄素含量最高,红茶发酵过程中茶多酚的氧化形成茶色素类与PPO、POD活性关系紧密,并且萎凋叶POD活性与成品茶茶黄素和茶红素含量呈极显著的负相关。      

温度对工夫红茶揉捻理化品质的影响

为明确揉捻过程中温度对工夫红茶加工品质的影响,分析了不同温度条件下,浙江小叶种工夫红茶揉捻中在制品PPO、POD酶活性,以及成品茶感官品质、理化品质以及香气成分的变化。研究结果显示,低温20±2℃时揉捻叶的PPO、POD酶活性保留较高,成品茶茶黄素含量显著增加,茶汤色差亮度L值与红色度a值提高,茶多酚和咖啡碱等成分的含量显著下降,醛类、醇类和酮类等香气成分的形成得到显著性增加,特别是苯乙醛、芳樟醇、橙花叔醇、紫罗酮及香叶基丙酮等红茶重要香气成分的含量显著增加。因此,低温下的揉捻方法可作为提升工夫红茶品质的一种新的技术工艺。     

不同茶树品种夏季鲜叶工夫红茶适制性比较

目的比较不同茶树品种夏季鲜叶工夫红茶适制性,为工夫红茶加工提供理论参考。方法通过比较10个茶树品种所制工夫红茶主要内含成分、汤色L~*a~*b~*值及感官品质,分析各因素与感官品质间的相关性。结果 10个品种工夫红茶感官品质依次表现为:蜀永2号巴渝特早蜀永1号早白尖5号四川中小叶种名山白毫131福鼎大白茶渝茶一号崇枇71-1南江1号。鲜叶中多酚氧化酶(polyphenylene oxide,PPO)活性与感官审评得分相关性不显著,过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性与审评得分呈显著负相关性,相关系数-0.660;鲜叶水浸出物、成茶酚氨比、茶汤b~*值、茶褐素、茶色素生成量(gross of tea pigment, GP)与审评得分呈极显著正相关性,相关系数分别为0.820、0.785、0.855、0.771、0.795;鲜叶茶多酚、鲜叶酚氨比、成茶茶多酚、茶汤a~*值、茶黄素、茶红素与审评得分呈显著正相关性,相关系数分别为0.649、0.637、0.668、0.731、0.760、0.698;成茶氨基酸、茶汤L~*值与审评得分分别呈显著和极显著负相关性,相关系数为-0.768、-0.782。结论在本研究中,蜀永2号、巴渝特早、蜀永1号、早白尖5号、四川中小叶种、名山白毫131夏季鲜叶表现出较好的工夫红茶适制性。茶叶中茶多酚及其氧化物含量、氨基酸和水浸出物含量、茶汤L~*a~*b~*值可作为判断夏季工夫红茶适制性的参考指标。     

江西紫阳工夫红茶加工工艺参数初探

用幼嫩鲜叶为试验原料,在试制高档红茶过程中,分别对萎凋叶含水量、揉捻时间和加压方式、发酵时间、干燥温度设置不同处理,以探索工艺指标。结果表明,较佳的工艺指标为:萎凋叶的含水量62%左右;揉捻70min,分两次揉,第一次揉捻不加压,第二次揉捻加压与松压交替进行;在室温24℃,相对湿度95%的条件下发酵180min;干燥毛火温度120℃左右,足火温度85℃。     

山东日照茶区工夫红茶初制试验研究

试验研究日照工夫红茶初制中适度萎凋、揉捻、发酵时间、适宜毛火温度与时间、足火温度以及干燥设备搭配。结果表明,在一定条件下,萎凋槽萎凋6h后,叶相呈现较明显变化,萎凋10h叶相特征及含水量达到萎凋适度;揉捻90min细胞破损率平均达到87.4%,揉捻叶的条形、色泽均表现良好,碎末率低;发酵160min,坯内温度达到并保持31℃,其色泽、香气优良;采用不同毛火温度、时间组合以及不同足火温度、设备搭配,干燥效果不同,使用80型调速滚筒炒干机120℃炒制20min,茶叶含水量25%左右,摊凉30min,用6CCQ-50型双锅曲毫机100℃炒制15min,摊凉30min,用901烘干机90℃烘至含水量6%左右,感官审评其五项因子均表现优良。     

