DNA条形码技术在肉及其制品中的应用

DNA条形码技术作为一种新的分子生物学检测技术在鉴定和区分各物种和物种间亲缘关系方面得到了广泛应用,该技术能实现对肉的快速、准确检测。DNA条形码已成为生物学领域发展最迅速的一种技术,该技术基于广泛的物种基因数据库信息,在肉品研究中具有良好的应用前景。本文简述DNA条形码技术的基本原理,并基于DNA水平上与其他相关技术进行比较,综述其在物种鉴定、肉品质量安全、商业欺诈等方面的应用,并对该技术在今后肉品科学研究中的应用进行展望。     

DNA条形码技术在石斛分类鉴定中的应用进展

由于石斛属植物种间、种内形态相似,地域分布范围广泛、杂交种众多,市场上混乱,现亟需一种简单、高效的鉴定方法对其进行准确地鉴定。DNA条形码技术利用标准的一个或多个DNA片段对物种进行鉴定,是近年来生物学研究的热点领域,也是生物学发展最迅速的方向之一。DNA条形码技术可以从分子水平弥补传统鉴定方法的一些不足。该技术具有良好的通用性,使得物种鉴定过程更加快速,已经广泛应用于石斛的鉴定研究中。本文综述了DNA条形码技术及其原理,同时讨论了基于核基因片段(ITS、ITS2)以及叶绿体基因片段(matK、rbcL、psbA-trnH)在石斛分类鉴定中的应用,以期为加大石斛分类鉴定的力度和精度,以及为DNA条形码技术在石斛分类鉴定领域拓展和应用提供一定的理论指导依据。     

基于DNA条形码技术的储粮害虫碎片鉴定研究

储粮害虫(螨)个体微小,种类繁多,与人类生活紧密相关,具有重要经济意义,储粮害虫快速鉴定是进行储粮害虫综合防治的前提和基础。传统的形态鉴定技术难以实现粮食及食品中害虫的非成虫态和碎片的准确鉴定,DNA条形码是近年来出现的物种分子鉴定技术,能够实现对昆虫非成熟虫态及碎片的快速鉴定。本研究利用DNA条形码技术和联合开发的中国储粮害虫DNA条形码鉴定系统(GPDBIS),针对某食品有限公司送检的储粮害虫碎片样品进行了序列测定、比对和分析,最终实现碎片的快速准确鉴定。结果显示,在所检测的7个害虫碎片样品中,有4头为锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens,3头为赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum Herbst,DNA条形码技术是储粮害虫快速准确鉴定的有效手段。     

基于DNA条形码技术的海参物种鉴定

DNA条形码技术(DNA barcoding)是一种新型高效的物种鉴别方法。本研究基于DNA条形码技术,以线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I基因(COI)和16S核糖体RNA(16S rRNA)基因作为靶基因对海参物种进行鉴别,结果表明COI基因或16S rRNA基因均能实现大部分海参的物种鉴定,部分样品需结合两个靶基因鉴定出来。将所建立的DNA条形码方法用于市售海参样品的物种鉴定,24份市售海参样品中10份市售海参样品的物种鉴定结果与标签名称相符,6份样品与标签名称不符,存在将低价海参品种标为高价海参的现象;其余8份样品的标签只有商品名但没有明确的物种信息,利用DNA条形码技术对其鉴定可得到明确的海参种名。本研究结果证实DNA条形码技术可应用于市售海参的物种鉴定,为海参的监管提供技术支撑。     

基于微型DNA条形码的多种动物源性成分的鉴定

通过分析51?种动物的DNA条形码序列,新设计一对微型DNA条形码的通用引物,建立一种联合微型DNA条形码和克隆测序法对动物源性多组分样品进行准确、高效鉴定的方法。用微型DNA条形码分别鉴定11?种常见食用肉类,判断其对物种鉴定的准确性,并比较其与标准DNA条形码对物种的鉴定效果,然后将11?种常见商品肉类等比例混合,探究克隆测序法对混合肉样品的鉴定效果。结果表明：引物有较好的通用性,能对具有不同的引物同源性水平的11?个物种进行有效扩增并获单一条带。微型条形码能准确鉴定11?个肉类物种,与常规DNA条形码鉴定效果一致。经克隆测序法,把混合样品的9?个物种一并检出,总体上达到了较高的检出效率,同时深入讨论了未能检出全部物种的原因。微型条形码良好的物种鉴定能力的研究结果为联合微型DNA条形码与二代测序技术进行混合样品中物种的高效鉴定提供参考依据。     

