Effects of salinity on physicochemical properties of Alaska pollock surimi after repeated freeze-thaw cycles

ABSTRACT:  The effects of residual salt in surimi on physicochemical properties as affected by various freeze and thaw (FT) cycles were examined. Fresh Alaska pollock surimi was mixed with 4.0% sugar and 5.0% sorbitol, along with 8 combinations of salt (0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% NaCl) and sodium polyphosphate (0.25% and 0.5%), vacuum-packed, and stored at −18 °C until used. FT cycles (0, 6, and 9) were used to mimic long-term frozen storage. At the time of gel preparation, each treatment was appropriately adjusted to maintain 2% salt and 78% moisture. The pH decreased as residual salt increased during frozen storage. Salt extractable protein (SEP) decreased ( P < 0.05) as FT cycles extended from 0 to 9. Regardless of residual salt and phosphate concentration during frozen storage, whiteness value ( L *− 3 b *) decreased ( P < 0.05) as FT cycles extended, except for samples with 0.4% salt/0.5% phosphate and 0.6% salt/0.25% phosphate. Water retention ability (WRA) and texture significantly ( P < 0.05) decreased at higher salt content (0.8% and 1.0%) after 9 FT cycles, indicating higher residual salt concentration can shorten the shelf life of frozen surimi. Our study revealed lower residual salt concentration and higher phosphate concentration are likely to extend the shelf life of frozen surimi.     

冻结和冻藏对冷冻面团流变学以及汤包皮质构特性的影响

研究了冻结温度、冻藏温度、冻藏时间对冷冻面团流变学特性和汤包皮质构特性的影响。实验结果表明,冻结改变了面团的流变性质,降低了面团的弹性;并且-18℃下冻结对汤包皮TPA参数的影响比-30℃的影响大。-30℃的冻藏温度对面团的粘弹性影响较大,而不同冻藏温度对汤包皮的TPA参数影响不大;冻藏时间对面团粘弹性、面团拉伸特性以及汤包皮的TPA参数影响大。     

Effects of brown algal phlorotannins and ascorbic acid on the physiochemical properties of minced fish (Pagrosomus major) during freeze–thaw cycles

The quality loss in fish during freeze–thaw cycles is considered one of the major issues caused mainly by temperature fluctuations during cold storage. The present work is aimed to illustrate the effects of brown algal phlorotannins (BAP) and ascorbic acid (AA) on physiochemical properties of minced snapper muscle through different freeze–thaw cycles. Both AA and BAP could retard lipid and protein oxidation, respectively, and synergistically. The Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity can be protected with the addition of antioxidants. The addition of 0.1% (w/w) AP showed 22.6% higher activity as compared with other groups especially during three freeze–thaw cycles. Cooking loss was efficiently inhibited and 0.1% AA + 0.3% BAP group showed 25.5% lower than control. Antioxidant is also helpful to maintain gel‐forming ability of minced snapper and 0.1% AA + 0.1% BAP group showed the best. These results revealed that both AA and BAP could prevent minced fish by inhibiting the protein denaturation during freeze–thaw cycles.     

冻藏时间对广式蓉沙包点色泽及质构特性的影响

主要研究了-18℃下冻藏0⁴2d对速冻广式蓉沙包点（豆沙包、莲蓉包和流沙包）色差、水分含量、质构和比容等色泽和质构特性的影响。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的增加,莲蓉包和豆沙包表皮色泽中红度（a*）无显著变化（p>0.05）,亮度（L*）降低,黄度（b*）增加,其中莲蓉包冻藏14d后的L*值已显著变化（p<0.05）。而流沙包的L*变化不显著（p>0.05）,b*值降低,a*值增加。b*在冻藏7d后已有显著差异（p<0.05）。包点的水分含量均有不同程度的降低,馅料、皮瓤、外皮含水率降幅最大的分别是豆沙包、流沙包、莲蓉包。质构特性中硬度和咀嚼性随冻藏时间的增加呈增大趋势,粘性、回复性和弹性则趋于减小。冻藏42d各项质构特性指标均有显著变化（p<0.05）,莲蓉包的硬度和咀嚼性的增加量最大,流沙包粘性的降低量最大,豆沙包的质构指标变化幅度最小,几种包点弹性和回复性的降幅则差别不大。冻藏时间对包点比容也有显著影响（p<0.05）,其中对流沙包的影响最大。      