不同嫩度鲜叶加工工夫红茶对品质和内含成分的影响

为研究不同嫩度鲜叶加工工夫红茶对品质和内含成分的影响,分别采摘一芽一二叶、一芽二三叶和一芽三四叶原料,按照萎凋、揉捻、发酵和干燥4道工序加工工夫红茶,探索不同嫩度鲜叶加工工夫红茶过程中茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素、氨基酸等含量的变化,以及对茶叶感官品质的影响。结果表明:感官品质总分表现为一芽一二叶一芽二三叶一芽三四叶,其中一芽三四叶各感官因子得分均为最差,一芽一二叶和一芽二三叶的汤色、香气和滋味内质评分相近;内含成分的变化表现为揉捻和发酵期间儿茶素含量迅速下降,水浸出物含量也有降低,茶黄素含量上升,红茶加工过程中咖啡碱含量变化不大,不同嫩度原料之间比较,红茶加工过程中EGCG的氧化率一芽一二叶最高为92.09%,一芽二三叶为85.29%,一芽三四叶为86.30%,生成的茶黄素为一芽二三叶最高,氨基酸含量为一芽一二叶一芽二三叶一芽三四叶。     

川红工夫加工过程多酚类物质及其相关酶的变化规律

以四川小叶种群体品种的一芽二叶为原料,采用传统工艺制备川红工夫,检测其茶多酚、黄酮、儿茶素、茶黄素、茶红素的含量,以及多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化,分析多酚类化合物含量与其形成相关酶活性之间的关系。结果表明：茶多酚和儿茶素含量在加工过程中呈现下降趋势;黄酮、茶黄素和茶红素含量在揉捻阶段显著增加,黄酮和茶黄素含量在发酵过程中较揉捻时降低;多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性在揉捻阶段呈较显著下降趋势。通过相关性分析发现：茶多酚含量与多酚氧化酶（polyphenoloxidase,PPO）和过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活性之间存在极显著正相关;茶黄素含量与POD活性呈极显著负相关;茶红素含量与POD活性及PPO活性分别呈极显著和显著负相关。适当延长揉捻时间和减少发酵时间,或是在发酵过程中采用提高多酚形成相关酶活性的方法,可制备出高茶黄素含量的川红工夫。     

萎凋方式对黄化英红九号红茶品质的影响

以黄化英红九号红茶为材料,研究日光萎凋和鼓风萎凋2种方式对红茶生化成分和色度值的影响,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明:与日光萎凋方式相比,鼓风萎凋方式对茶叶水浸出物、茶多酚、咖啡碱、总黄酮、游离氨基酸和茶色素的影响较大;茶红素和茶褐素含量高。萎凋时间在10～15h的鼓风萎凋红茶茶汤色差值较大。随萎凋时间的延长,茶多酚、总黄酮和儿茶素显著降低,可溶性糖和咖啡碱变化不显著;茶汤ΔL*和ΔE*ab增加,Δa*和Δb*降低。相关性分析表明,萎凋叶含水量与总黄酮、Δa*、Δb*极显著正相关。茶黄素和茶红素对Δb*显著正向作用。茶黄素对Δa*有显著正向作用。     

红茶加工过程中纤维素酶和主要品质成分的动态变化

为探究红茶在日光萎凋、揉捻、发酵等加工工序中纤维素酶和主要品质成分的变化规律,本研究以凫早2号(C.sinensis cv.Fuzao2)为原料,测定红茶加工过程中β-葡萄糖苷酶、内切葡聚糖酶及外切葡聚糖酶的活性,同时分析了可溶性糖、儿茶素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸等主要品质成分含量的动态变化。结果表明,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、儿茶素总量、氨基酸总量在日光萎凋阶段结束后达到最高值,分别是0.091 U(10 min)^-1·mL^-1、97.6 mg/g、38.9315 mg/g,揉捻阶段迅速下降后趋于稳定;内切葡聚糖酶活性在日光萎凋开始至发酵结束呈持续上升趋势,从0.19 U(10 min)^-1·mL^-1增加至0.51 U(10 min)^-1·mL^-1;可溶性糖含量在揉捻、发酵期间下降迅速,而外切葡聚糖酶活性和咖啡碱含量在红茶加工过程中变化不显著。     

