虹膜图像质量评价综述

虹膜图像质量评价是虹膜识别系统中重要的模块,通过评价低质量虹膜样本的综合质量来提升虹膜识别的性能。虹膜图像质量评价与图像获取、人机交互系统、识别性能预测以及自适应虹膜识别算法设计等密切相关。近年来,随着低图像质量的鲁棒虹膜识别系统不断发展,虹膜图像质量评价得到了广泛研究。为了使该领域的研究人员充分了解当前虹膜图像质量评价算法,本文对已有的方法进行了综述。回顾了虹膜图像质量评价算法的发展历程,阐述了其典型应用,进而展望了虹膜图像质量评价算法以及以质量为导向的虹膜识别技术的发展。     

Personal identification based on iris texture analysis

With an increasing emphasis on security, automated personal identification based on biometrics has been receiving extensive attention over the past decade. Iris recognition, as an emerging biometric recognition approach, is becoming a very active topic in both research and practical applications. In general, a typical iris recognition system includes iris imaging, iris liveness detection, and recognition. This paper focuses on the last issue and describes a new scheme for iris recognition from an image sequence. We first assess the quality of each image in the input sequence and select a clear iris image from such a sequence for subsequent recognition. A bank of spatial filters, whose kernels are suitable for iris recognition, is then used to capture local characteristics of the iris so as to produce discriminating texture features. Experimental results show that the proposed method has an encouraging performance. In particular, a comparative study of existing methods for iris recognition is conducted on an iris image database including 2,255 sequences from 213 subjects. Conclusions based on such a comparison using a nonparametric statistical method (the bootstrap) provide useful information for further research.     

渐进式虹膜图像质量评估模型

虹膜图像质量评估目前尚无统一评估标准,导致虹膜识别拒识率和误识率较高。针对该问题,提出一种虹膜图像质量评估模型。根据虹膜图像中各干扰因素的不同特点,在先验知识基础上采用区域化、加权的方法,渐近式地实施像素级质量评估,依据像素级评估结果实施图像级质量评估。实验结果表明,像素级虹膜图像质量评估中的虹膜图像干扰项识别率和模糊识别率较高,图像级虹膜图像质量评估与人工评估结果相一致。     

一种新的虹膜图像配准算法*

提出了新的虹膜配准算法。该算法以虹膜外边界为基准,对虹膜图像的平移和伸缩进行校正。在较好保持虹膜纹理特征分布的前提下,快速有效地得到了虹膜的矩形展开。仿真实验证明,使用该算法预处理虹膜图像,可以获得较好的分类效果。算法为虹膜识别及相关研究提供了新思路。     

IrisCode decompression based on the dependence between its bit pairs

IrisCode is an iris recognition algorithm developed in 1993 and continuously improved by Daugman. Understanding IrisCode's properties is extremely important because over 60 million people have been mathematically enrolled by the algorithm. In this paper, IrisCode is proved to be a compression algorithm, which is to say its templates are compressed iris images. In our experiments, the compression ratio of these images is 1:655. An algorithm is designed to perform this decompression by exploiting a graph composed of the bit pairs in IrisCode, prior knowledge from iris image databases, and the theoretical results. To remove artifacts, two postprocessing techniques that carry out optimization in the Fourier domain are developed. Decompressed iris images obtained from two public iris image databases are evaluated by visual comparison, two objective image quality assessment metrics, and eight iris recognition methods. The experimental results show that the decompressed iris images retain iris texture that their quality is roughly equivalent to a JPEG quality factor of 10 and that the iris recognition methods can match the original images with the decompressed images. This paper also discusses the impacts of these theoretical and experimental findings on privacy and security.     