Changes in meat quality of ovine longissimus dorsi muscle in response to repeated freeze and thaw

Changes in eating and technological quality attributes of ovine longissimus dorsi muscle during repeated freeze and thaw were investigated. Shear force value, L* value, a* value and fiber diameter decreased (P<0.05) but lipid oxidation increased (P<0.05) with repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Sarcomere length and pH decreased (P<0.05) within the first 10 freeze-thaw cycles but increased (P<0.05) after 5 further cycles. Total and myofibrillar protein solubility, and intramuscular free fatty acids concentration decreased (P<0.05) after 1 cycle of freeze and thaw but then increased (P<0.05) gradually with further cycles. Hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness and resilience of comminuted lamb products decreased (P<0.05) with increased freeze-thaw cycles. And therefore, repeated freeze and thaw should be minimized in terms of meat color for commercial value and water holding capacity for further processing.     

The effect of long-term frozen storage on the quality of frozen and thawed mashed potatoes with added cryoprotectant mixtures

Cryoprotectant mixtures were added to frozen/thawed (F/T) mashed potatoes in the form of amidated low-methoxyl (ALM) pectin and xanthan gum (XG), kappa-carrageenan (κ-C) and XG and sodium caseinate (SC) and XG, and the effect of frozen storage was examined. F/T mashed potatoes without added biopolymers had higher storage modulus G ' after freezing and frozen storage, associated with sponge formation due to amylose retrogradation. Oscillatory measurements indicated weakening of the structure of mashed potatoes without biopolymers and with added κ-C/XG and SC/XG mixtures at the end of storage due to ice recrystallisation, whereas the structure of samples with added ALM/XG mixtures was reinforced by increasing time in storage. Mashed potatoes with added mixtures exhibited water-holding capacity for 1 year. Samples with added κ-C/XG mixtures were more structured, although when both κ-C/XG and SC/XG mixtures were included in mashed potato, very acceptable sensory quality was maintained in usual frozen storage conditions.     

冻藏对小麦淀粉理化性质及热力学特性的影响

研究了冻藏对小麦淀粉颗粒表面形态、理化性质、热力学性质及凝沉特性的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)检测冻藏小麦淀粉颗粒,发现部分淀粉颗粒表面有破损;对冻藏后的小麦淀粉溶解度、粘度、膨润力、蓝值等进行测定,结果显示冻藏后淀粉溶解度和粘度分别增大了48.6%、43.2%;膨润力、蓝值分别降低8.41%、28.5%;采用示差量热扫描(DSC)测定冻藏小麦淀粉热力学性质变化,发现冻藏小麦淀粉糊化热焓降低了47.3%,糊化温度起止范围降低了10.60%;凝沉值降低了47.2%。研究表明冻藏后的小麦淀粉颗粒形态,理化性质、热力学性质均发生了明显改变。      

Effect of pretreatments and freezing rate on the firmness of potato tissue after a freeze–thaw cycle

The texture of potato tissue after a freeze–thaw process using different freezing rates and different pretreatments was analysed, in order to select the best strategy for optimum preservation of the textural characteristics of pre‐frozen potato. Ten blanching conditions were tested and a two‐step blanching process with calcium chloride (0.07 g mL^?1) proved the most effective in protecting the tissue after a freeze–thaw process (maximum load force around 10–55% of the raw tissue, depending on potato batch, for air‐blast freezing and 20–60% for immersion freezing). Vacuum impregnation at 100 and 400 mbar, even when followed by different pre‐drying treatments to remove excess water, was very detrimental to resistance to a freeze–thaw process (maximum load force below 10% of the raw tissue for air‐blast freezing and below 20% for immersion freezing). Microstructure analysis confirmed better tissue integrity retention with ethyleneglycol immersion freezing instead of air‐freezing. Differences were found between batches with a 6‐month difference in storage time, indicating that the fresher batch was more suitable for freezing.     