夏暑茶鲜叶红茶适制性研究

以崂山茶区黄山群体种夏暑季节茶鲜叶为原料,参照传统工夫红茶初制工艺,重点研究了发酵工艺对红茶品质的影响,结合感官审评与品质化学分析得知:鲜叶萎凋18 h时含水量为67.4%,进行揉捻工艺,发酵4 h,烘干制得的夏暑红茶,茶多酚含量为16.7%,茶红素/茶黄素比值为13.1,汤色红亮,滋味浓,甜香,具备较好的红茶品质。     

Effects of withering on the main physical properties of withered tea leaves and the sensory quality of congou black tea

To explore the relationship between the moisture content of withered tea leaves and their physical properties (i.e., elasticity, plasticity, flexibility, and texture) during withering, texture analyzer was employed to test the elasticity and flexibility of withered tea leaves with different moisture contents. The texture was evaluated by computer vision technology. The withered tea leaves with different moisture contents were used to process congou black tea, which was then subjected to sensory evaluation. Results showed that good elasticity, optimal flexibility, and plasticity were achieved when the moisture content of the withered tea leaves of Fudingdabai comprising two leaves and one bud varied arranging from 65.51 to 61.48%. The sensory evaluation of congou black tea revealed that moderate withering was better than long-term withering and that both moderate and long-term withering were better than no withering during processing. The moisture content was significantly correlated with the flexibility and plasticity of the withered tea leaves. Fresh tea leaves undergoing moderate withering with moisture content of 65.51–61.48% to process congou black tea, good tea shape and liquor color were achieved. This study provided new evidence that the moisture content of withered tea leaves significantly affected the quality of black tea.     

传统滇红工夫红茶与野生滇红工夫红茶的品质分析

为了解传统滇红工夫红茶与野生滇红工夫红茶品质特点的差异，本文收集了5个传统滇红工夫红茶和5个野生滇红工夫红茶，对其感官品质和生化品质成分进行了分析。感官审评表明，供试样品的外形、汤色、叶底均符合滇红工夫红茶的特征，即干茶色泽乌黑油润，茶汤红艳或橙红明亮，叶底嫩匀，但传统滇红滋味浓强，而野生滇红滋味醇和鲜爽。传统滇红工夫红茶的水浸出物、总儿茶素、咖啡碱含量分别为41.07%、18.53和14.60 mg/g，明显高于野生滇红的38.42%、10.58和9.54 mg/g；而游离氨基酸平均含量（3.92%）低于野生滇红（5.01%）；二者茶多酚平均含量分别为16.61%、16.56%，无明显差异；茶黄素、茶红素和茶褐素的平均含量分别为0.64%、6.75%、10.93%和0.61%、2.70%、11.80%，其中茶红素含量差异明显；槲皮素、芦丁、山柰酚、杨梅素的平均含量分别为0.09、0.67、0.01、0.07 mg/g和0.14、0.27、0.16、0.15 mg/g，差异明显。以19个生化成分含量为指标，进行了主成分分析（Principal component analysis，PCA）和聚类分析（Clustering analysis，CA），均能将传统滇红工夫红茶和野生滇红工夫红茶明显地分为两类，说明二者的生化成分含量具有明显差异。综合来看，传统滇红的水浸出物、儿茶素类、咖啡碱及黄酮醇类含量高，导致其滋味浓强；而野生滇红的游离氨基酸含量高，是其滋味鲜醇的原因。     

萎凋工艺对福鼎白茶品质影响研究

为探讨影响福鼎白茶品质的关键因素,明晰不同萎凋工艺对其品质形成的影响,该试验以新采摘的成熟度、叶片色泽、形状大小基本一致的新鲜嫩叶为试材,研究萎凋工艺对福鼎白茶关键化学成分和感官品质的影响。结果表明自然萎凋和加温萎凋过程中水分含量均显著降低,其中自然萎凋失水速率要低于加温萎凋;茶多酚占总干物质的含量明显下降,加温萎凋过程茶多酚含量损失相比于自然萎凋要高;氨基酸占总干物质的含量随着萎凋时间延长有不同程度的升高。对萎凋叶和成品白茶进行感官评价,发现自然萎凋时间60 h、加温萎凋时间36 h时,萎凋叶具有最佳的外形,成品白茶也具有最佳的感官品质,且自然萎凋的品质要高于加温萎凋。     

