AutoCAD用于线切割机编程的方法和接口软件

介绍从ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ的ＤＸＦ图形交换文件中提取信息,并自动转换成数控线切割机加工程序（ＩＳＯ代码或３Ｂ代码）的方法和接口软件,这一接口软件的使用使ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ成了线切割机的编程器,给线工割机的加工编制带来了极大的方便。     

AutoCAD与C语言接口程序的设计与实现

在开发参数化机械ＣＡＤ系统时,设计了ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ与高级语言的接口程序,把ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ强大的绘图功能与高级语言强有力的计算、输入和输出等功能结合起来,实现了ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ自动绘图。     

基于AutoCAD的线切割加工CAD/CAM技术

介绍了主从式数控线切割加工的组成结构,讨论了自动编程过程中的自动寻迹、方向判别和刀具轨迹自动补偿等关键技术,实现了ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ环境下数控线切割加工ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＭ的集成。     

AutoCAD二维图形生成数控加工代码的方法

提出了一种由ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ二维图形直接生成数控加工代码的方法,为从ＣＡＤ到ＣＡＭ提供了一种简单有效而且实用的途径。     

AutoCAD在数控机床计算机辅助编程中的应用研究

本文介绍在开发和研究数控机床计算机辅助编程系统及剖析ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ图形转换文件的基础上设计的接口软件。借助该软件，应用ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ描述的典型加工零件的图形即可转换成计算机辅助编程系统规定格式的零件形状描述数据文件。计算机辅助编程系统自动输入这些数据和工艺信息．生成数控加工指令。     

AutoCAD与高级语言及数据库的联接与通信

讨论了微机绘图系统ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ的接口技术,对ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ二次开发中的程序开发进行了分析和研究,并详细分析了ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ系统中的。ＳＣＲ文件、．ＤＸＦ、ＡｕｔｏＬＩＳＰ语言以及不需要中间文件的ＡＤＳ的接口形式和实际应用,指出程序开发可以使系统达到最佳运行状态。     

用ARX开发冲裁模CAD/CAM软件

ＡＲＸ是ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ二次开发平台的重要组成部分。本文阐述了基于ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ开发冲裁模ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＭ软件的设计流程和内在关键技术。     

Windows 环境下 AutoCAD 二次开发的一种新策略

在论述ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ的菜单系统和ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ１２．０ｆｏｒＷｉｎｄｏｗｓ的新特性的基础上，探讨了采用外挂式用户平台对ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ进行二次开发的优点和具体实现技术，并通过实例论证了采用外挂式用户平台的优越性。     

基于ARX编程开发的轧机表格文档CAD系统

通过对ＶｉｓｕａｌＣ＋＋５．０及其在ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ中应用的研究,提出了在ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ环境中实现汉化的图纸表格ＣＡＤ作业的可行性,并结合东北大学国家重点实验室自行开发的四辊厚板可逆轧机ＣＡＤ系统,利用当前较流行的ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤＲ１４绘图系统和ＡＲＸ编程,实现了在微机环境中的图纸表格ＣＡＤ作业。     

ActiveX Automation技术在AutoCAD 2000二次开发中的应用

随着面向对象编程技术的发展与流行,ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ的二次开发工具也产生了根本性的转变。这时详细论述了ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ２０００对Ａｃｔｉｖｅ Ａｕｔｏｍａｔｉｏｎ技术的全面支持,并举例说明了由此带来的ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ二次开发工具的革新。     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

Review on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens: Methodologies and applications

In recent years, microbial metabolomics, a new field that has attracted wide attention, provides a map of metabolic pathways and clarifies the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and hosts. Many microorganisms are found in the human intestine, oral cavity, vagina, etc. Probiotics could maintain the good health of the host, while pathogens and an imbalance of bacterial flora lead to a series of diseases of the body and mind. Metabolomics is a science for qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites in an organism or biological system, which could provide key information to understand the related metabolic pathways and associated changes. This approach analyzes the final products of cellular regulatory processes, the level of which can be regarded as the ultimate response of the biological system to genetic or environmental changes. Microbial metabolomics has been widely used in different research fields, such as microbial phenotypic classification, mutant screening, metabolic pathways, microbial metabolic engineering, fermentation engineering monitoring and optimization, microbial environmental pollution, and so on. However, there are only a few reviews on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens. This review summarizes the main methodologies, including sample preparation, identification of metabolites, data processing, and analysis. Recent applications in microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens are also described. This paper first summarized the research progress and application of microbial metabolomics from two aspects: probiotics and pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics and pathogenic bacteria do not exist independently most of the time; hence, these were reviewed in the research field of coexistence of probiotics and pathogenic bacteria, which was subdivided into important microbial research fields closely related to human health, including the human gut, oral cavity, food, and nutrition-related microorganisms. Then, the main problems and trends associated with microbial metabolomics are discussed.     

