A combined MAS nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,in situ FT infrared spectroscopy and catalytic study of the conversion of allyl alcohol over zeolite catalysts

A combined study of allyl alcohol conversion over zeolite catalysts using catalytic measurements in a flow microreactor, in situ FTIR and MAS NMR spectroscopy is reported. Rate constants for the conversion in the flow reactor and the static in situ reactor used in the FTIR studies are in broad agreement, emphasising the viability of the experimental approach. In the flow microreactor allyl alcohol conversion over the zeolite catalyst is shown to form diallyl ether, hydrocarbons and acrolein. The in situ study successfully models the formation of diallyl ether and hydrocarbon as initial reaction products, but unfortunately acrolein is found to be rapidly converted to hydrocarbons under the condition used in the in situ cells. The studies are combined to provide a model for the reaction which involves two parallel pathways for the formation of the hydrocarbons and acrolein.     

磷酸锂催化剂上环氧丙烷异构化制烯丙醇的研究

分别采用混合法和浸渍法制备了用于环氧丙烷异构化制烯丙醇反应的负载磷酸锂催化剂。两种制备方法所得催化剂的比表面积与孔结构不同,对催化剂的催化性能有较大影响,浸渍法得到的催化剂比表面积大,催化性能好。探讨了反应温度及压力对反应的影响,适宜的反应温度为310～320 ℃。催化剂使用40 h后转化率由起始的65.5%降为40%左右。研究发现,引起催化剂失活的原因为表面积炭,可以采用洗液洗涤方式使催化剂再生。     

Comments on the use of buckminsterfullerene encapsulated in zeolite Y as a potential catalyst

Buckminsterfullerene encapsulated within zeolite Y is found not to be a reactive radical initiator for the formation of dimethoxyethane from dimethyl ether below 200° C. Above this temperature the expected acid catalysed conversion of dimethyl ether to hydrocarbons is observed. Dimethoxyethane formation is observed when bibenzoyl peroxide is used as a radical initiator. These studies indicate that any radical formed by the encapsulated buckminsterfullerene is relatively unreactive.     

Y型分子筛的有机酸脱铝改性

利用有机酸对Y型分子筛进行改性,采用XRD、XRF、XPS和IR等对其进行表征,结果表明,分子筛经过离子交换降低钠含量,水热焙烧后,采用有机络合剂进行处理,更有利于得到结晶度高和非骨架铝含量低的分子筛;在相同柠檬酸或草酸比例下,采用柠檬酸处理的样品,其硅铝物质的量比和结晶度均高于草酸处理样品;有机酸处理有利于分子筛非骨架铝的脱除,尤其分子筛外表面非骨架铝的脱除,提高分子筛结晶度和硅铝物质的量比。m(柠檬酸)∶m(分子筛)=a∶1~(a+0.10)∶1时,晶胞尺寸变化不大;m(柠檬酸)∶m(分子筛)=(a+0.15)∶1时,分子筛晶胞进一步收缩,结晶度降低;随着柠檬酸比例增加,脱铝处理分子筛的B/L降低。     

Selective oxidation of propylene by O2 with visible light in a zeolite

Propylene and O₂ loaded into zeolite BaY were found to react upon irradiation with green or blue light in a single photon process. In situ monitoring by FT-infrared spectroscopy showed that allyl hydroperoxide is the predominant product at –100°C. At room temperature, acrolein, propylene oxide, and allyl hydroperoxide were observed in comparable amounts. The aldehyde and epoxide are shown to emerge from secondary thermal chemistry of the allyl hydroperoxide photoproduct. The selectivity in terms of the hydroperoxide photoproduct is very high (98% at room temperature) even at high propylene conversion. Diffuse reflectance spectra show that access to the mild oxidation path is made possible by a zeolite-induced shift of the propylene O₂ charge-transfer absorption from the UV into the visible region.     