DNA条形码技术对鱼子酱物种溯源及鉴定

为探讨DNA条形码技术在鱼子酱物种鉴定中的适用性，利用细胞色素b（Cytochrome b，Cyt b）和细胞色素氧化酶I亚单位I（Cytochrome Oxidase I，COI）作为DNA条形码对鱼子酱样品进行DNA提取、聚合酶链式反应（Polymerase Chain Reaction，PCR）、测序、利用NCBI网站和BOLD鉴定系统进行基因比较分析，构建系统发育树，鉴定鱼子酱物种，对我国鱼子酱产品物种标签符合性情况进行检查。购买的40份样品，一致性鲟鱼物种基因序列相似性均在99%以上，涉及5个鲟鱼种，其中杂交种占比75%、西伯利亚鲟、施氏鲟、欧鳇、俄罗斯鲟占25%。说明Cyt b、COI作为DNA条形码可以对鱼子酱进行物种鉴定，检测的鱼子酱产品均为鲟鱼子酱，无造假，但是45%产品标签物种替代或物种标识不清。加强对产品物种标识重视及鉴定技术的开发，有助于我国鱼子酱对外贸易发展，保障我国鲟鱼产业可持续性健康发展。     

DNA条形码COI序列在常见肉类鉴别中的应用研究

为了对常见的4种肉类及相关肉制品进行掺假鉴定,判别与产品标签是否相符,本研究以COI基因为靶基因,建立了4种动物源性食品DNA条形码鉴别技术。分别提取牛、羊、猪、鸭四大物种的基因组DNA为模板,以其COI基因的保守序列区设计6对通用引物,结合文献报道及数据库提供的7对通用引物进行PCR扩增,并将测序结果提交Gen Bank数据库Blast比对,评价不同DNA条形码的检测鉴别能力。筛选出COI-A为最优序列,在4个物种中扩增效率100%。对抽检的20个批次的肉加工品样品进行检测,鉴定结果约有90%的样品与产品标签标示的成分相符。其中1个批次的牛丸制品因肉类成分含量低未扩增成功,1个批次的牛丸制品检出鸭源成分,判定掺假。DNA条形码技术快速有效,本研究筛选的COI-A序列可直接用于牛、羊、猪、鸭及其肉制品的鉴定,并为其它常见动物源性食品的种类鉴定提供一定参考依据。     

DNA条形码序列对药食两用品花椒的品种鉴定

目的:利用DNA条形码鉴定技术,快速、准确的鉴别中药花椒,区别中药花椒及其市售香料花椒的品种来源差异。方法:采用植物DNA试剂盒提取花椒及其混伪品基因组DNA,对全部收集样品的ITS2序列进行扩增和测序,计算物种种间种内Kimura2-parameter(K2P)遗传距离。采用Blast、最近距离法及基于ITS2序列构建Neighbor-joining(NJ)系统聚类树进行鉴别分析。结果:中药花椒及香料花椒的序列长度为224~227 bp,中药花椒种间平均K2P遗传距离明显大于香料花椒种内平均K2P遗传距离;ITS2分子系统树显示,中药花椒及香料花椒均聚为一单系分枝。结论:ITS2序列作为DNA条形码能准确鉴别中药花椒及其香料花椒,为中药花椒及其香料花椒的鉴别提供了依据。     

线粒体细胞色素b基因在鱼唇制品物种鉴定中适用性的研究

目的 探讨线粒体细胞色素b基因(cytochrome b, Cyt b)作为DNA条形码在鱼唇制品物种鉴定中的适用性。方法 对全国31个城市购买的252份鱼唇样品进行聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)测序,同源基因比较分析,构建系统发育树,鉴定制作鱼唇产品的鱼种,并对其进行濒危评价分析。结果 成功鉴定250个样品,一致性物种基因序列相似性在99%以上,涉及8个鲨鱼物种,最多样品为大青鲨(Prionace glauca),占样品65.5%,其余还有镰形真鲨(Carcharhinus falciformis)、路氏双髻鲨(Sphyrna lewini)、锤头双髻鲨(Sphyrna zygaena)等7类鲨鱼物种。结论 Cyt b可以作为对鲨鱼物种进行鉴定的一种DNA条形码,在对鲨鱼种鉴定时可以使用Cyt b基因及细胞色素氧化酶亚基I基因联合鉴定条形码,为深加工海产品物种鉴定提供更多的技术支撑。     

DNA条形码技术在深加工动物制品源性成分鉴定中的应用研究进展

DNA条形码被认为是一种强大、非定向、准确特异、低成本且适用广泛的方法,是分子生物学领域研究物种鉴定的热点技术。其基于DNA分子水平和通用引物扩增的鉴定方式规避了传统鉴别方法的不足,又超脱于许多分子检测方法只能定向检测的局限,现已被广泛应用于生态环境、医疗卫生、食品安全等各个领域。本文介绍了DNA条形码的基本原理、发展进程和研究现状,总结了其在深加工动物制品中的应用情况,包括在动物源性中药材、海产品、肉及肉制品、动物源性保健品以及皮革制品、动物标本等源性成分鉴别方面的应用,最后对DNA条形码技术鉴定物种的优势和不足以及发展趋势作了总结和展望。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press