智能机床发展现状与技术体系框架

智能机床成为机床装备发展的趋势。在介绍国内外智能机床的研究现状的基础上,分析目前智能机床技术研究的三个问题,提出智能机床的狭义和广义定义;给出智能机床的包括人计机的协同性、整体与局部的协调性、智能的恰当性与无止性、自学习及其能力持续提高性、自治与集中的统一性、结构的开放性和可扩展性、制造和加工的绿色性、智能的贯穿性八个智能技术特征;阐述包括以人为中心的人计机动态交互功能、三个基本功能——执行智能功能、准备智能功能、维护智能功能的智能功能特征,以及功能之间的相互关系;建立八个理论与技术的智能机床技术理论框架,包括人计机一体化融合理论与技术、多源信息的感知理论与技术、智能决策理论与技术、智能执行理论与技术、智能维护理论与技术、智能机床综合能力评价理论与技术、智能机床标准化技术、智能机床支撑技术等,形成了智能机床的技术体系框架,同时指出上述内容将随着技术的进步和应用的深入不断充实和丰富。     

Epibiotic microorganisms on copepods and other marine crustaceans

Although the occurrence of microbial (algal, protozoan, bacterial, and fungal) epibionts on marine crustaceans and other invertebrates has been documented repeatedly, the ecological context and significance of these relationships generally are not well understood. Recently, several studies have examined the population and community ecology of algal and protozoan epibionts on freshwater crustaceans. Even so, the study of microbial epibionts in aquatic environments is still in its infancy. In this review, we summarize associations of microalgae, protozoans, and bacteria with marine crustaceans, especially copepods. We note differences and commonalities across epibiont taxa, consider host-epibiont cycling of nutrients, generate hypotheses relevant to the ecology of the host and the epibiont, and suggest future research opportunities. Microsc. Res. Tech. 37:116–135, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Semiautomated methods for cancellous bone histomorphometry using a general-purpose video image analysis system

Semiautomated methods are used to measure elongated, curved and complex branching profiles and isolated perimeter segments in monochrome video images with a general-purpose analysis system. These methods are used to make the major primary measurements of bone histomorphometry. Accuracy and reproducibility of the image acquisition, processing and measurement system is documented by measuring a semicircular standard of known dimensions. Semiautomated applications of the Ar/Le method for measuring areas and perimeters, and calculating lengths and widths of osteoid seams, lengths of mineralization labels and mineral apposition rate, wall width, indirect measurements of eroded, osteoclastic and osteoblastic perimeters without tracing, and measurement of mineralized or total cancellous bone area and perimeter gave values comparable to measurements of the same parameters by tracing or grid counting techniques with equal or better reproducibility and much greater efficiency. Intraindividual variation in measuring multiple bone biopsies was comparable to that reported with current standard methods. Major sources of variability for semiautomated methods were image magnification and selection of profile edges by thresholding, and sources of variability for manual methods are image magnification, numbers of orthogonal intercepts, tracing speed and accuracy of the algorithm used to measure traced pixels. Semiautomated methods are accurate, reproducible and rapid methods suitable for bone histomorphometry.     

Micromorphology,pharmacognosy, and bio‐elemental analysis of an important medicinal herb: Verbascum thapsus L.

The present study was conducted on characterization of morpho‐anatomical, phytochemical, and bio‐elemental analysis of root, stem, and leaf of Verbascum thapsus. Morphologically Verbascum is a biennial plant that flowers for a month and a half in mid‐ to late summer. Various organoleptic features of root, leaf, and stem were recorded. Anatomically the T. S of the root, stem, and leaf showed a typical dicot histological differentiation. Leaf possessed anomocytic stomata, crescent shape vascular bundles, and covered with long and stellate type trichomes while, stem contained collateral type of vascular bundles and a well‐developed pith to store phytochemicals responsible for various pharmacological activities. The powder drug study through scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of various types of tissues. Branched, tree like and stellate trichomes in root and leaf help in absorption and reduce loss of water. These anatomical features are responsible for the survival of the plant as biennial. Four macro elements (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and seven microelements (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cd) and their concentrations in ppm were also studied using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed existence of various secondary metabolites, while mucilage and anthraquinones was not detected. The present study helps to understand the taxonomic identification of the plant based on morpho‐anatomical features and throws the attention of the researchers to carry out the work for developing its various formulations, which can ultimately be beneficial for the human beings as well as animals.     