甘油直接制备丙烯醇的催化剂和反应工艺研究进展

丙烯醇是一种十分重要的中间体和化学原料。近年来,以甘油为原料直接制备丙烯醇的研究引起了许多科学家的关注。本文参考了最近十年来发表的文献,详细介绍了均相甲酸诱导的甘油脱氧脱水反应、催化剂作用下的甘油脱氧脱水反应、液固相甘油氢解反应和气固相甘油氢转移反应等过程制备丙烯醇的相关工艺、反应机理和催化剂的研究进展及发展趋势,并对比了上述工艺的优缺点。其中,均相甲酸诱导的甘油脱氧脱水工艺比较成熟,已经在实验室中得到验证和应用,但是甲酸的消耗量大,整个过程的原子经济性很差。 甘油脱氧脱水反应和液固相甘油氢解反应不仅需要采用价格昂贵的铼基催化剂,而且丙烯醇的选择性较低。 铁基催化剂作用下的气固相甘油氢转移反应制备丙烯醇,由于催化剂的价格低廉、制备工艺简单、产品分离容易等优势而备受关注,是最近五年的研究热点。在文献基础上,认为今后研究应该重点关注催化剂的酸碱性、氢转移能力及其与速率控制步骤的匹配,并有针对性地对催化剂进行优化和改进。     

Y分子筛/介孔Al-SBA-15复合材料与脱铝Y分子筛的表征和重油加氢裂化性能

采用两步法和水热-化学方法制备了具有高水热稳定性的Y分子筛/介孔Al-SBA-15复合材料和含有介孔的脱铝Y分子筛,用浸渍法制备了加氢裂化催化剂,并利用XRD、N2 吸附、SEM、XRF和TEM等分析手段对Y分子筛/介孔Al-SBA-15复合材料、含有介孔的脱铝Y分子筛及其催化剂的物化性质进行了对比分析。相同条件下催化剂的重油加氢裂化性能对比评价结果表明,以Y分子筛/介孔Al-SBA-15复合材料为载体的加氢裂化催化剂的中间馏分油收率和中油选择性高达66.21%和84.5%,比以脱铝Y分子筛为载体的催化剂分别提高了5.68%和5.7%。     

Propane conversion over zeolite catalysts: Comments on the role of Ga

The activation of propane using zeolite H-Y and Ga³⁺ exchanged zeolite Y indicates that in the presence of Ga³⁺ the mechanism of propane activation is changed from a cracking pathway to a dehydrogenation pathway. The presence of both Ga³⁺ and H⁺ are required to achieve this effect.     

Y型分子筛应用于双环芳烃加氢裂化多产轻芳烃过程研究进展

催化柴油富含双环芳烃,可通过加氢裂化过程选择性多产高价值轻质芳烃（BTX）产物,现有研究已对此过程所需的工艺条件和催化剂性质进行了大量考察。工业应用中催化剂的酸性组分以Y型分子筛为主,研究分子筛性质和反应结果的关系成为重点内容。本文主要介绍了双环芳烃多产BTX产物经历加氢饱和、开环、断侧链等主要反应过程,金属组分及其与分子筛的协同作用;总结了Y型分子筛的性质如孔道性质、小晶粒、酸性质、核壳结构等因素对上述反应过程的影响。初步表明分子筛孔性质、酸性质直接影响目标反应选择性,通过对分子筛性质进行调变,可以达到促进反应物有效转化及提高BTX产物收率的目的。     

On the formation of C3 hydrocarbons during the conversion of ethanol using H-ZSM-5 catalyst

The formation of predominating C₃ species during the conversion of ethanol on H-ZSM-5 catalyst was examined as a function of temperature, time on stream and space velocity. The trends observed indicated that propene was formed from the cracking of larger olefins, possibly 4-methylpentene, and not as an intermediate between C₂ and C₄ production. The parallel formation of propene with naphthenes and aromatics resulted in significant hydrogen-transfer activity leading to propane, while ethylene and butenes played a much less significant role in the process.     

Epoxidation of allyl alcohol to glycidol using titanium silicalite TS-1: effect of the reaction conditions and catalyst acidity

The epoxidation of allyl alcohol to glycidol using the titanium silicalite TS-1 with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant is described and discussed in detail. The reaction conditions (alcohol, solvent, temperature) required to obtain 100% selectivity to glycidol are described and this selectivity has been observed at conversions of allyl alcohol of up to 20%. Addition of excess hydrogen peroxide enhances conversion but does not appear to affect selectivity to glycidol deleteriously, whereas addition of hydrogen peroxide over an extended time period is not particularly beneficial. The major side reactions are the oxidation of the alcohol solvent and the ring opening solvolysis of the glycidol that leads to the formation of alkoxy diols. Base treatment of the TS-1 using sodium azide enhances the glycidol selectivity, whereas the incorporation of Brønsted acid sites by addition of aluminium into the framework structure of TS-1 enhances the selectivity to the products of solvolysis ring opening reactions.     