Studies on freeze-withering in black tea manufacturing

In order to reduce the withering time during black tea manufacture, freeze-withering was attempted, which resulted in flaccid leaves with increased cell membrane permeability in a shorter period of time. The freeze-withered leaves had similar amounts of quality precursors as that of the conventionally withered leaves. The resultant black tea was better in quality than those manufactured without withering and after normal withering. Manufacturing of fresh leaves resulted in comparable levels of theaflavins, but the tea was not acceptable due to its harshness. Increased cell membrane permeability during freeze-withering showed that the leaf attained a sufficient degree of physical wither. The decreases in the levels of chlorophyll showed that chemical withering had also been achieved during freeze-withering, which is supported by the increased levels of caffeine.     

Relationship between process of withering and aroma characteristics of black tea

Volatile flavour components (VFC), caffeine, crude fibre, ash and total water soluble solids (TSS) were analysed in orthodox and CTC black teas manufactured from normal and hard withered leaves. With the increase of wither, VFC, TSS and caffeine were found to increase but not crude fibre. The withering process in black tea manufacture appears to control the development of terpenoids, improving flavour quality in brewed tea.     

3个茶树品种“湖红”工夫红茶适制性比较研究

目的筛选"湖红"工夫红茶适制性较好的茶树品种。方法选取碧香早、黄金茶2号、槠叶齐3个茶树品种为材料,采用传统的红茶加工工艺制成红条茶;通过感官审评和品质成分动态分析,测得3个茶树品种制作的红茶各个工序阶段茶叶中水浸出物、氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚、茶红素、茶黄素、茶褐素的含量,对其主要理化成分动态变化进行分析。结果研究结果表明,感官审评中碧香早和槠叶齐品种做出的茶样香气、汤色与滋味都较好,理化分析中碧香早做出的茶样中茶多酚含量和茶红素含量最高,分别为14.0%和2.19%。结论综合比较,碧香早的"湖红"工夫红茶适制性较好。     

萎凋时间对丹霞8号主要生化成分和挥发性成分的影响

以丹霞8号为试验材料,比较不同萎凋时间茶叶中生化成分和挥发性成分,探明其变化规律。结果表明:茶多酚含量在0～23h显著增加,23～32h显著降低。0～16h游离氨基酸含量显著增加,茶氨酸则显著降低;16～50h游离氨基酸和茶氨酸均显著降低。0～50h咖啡碱含量显著增加;可可碱显著降低;叶绿素a差异不显著。叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量在5～28h显著降低;28～50h显著增加。萜烯是5～32h萎凋叶主体挥发性成分,萜醇是0h和50h萎凋叶主体挥发性成分。主成分分析表明,0～50h萎凋叶的生化成分特征和香气轮廓呈规律变化,生化特征可分为0～16,23～28,32～50h3个阶段;香气轮廓分为0～9,16～23,26～32,50h4个阶段。16h和23h是茶叶萎凋过程中生化成分特征和香气轮廓变化的共有时间点。     

Effects of phenanthrene on chemical composition and enzyme activity in fresh tea leaves

Phenanthrene pollution around roots of tea (Camellia Sinensis) seedlings and its effects on antioxidative enzymes and chemical composition in fresh tea leaves during 7 days of hydroponic culture were investigated. Phenanthrene concentration in the fresh tea leaves gradually increased over the 7 days. The activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were promoted at the beginning of phenanthrene contamination and were suppressed from the fifth day, while peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) followed an opposite trend. On the third day, the contents of water extract, amino acid and caffeine had peak values, and the protein content was the lowest. The contents of polyphenols and total sugar were increased on the first day and then began to decline. On the seventh day, all chemical components decreased, indicating that phenanthrene may reduce tea quality. Linear correlation analysis showed that the activities of PPO, POD and CAT and the content of polyphenols in the tea leaves correlated well with the concentration of phenanthrene in the tea leaves.