Localization of sarcoglycan, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, beta-dystroglycan, and dystrophin molecules in normal skeletal myofiber: triple immunogold labeling electron microscopy.

In order to investigate the mode of existence of the sarcoglycan complex, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), beta-dystroglycan, and dystrophin in the normal skeletal myofiber, we examined the ultrastructural localization and mutual spatial relationship of nNOS, beta-dystroglycan, dystrophin, and the individual components of the sarcoglycan complex by using triple immunogold labeling electron microscopy. Each molecule of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-sarcoglycans is located intracellularly or extracellularly near the muscle plasma membrane mostly in accordance with the sarcoglycan antigenic sites against which the antibodies were generated. The association of different two and/or three sarcoglycan molecules out of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-sarcoglycan molecules was frequently observed. Each molecule of nNOS, beta-dystroglycan, and dystrophin was ultrastructurally noted along the cell surface of normal skeletal myofibers. Moreover, the close relation of a sarcoglycan molecule with beta-dystroglycan and dystrophin, and the association of nNOS with dystrophin were also confirmed ultrastructurally. Thus, this study demonstrated that the constituting molecules of the sarcoglycan complex, nNOS, beta-dystroglycan, and dystrophin existed in the form of a cluster at the normal muscle plasma membrane. The association of nNOS with dystrophin and its associated glycoproteins may form a macromolecular signaling complex at the muscle plasma membrane.     

Effects of polydatin on the proliferation,migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer

To investigate the effects of polydatin on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer, the change of proliferative ability, migration ability, and invasive ability of human ovarian cancer cell OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910 was detected by using polydatin and up-regulating PI3K. The anticancer activity and mechanism of polydatin in ovarian cancer were analyzed. Polydatin could effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910, and inhibit the expression of PI3K protein. After the expression level of PI3K protein was up-regulated, the inhibitory effect of polydatin on the proliferative ability, migration ability, and invasive ability of OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910 significantly decreased, suggesting that PI3K was the target of polydatin. Therefore, we concluded that polydatin could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of PI3K protein, which provides an experimental basis for polydatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer.     

生物轻质高强结构及其在吸能结构中的仿生应用

在长期进化过程中，自然界中的多种动物、植物形成了独特的轻质、高强结构，以此来抵抗外界的复杂冲击载荷，保护自身完整，满足生存需要。生物轻质高强结构的优越性，启发了科研和工程人员采用结构仿生学的方法来对管状和板状两大类吸能结构进行设计优化和改进。对竹子、茎秆/树干、羽轴、骨骼四类管状生物结构和甲虫鞘翅、贝壳、柚子皮、龟壳四类板状生物结构进行综述，阐述了分层、多孔、螺旋、中空等多种结构与轻质高强特性之间的关系。在此基础上，对比和分析了相应的结构元素在单胞管、多胞管、嵌套管、波纹管等管状吸能结构和蜂窝夹芯板、复合材料板、混合结构板等板状吸能机构中起到的作用。进一步对当前仿生吸能领域存在的结构复杂、质量大、缺乏普适性的机理和过渡“桥梁”等问题做出了分析；最后对仿生吸能技术的形式简单化、结构轻量化、理论通用化、“形神兼备”化发展趋势做出展望。     

Diffraction methods in tribosystem diagnostics

In this paper, two structural analysis methods, X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction, are considered for their use in tribosystem diagnosis. It is shown that, for certain applied tribological problems, such as determination of friction conditions and type of wear regime, estimation of running-in period, selection of optimum wear-resistant materials, and of suitable conditions of friction and wear, these methods can be used in addition to more conventional tribotesting and tribodiagnostic methods. A study of the structure of certain friction pair materials and wear particles was conducted. X-ray investigations of the surface layers of the friction pair materials showed that structural characteristics, such as broadening and intensity of diffraction lines, can be used in the estimation of friction conditions. Examples of the choice of structurally wear-resistant engineering materials, and of suitable friction conditions, are given. The study of wear particles produced under different friction conditions shows that these particles vary not only in form and dimensions, but also in phase composition. This provides important additional information for friction and wear process diagnostics. The method involves electron diffraction analysis of isolated wear particles, which allows us to characterise the wear processes under friction conditions. It is shown that a definite phase composition, the fineness of wear particles, and the quantitative ratio of each of the wear product phases, can be characterised for different wear types. Some useful applications of these investigative methods for analysis of the wear nature of friction pairs are described.