复合材料包埋纳米铁去除废水中Cr(Ⅵ)

采用微乳液法合成纳米零价铁(nZVI)颗粒.以壳聚糖、聚丙烯酸-苯乙烯(PAA-b-PS)为外壳采用离位法制备了壳聚糖/PAA-b-PS双包埋纳米零价铁颗粒(CS-PAA-b-PS-Fe);运用TEM、XRD对CS-PAA-b-PS-Fe材料进行表征,并用于水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除.表征结果显示C-PAA-b-PS-Fe具有核壳结构,能有效地防止纳米零价铁的团聚.实验结果表明:CS-PAA-b-PS-Fe还原Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳质量浓度比为0.2:1:1;温度为25℃,Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度C0=100 mg/L下,投入0.1 g/L的CS-PAA-b-PS-Fe材料,反应100 min达到平衡,其Cr(Ⅵ)最大去除率达到100％.在酸性环境下,C-PAA-b-PS-Fe去除Cr(Ⅵ)主要以吸附和还原反应为主.     

绿色纳米零价铁材料制备及在地下水修复中的应用

地下水是重要的淡水水源,由于工业化进程排放的含六价铬(Cr~(6+))废水、废渣严重污染地下水体,因而要重点研究地下水中污染去除的有效策略,可以采用纳米零价铁材料,利用其还原性强、活性高、比表面积大的特点,有效去除地下水体中的Cr~(6+)污染,并进行绿色纳米零价铁材料的制备,转变普通化学法合成的方式,采用以茶树叶为原材料的超声法提取合成新型纳米零价铁材料(YX-nZVI),利用新材料的生物降解性有效去除地下水中含有的Cr~(6+)污染物。     

生物炭负载硫化纳米零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解酸性大红GR的研究

麻黄草具有良好的比表面积和丰富的官能团,已被证实其产物具有优秀的吸附性能.纳米零价铁作为一种强反应性的过渡金属粒子,可以高效活化过硫酸盐并降解污染物.研究采用麻黄草作为原材料制备生物炭,负载硫化纳米零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解酸性大红GR.通过批次试验探究炭的烧制温度、铁的负载比、硫铁比、硫化时间、材料投加量、PS投加量、p...     

纳米零价铁的团聚动力学模拟研究

纳米零价铁（NZVI）由于在水中易团聚,导致其颗粒稳定性难以满足地下水和土壤修复的应用要求,因此有必要研究纳米零价铁在水中的悬浮能力。以海藻酸钠包覆型硫化纳米零价铁为例,测定不同时刻颗粒尺寸随时间的变化,并使用颗粒团聚模型预测颗粒平均尺寸的变化过程。结果表明,材料的颗粒稳定性与离子强度负相关,NaCl投加量在2 mmol/L时附着效率达到100%,包覆改性使硫化型纳米铁的悬浮能力提升350%,团聚动力学模型能够较好预测颗粒尺寸的变化。     

中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院成功制备纳米零价铁/石墨烯复合材料

<正>近期,中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所应用等离子体研究室科研人员采用H2/Ar混合气体等离子体成功制备了纳米零价铁/石墨烯复合材料(NZVI/r GOs),并应用于变价态易溶性、放射性元素和金属离子的吸附与还原。纳米零价铁具有粒径小、反应活性高、还原能力强等优点。纳米零价铁对废水中难降解污染物(如氯代有机物、重金属离子和放射性元素等)的处理具有显著效果,在生态环境保护和污染控制中的作用     

碳化木耳多孔碳的制备及在硫正极中的应用

以冷冻干燥的木耳为前体,在不同碳化温度下,制备了孔结构和表面化学性质可调的碳材料.测试结果表明,碳化温度在450～650℃时,所制备的碳材料含氧官能团丰富但缺乏孔道结构;而碳化温度在800～900℃时,所制备的碳材料富含微孔和介孔结构(795 m2/g),但缺乏表面基团.将碳材料作为硫的载体制备碳硫复合材料.实验表明具有丰富微孔和小介孔结构的LD900材料,其微孔对含硫物种具有一定限制作用,使LD900-S呈现3个放电平台,由于微孔和小介孔在循环过程中易被阻塞,致使其循环稳定性较差.而富含极性含氧官能团的LD450材料,则对含硫物种表现出更强的化学吸附作用,所制备的LD450-S正极具有更优的循环稳定性和倍率性能,在0.1 C倍率下,100次循环后比容量仍有577 mA·h/g,在1 C倍率下仍有650 mA·h/g的放电比容量.     

生物柴油精细化学品-蔗糖酯合成技术研究

以生物柴油和蔗糖为原料,在N2保护下采用无溶剂法合成蔗糖酯,以活性炭负载的碳酸钾为催化剂,确定了蔗糖酯合成技术的各项工艺条件:生物柴油与蔗糖的物质的量比为2∶1,在N2保护下,催化剂活性炭负载碳酸钾加入量为总物料量的6%,助溶剂硬脂酸钾加入量为15%,在135℃下反应3h,采用溶剂萃取法纯化粗产物,精制后的蔗糖酯产率以蔗糖记为86.4%。     

纳米铁技术在环境修复中应用的研究进展

纳米铁是1种新型材料,它在环境修复领域具有很好应用前景。主要介绍纳米铁的基本性质、降解机理以及发展进程,包括零价铁的纳米化、引入了第2金属制成纳米铁双金属和负载型纳米铁的制备,并讨论了各种纳米铁技术对污染物降解的效果、影响因素以及应用前景。     

强化导热相变材料对PV/PCM热控特性影响研究

文章建立了光伏/相变材料(PV/PCM)太阳能热控系统二维模型,并根据模拟结果研究了相变材料热导率对太阳电池热控特性的影响。模拟结果表明,当PCM热导率由0.3 W/(m·K)逐渐增加至1.1 W/(m·K)时,相变材料对太阳电池的热控效果越来越好。此外,文章设计了PCM热导率分别为0.8,1.1 W/(m·K)的PV/PCM太阳能热控系统实验装置,在模拟光源和自然光条件下,对太阳能热控系统实验装置的输出功率以及太阳电池的温度进行测试。实验结果表明:在模拟光源下,与无PCM太阳电池相比,PCM热导率分别为0.8,1.1 W/(m·K)的太阳电池的最高温度分别降低了4.6,10.8℃,平均输出功率分别提高了2.2%,4.1%;在自然光条件下,与无PCM太阳电池相比,PCM热导率分别为0.8,1.1 W/(m·K)的太阳电池的最高温度分别降低了9.7,12℃,平均输出功率分别提高了3.1%,5.98%。     

熔盐热裂解水稻秸秆制备活性炭及其吸附性能

以ZnCl2-KCl混合熔盐(ZnCl2和KCl的物质的量之比为7∶6)热裂解水稻秸秆并进一步用ZnCl2活化热裂解残炭得到活性炭,考察热裂解温度、N2流量、活化时间、活化温度、盐炭比和原料粒径等因素对制备活性炭的得率和吸附性能的影响。结果表明:试验条件下活性炭得率变化不大,均大于30%,但其碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值则变化明显;450℃、N2流量为150Lh是较佳热裂解条件。活化过程中,活化温度、活化时间和盐炭质量比均对活性炭的吸附性能存在影响,影响程度依次减小,最佳活化条件为活化温度600℃、活化时间1h、活化盐炭质量比3;在20~100目范围内,随着原料粒径的减小,相同条件下制得的活性炭的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值均增大。最优试验条件下所制备活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值为118.31mg/g,碘吸附值为721.42mgg,比表面积为1675.9m2g。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.