基于Adaboost算法的虹膜合格状态检测

虹膜图像的采集是业界公认的难点,也是制约虹膜识别广泛应用的主要原因。怎样快速方便地采集到一幅清晰度足够并且有丰富纹理的高质量虹膜图像,对虹膜识别的速度和准确度都起着至关重要的作用。提出了一种基于Adaboost的虹膜图像合格状态检测和定位算法,能够快速有效地一次性检测出虹膜图像采集中的各种不合格图像,例如图像中没有完整眼睛、眼睛睁开程度不够、闭眼、斜视、运动模糊等。大量实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的检测准确率,对各种干扰情况有较强的鲁棒性,并且检测速度快,能够达到实时要求。对于检测合格的图像,还可以大致定位出虹膜在图像中的位置,为后续的虹膜定位节省时间。     

一种基于圆几何特征的虹膜定位算法

虹膜定位是虹膜识别中基础性环节,其精度和速度决定了虹膜识别系统的性能,为提高虹膜定位的速度,提出一种基于圆几何特征的虹膜内边缘定位算法,利用内外边缘中心的耦合特性缩小微积分方法搜索外边缘的范围。试验结果表明,与经典虹膜定位算法相比,本算法快速、精确、鲁棒。     

Iris image segmentation based on approximate methods with subsequent refinements

A system of methods for the detection and segmentation of iris in frontal eye images is presented. Input data are images used in modern iris recognition systems. Coordinates of outer and inner iris borders and the mask of the visible iris region or a decision that the image does not contain the iris of acceptable quality are obtained at the output. The system starts processing with an approximate detection of the eye center followed by an approximate detection of the outer and inner iris borders. If one of these borders is not detected, a further attempt is made to locate it using a different algorithm. Ultimately, the precise borders of the iris are determined at the last steps using specifically designed methods. The system is tested on public iris image databases as well as using the international IREX NIST test.     

A new multi-unit iris authentication based on quality assessment and score level fusion for mobile phones

Although iris recognition technology has been reported to be more stable and reliable than other biometric systems, performance can be degraded due to many factors such as small eyes, camera defocusing, eyelash occlusions and specular reflections on the surface of glasses. In this paper, we propose a new multi-unit iris authentication method that uses score level fusion based on a support vector machine (SVM) and a quality assessment method for mobile phones. Compared to previous research, this paper presents the following two contributions. First, we reduced the false rejection rate and improved iris recognition accuracy by using iris quality assessment. Second, if even two iris images were determined to be of bad quality, we captured the iris images again without using a recognition process. If only one iris image among the left and right irises was regarded as a good one, it was used for recognition. However, if both the left and right iris images were good, we performed multi-unit iris recognition using score level fusion based on a SVM. Experimental results showed that the accuracy of the proposed method was superior to previous methods that used only one good iris image or those methods that used conventional fusion methods.     

实时虹膜识别系统中的图像预评估检测

在采集虹膜图像样本时,会由于各种原因而出现不同类型的坏样本。由于现有的图像质量评估方法需要在虹膜定位或者粗定位之后,根据虹膜的清晰度或分辨率来进行判定,因此只能检测出特定类型的坏样本。为了能对各种类型坏样本进行检测,在分析坏样本产生原因和类型的基础上,提出了一种实时预评估网络的检测方法,即在定位或者粗定位处理之前,预先对缓存中的图像进行评估,再根据预评估检测的结果来决定是重新采集,还是进入后续的处理。其目的是,①节省现有的图像评估在定位处理上花费的时间和降低采集失败率,以提高识别系统的友好性;②减少因为坏样本的输入而导致的定位出错,以避免引起误识别的可能;③提高识别率的同时降低识别系统的注册失败率。实验结果表明,这种方法不仅可以检测出多种类型的坏样本,且检测错误率低,同时具有较高的评估速度,可以满足实时虹膜识别系统的要求。     

Toward accurate localization and high recognition performance for noisy iris images

Iris recognition plays an important role in biometrics. Until now, many scholars have made different efforts in this field. However, the recognition performances of most proposed methods degrade dramatically when the image contains some noise, which inevitably occurs during image acquisition such as reflection spots, inconsistent illumination, eyelid, eyelash, hair, etc. In this paper, an accurate iris localization and high recognition performance approach for noisy iris images is presented. After filling the reflection spots using the inpainting method which is based on Navier-Stokes (NS) equations, the Probable boundary (Pb) edge detection operator is used to detect pupil edge initially, which can eliminate the interference of inconsistent illumination, eyelid, eyelash and hair. Besides, the accurate circle parameters are obtained in delicately to reduce the input space of Hough transforms. The iris feature code is constructed based on 1D Log-Gabor filter. Our thorough experimental results on the challenging iris image database CASIA-Iris-Thousand achieve an EER of 1.8272 %, which outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.     