Dealumination of Y zeolite through an economic and eco-friendly defect-engineering strategy

A sustainable defect-engineering strategy for the dealumination of Y zeolite is described. This strategy includes the green synthesis of a well-crystallized Y zeolite with point defects arising from the incorporation of Fe atoms by using Fe-containing perlite and the subsequent preparation of ultra-stable Y (USY) zeolite by efficient steaming dealumination. The systematic characterizations verify that Fe atoms originally existing in the perlite are incorporated into the as-synthesized Y zeolite and function as point defects, leading to the distortion of framework Al. The step-by-step investigation of dealumination process shows that vacancies are formed by the extraction of framework Fe in ammonium exchange, and the framework dealumination is promoted under the combined effect of the distorted framework Al and the formed vacancies during steaming treatment. The resulting USY zeolite owns excellent features in (hydro)thermal stability, pore structure and acid property, and exhibits outstanding catalytic performance in the cracking of n-octane and 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene.     

以稻壳为原料合成等级孔Y型分子筛

以稻壳为原料,通过高温碱活化提取稻壳中的硅作为分子筛合成的硅源,利用碳化稻壳中的碳作为介孔模板合成具有等级孔结构的Y型分子筛。采用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附等表征合成的Y型分子筛。考察碱度、晶化时间、晶化温度等合成条件对Y型分子筛结构特性的影响。结果表明,随着碱度的增加,分子筛结晶度先增加后降低。碱度为6.66时,合成的Y型分子筛结晶度最高。当晶化温度为90℃、时间为16 h时,合成的分子筛中含有较少的杂晶。     

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide by hydrocarbons over mordenite-type zeolite catalysts

The reduction of NO by hydrocarbons such as C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₆, and C₃H₈ has been investigated over mordenite-type zeolite catalysts including HM, CuHM, NZA (natural zeolite), and CuNZA prepared by an ion-exchange method in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor. NO conversion over CuNZA catalyst reaches about 94% with 2000 ppm of C₃H₆ at 500°C. As reductants, alkenes seem to exhibit a higher performance for NO conversion than alkanes regardless of the catalysts. No deterioration of the catalytic activity due to carbonaceous deposits for CuNZA was observed above 400°C even after 30 h of on-stream time, but SO₂ in the feed gas stream causes a severe poisoning of the CuNZA catalyst. The effect of H₂O on NO conversion was significant regardless of the catalysts and the reductants employed in this study. However, CuNZA catalyst shows a unique water tolerance with C₃H₆. The reaction path of NO to N₂ is the most important factor for high performance of this catalytic system. NO is directly reduced by a reaction intermediate, C_n′H_m′(O) formed from hydrocarbon and O₂, N₂O is another reaction intermediate which can be easily removed by C_n′H_m′(O).     

Epoxidation of allyl alcohol to glycidol using titanium silicalite TS-1: effect of the method of preparation

The epoxidation of allyl alcohol with hydrogen peroxide catalysed by the microporous titanium silicalite TS-1 has been investigated with respect to the effect of the method of catalyst preparation. Three methods of TS-1 synthesis have been studied using the standard tetrapropyl-ammonium cation as template (i) using tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthotitanate as reagents, (ii) using a fluoride method and (iii) using tetrabutyl orthotitanate as the titanium source. The TS-1 samples were characterised by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The method of preparation controlled the morphology of the TS-1 crystals and in particular the crystallisation time was found to be an important parameter. Data are presented that correlate the activity for the epoxidation of allyl alcohol with the morphology of TS-1. In addition it is found that the catalytic activity of TS-1 for this reaction is not related to the intensity or presence of the infrared absorption band at ca. 960 cm^–1.     