由粗到精的虹膜图像离焦模糊评价方法

离焦模糊评价在虹膜识别系统中尤为重要。传统的方法是通过频谱分析测量虹膜图像的离焦模糊程度,这类方法容易受到光照变化以及睫毛和眼皮等噪声区域的影响。提出了一种由粗到精的虹膜图像离焦模糊评价方法。第一步,通过频谱分析去除严重模糊的虹膜图像,进行虹膜图像离焦模糊粗分类。第二步,通过方向金字塔分解,提取虹膜图像的质量特征。在人工合成的离焦模糊虹膜图像数据库中,利用径向基神经网络建立起质量特征与质量等级间的对应关系。通过建立起的模型进行实际的虹膜图像离焦模糊等级预测,以及虹膜图像离焦模糊精分类。在Clarkson数据库上的实验结果证明了该方法不仅可以准确区分清晰图像和离焦模糊图像,而且相比于传统的虹膜图像离焦评价方法更接近于人的视觉感知。     

基于局部小波变换与奇异值分解的虹膜识别算法

虹膜识别以其唯一性、稳定性和非侵犯性等优点成为生物特征识别中极具发展潜力的身份识别技术。文章提出了一种基于局部小波变换和奇异值分解的虹膜识别算法。该算法首先对虹膜图像实行分窗小波分解,并对各窗口的子带图像作筛选处理,然后通过奇异值分解对筛选后的各子带图像作进一步的特征提取和压缩,得到虹膜识别特征。最后利用加权欧氏距离分类器进行识别。基于CASIA虹膜数据库的实验结果表明了该算法的有效性,为虹膜识别提供了一种新途径。     

Frame detection using gradients fuzzy logic and morphological processing for distant color eye images in an intelligent iris recognition system

The capture of an eye image with the occlusion of spectacles in a non-cooperative environment compromises the accuracy in identifying a person in an iris recognition system. This is due to the obstruction of the iris by the frame which tends to produce an incorrect estimation of the initial center of the iris and the pupil during the iris segmentation process. In addition, it also causes incorrect localization of the upper eyelid during the process of iris segmentation and sometimes, the edges of the frame are wrongly identified as the edges of the upper eyelid. A frame detection method which involves the combination of two gradients, namely the Sobel operator and high pass filter, followed by fuzzy logic and the dilation operation of morphological processing is proposed to identify the frame on the basis of different frame factors in the capture of a distant eye image. In addition, a different color space is applied and only a single channel is used for the process of frame detection. The proposed frame detection method provides the highest frame detection rate compared to the other methods, with a detection rate of more than 80.0%. For the accuracy of the iris localization, upper eyelid localization and iris recognition system, the proposed method gives more than 96.5% accuracy compared to the other methods. The index of decidability showed that the proposed method gives more than 2.35 index compared to the existing methods.     

基于自组特征映射神经网络的虹膜识别算法研究

虹膜识别是一种非侵犯性的身份鉴别技术。本文讨论了虹膜图像定位、归一化和增强等预处理方法,并提出了一种基于神经元网络的虹膜图像识别算法,它是对提取的归一化矩形虹膜纹理数据用训练的自组织特征映射(SOM)神经网络进行虹膜模式识别。实验表明,该方法识别正确率高,效果良好。     

An effective approach for iris recognition using phase-based image matching

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for iris recognition using phase-based image matching --- an image matching technique using phase components in 2D Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFTs) of given images. Experimental evaluation using CASIA iris image databases (ver. 1.0 and ver. 2.0) and Iris Challenge Evaluation (ICE) 2005 database clearly demonstrates that the use of phase components of iris images makes possible to achieve highly accurate iris recognition with a simple matching algorithm. This paper also discusses major implementation issues of our algorithm. In order to reduce the size of iris data and to prevent the visibility of iris images, we introduce the idea of 2D Fourier Phase Code (FPC) for representing iris information. 2D FPC is particularly useful for implementing compact iris recognition devices using state-of-the-art DSP (Digital Signal Processing) technology.     