Removal of sulfur components from low sulfur gasoline using copper exchanged zeolite Y at ambient temperature

Copper-exchanged zeolite Y has been shown to be an effective material for removal of a variety of sulfur species from hydrocarbon streams, and both monovalent (Cu(I)) and divalent (Cu(II)Y) materials have been claimed to be effective. In this work we discuss experiments aimed at providing a direct performance comparison between the two copper-containing materials. Cu(I)Y zeolite is somewhat more effective than Cu(II)Y in removing thiophene from various fuel blends. Capacity of both materials for thiophene diminishes markedly when aromatics and/or olefins are present, and Cu(I)Y immediately turns dark on exposure to such feeds. Both materials demonstrate ability to convert thiols to disulfides at ambient temperature.     

Modification of the ZSM-5 zeolite using Ga and Zn impregnated silica fibre for the conversion ofn-butane into aromatic hydrocarbons

The modification of ZSM-5 by metals is generally performed by methods such as ion-exchange, impregnation, chemical vapour deposition and physical mixing. In this work a silica fibre pre-impregnated with Ga and Zn has been used during the synthesis by which Ga-ZSM-5 and Zn-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts were prepared. The synthesised zeolite catalysts were characterised by an X-ray powder diffractometer, a scanning electron microscope, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, a solid state NMR, an energy dispersive X-ray analyser and a sorptomatic 1900. The acidity of the catalysts was determined by temperature programmed desorption of ammonia. The reaction ofn-butane to aromatic hydrocarbons was carried out over the H-ZSM-5, Ga-ZSM-5 and Zn-ZSM-5 catalysts and it was observed that these catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity in the conversion ofn-butane and formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. The effect of temperature on the conversion ofn-butane and formation of aromatic hydrocarbons was studied at 713, 743, 773 and 803 K with a space velocity (WHSV) of 2.5 h^–1. The effect of time on stream on then- butane conversion and formation of aromatic hydrocarbons over the synthesised catalysts was investigated at 803 K for 4.5 h.     

2, 4, 6-Triphenylpyrylium ion encapsulated in Y zeolite as photocatalyst. A co-operative contribution of the zeolite host to the photodegradation of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid using solar light

2, 4, 6-Triphenylpyrylium ion (TP⁺), a well-known single electron transfer photosensitizer, encapsulated inside the voids of a microporous Y zeolite (TPY) (spherical cages of 1.3 nm diameter, tetrahedrally interconnected through four openings of 0.74 nm diameter) has been tested as heterogeneous photocatalyst for the degradation of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid as model probe molecule. The results were compared under simultaneous irradiation with the performance of TiO₂, TP⁺BF⁻₄ supported on amorphous silica and malachite green (another dye) also imprisoned inside Y zeolite. It was found that the activity of TPY is higher than that of the other photocatalytic systems, especially using visible light excitation or direct solar irradiation. These results have been interpreted as being due to a combination of factors, including appropriate absorption spectrum of TP⁺, favorable thermodynamics of the electron transfer pathway and a co-operative contribution of the zeolite host. Thus, we have observed that an initial rapid step consisting in the adsorption of the pollutant inside the zeolite micropores takes place before the actual slower photoreaction enables detection of photoproducts. This adsorption produces a favorable high concentration of the target substrate in the proximity of the reactive photocatalytic center, thus increasing the efficiency of the overall degradation process.     

气相法制备沸石分子筛的研究进展

综述了气相法,包括气相转移法和干胶法在合成沸石分子筛、磷铝分子筛和其它杂原子分子筛及分子筛膜方面的研究进展。介绍了合成过程中一些影响因素,如时间、温度、干胶组分或有机模板剂对合成的影响。并且对气相法制备分子筛成型体作了简单介绍。     

多级孔分子筛对四氢萘加氢生产轻质芳烃的影响

以多级孔Y分子筛为酸性组分,四硫代钼酸铵为金属前驱物,采用孔饱和浸渍法制备预硫化型催化剂,采用XRD、BET、TEM、NH3-TPD和Py-IR等分析方法表征分子筛结构性质。以四氢萘为模型化合物,在高压加氢微反装置上考察多级孔Y分子筛对四氢萘选择性加氢裂化性能的影响。结果表明,与参比分子筛相比,介孔比例高、介孔孔径尺寸适宜、介孔集中度高和酸性适中的多级孔Y型分子筛能够强化四氢萘转化及提高C_6~C_(10)和C_6~C_8单环芳烃收率;介孔孔径尺寸过大或介孔集中度低会提高重产物收率。实验条件下,C_6~C_(10)和C_6~C_8单环芳烃收率分别可达41.5%和24.0%。