A novel cancellable Iris template generation based on salting approach

The iris has been vastly recognized as one of the powerful biometrics in terms of recognition performance, both theoretically and empirically. However, traditional unprotected iris biometric recognition schemes are highly vulnerable to numerous privacy and security attacks. Several methods have been proposed to generate cancellable iris templates that can be used for recognition; however, these templates achieve lower accuracy of recognition in comparison to traditional unprotected iris templates. In this paper, a novel cancellable iris recognition scheme based on the salting approach is introduced. It depends on mixing the original binary iris code with a synthetic pattern using XOR operation. This scheme guarantees a high degree of privacy/security preservation without affecting the performance accuracy compared to the unprotected traditional iris recognition schemes. Comprehensive experiments on various iris image databases demonstrate similar accuracy to those of the original counterparts. Hence, robustness to several major privacy/security attacks is guaranteed.

     

保护用户数量信息的安全虹膜识别方案

由于传统密码认证方式的不便,生物特征识别技术凭借其便捷、可靠、安全可溯源等特性脱颖而出。在不同的生物特征识别技术中,虹膜识别已被证明能提供较高的识别性能和稳定性,常被用于一些安全性要求较高的领域(如机密组织的认证管理等)。在这些领域中,合法用户数量信息往往也属于机密信息,是不能泄露的,近年来针对虹膜识别的攻击手段也越加先进,通过获得的数量信息可能推测出更多的其他信息,造成更大的安全隐患。但是现有的安全虹膜识别方案仅考虑满足可撤销性、不可逆性和不可连接性,未考虑保护用户数量信息。本文提出一种保护用户数量信息的安全虹膜识别方案,每个用户通过自身虹膜特征随机选择的结果及系统参数共同决定该用户的注册模板数量,攻击者难以根据服务器中存储的虹膜模板数量推测出合法用户数量。该方案能够有效地与现有的安全虹膜识别方案进行结合。理论分析结果表明,本文方案能够保护合法用户数量信息、保护新增用户数量信息、预防关联攻击、并且除了能够保持原始安全虹膜识别方案的可撤销性和不可连接性之外,还能进一步提升原始安全虹膜识别方案的不可逆性。实验结果表明,攻击者准确猜对合法用户数量信息的概率不足15%,且相对误差以及相对期望误差均超过10%,因此本文方案能有效保护用户数量信息,并且不会对原始安全虹膜识别方案的识别精度的影响造成较大影响,差异在0.55%之内。     

IrisCodeNet：虹膜特征编码网络

使用有效的特征提取算法对虹膜纹理进行准确的表达是虹膜识别技术的关键。基于虹膜识别任务的特殊性,提出了用于虹膜特征编码的网络模型IrisCodeNet。该网络架构使用了改进的BasicBlock,并结合了可以扩大决策边界的损失函数AM-Softmax（additive margin softmax）。为了获取最佳的虹膜识别效果,对AM-Softmax的参数设置、虹膜图像预处理输入形式、数据增强方式、网络输入尺寸做了细致的研究。实验结果表明：使用IrisCodeNet训练得到的特征提取器在CASIA-Iris-Thousand、CASIA-Iris-Distance、IITD虹膜数据库上进行测试,所评估的等错误率（equal error rate,EER）和正确接受率（true acceptance rate,TAR）均远远超过了广泛应用的传统算法。特别地,IrisCodeNet无需传统的虹膜归一化或精确的虹膜分割步骤依然取得了极好的识别效果。并且使用Grad-CAM（gradient-weighted class activation mapping）算法进行了可视化分析,结果表明该网络框架有效地关注了虹膜纹理信息,从而证明了IrisCodeNet具有较强的虹膜纹理特征提取能力。     

基于局部边缘检测的虹膜编码算法研究*

虹膜特征在于其纹理的细节性,目前虹膜的编码主要采用小波方法。对虹膜区域进行二值化编码,获得虹膜特征模板。在识别匹配阶段,采用汉明距离进行模板匹配,根据匹配准则,进行身份识别。