The effect of metal ions on lipid oxidation,colour and physicochemical properties of cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) subjected to multiple freeze–thaw cycles

The effects of different metal ions at various concentrations (0, 5, 25 ppm) on lipid oxidation, discolouration and physicochemical properties of muscle protein in cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) subjected to multiple freeze–thaw cycles, were investigated. Lipid oxidation of all treatments increased as the freeze–thaw cycle increased. However, the rate of the TBARS increases varied, depending on concentration, type and valency of the metal ion. Fe(II) induced lipid oxidation most effectively and its prooxidative effect was in a concentration-dependent manner. Cu(I), Cu(II) and Cd(II) showed negligible effects on lipid oxidation. The increased lipid oxidation of cuttlefish with added iron was coincidental with the increase in b* values (yellowness), especially with increasing freeze–thaw cycles. Cu(I) and Cu(II) altered cuttlefish protein sulfhydryl content and the protein solubility decreased with a concomitant increase in the disulfide bond content. The oxidative changes of proteins were observed only when a concentration of metal ions of 25 ppm was used. Those changes were more intense with increasing freeze–thaw cycles. The Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Mg²⁺–Ca²⁺–ATPase activities of cuttlefish natural actomyosin decreased markedly in the presence of copper, whereas the Mg²⁺–EGTA–ATPase was increased. SDS-PAGE revealed that Cu(I) and Cu(II) induced the polymerization of muscle proteins stabilised by disulfide bond formation. However, Fe(II), Fe(III) and Cd(II) exhibited no pronounced effect on the oxidation of cuttlefish muscle proteins. Therefore, copper mainly caused the oxidation of protein, while iron induced lipid oxidation and the formation of a yellow colour in cuttlefish muscle, particularly with multiple freeze–thaw cycles.     

冷冻速率对面团发酵和烘焙性质的影响

研究了冷冻速率对冷冻面团体系中酵母发酵(包括酵母产气力、酵母存活率)和面团微结构的影响;以及对冷冻面团烘焙性质的影响(包括面包比容,面包评分和面包保质期).结果显示冷冻速率同时影响酵母活力和面团的超微结构,进而影响面包的品质和体积,综合考虑,确定面团在-32℃下快速冷冻至-18℃(冷冻速率约-5℃/min),并在-18℃下冻藏,较适合冷冻面团的生产.     

Effect of frozen storage on the proteolytic and rheological properties of soft caprine milk cheese

Freezing and long-term frozen storage had minimal impact on the rheology and proteolysis of soft cheese made from caprine milk. Plain soft cheeses were obtained from a grade A goat dairy in Georgia and received 4 storage treatments: fresh refrigerated control (C), aged at 4°C for 28 d; frozen control (FC), stored at −20°C for 2 d before being thawed and aged in the same way as C cheese; and 3-mo frozen (3MF), or 6-mo frozen (6MF), stored at −20°C for 3 or 6 mo before being thawed and aged. Soft cheeses had fragile textures that showed minimal change after freezing or over 28 d of aging at 4°C. The only exceptions were the FC cheeses, which, after frozen storage and aging for 1 d at 4°C, were significantly softer than the other cheeses, and less chewy than the other frozen cheeses. Moreover, after 28 d of aging at 4°C, the FC cheeses tended to have the lowest viscoelastic values. Slight variation was noted in protein distribution among the storage treatment, although no significant proteolysis occurred during refrigerated aging. The creation and removal of ice crystals in the cheese matrix and the limited proteolysis of the caseins showed only slight impact on cheese texture, suggesting that frozen storage of soft cheeses may be possible for year-round supply with minimal loss of textural quality.     

Physicochemical and enzymatic changes of cod muscle proteins subjected to different freeze–thaw cycles

The effects of freeze–thaw cycles on the physicochemical and enzymatic changes of cod muscle proteins were investigated. The activities of α‐glucosidase and β‐N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase increased as the the number of freeze–thaw cycles increased. A loss of Ca²⁺‐ATPase and Mg²⁺‐Ca²⁺‐ATPase activities was observed, while Mg²⁺‐EGTA‐ATPase activity increased, especially after one cycle of freezing–thawing, with a concomitant decrease in Ca²⁺ sensitivity. The surface sulphhydryl group content decreased with increasing freeze–thaw cycles, while no changes in total sulphhydryl group content were found. The surface hydrophobicity of actomyosin did not change significantly with the number of freeze–thaw cycles. The loss of protein solubility increased with increasing freeze–thaw cycles. However, no cross‐linked proteins induced by formaldehyde were found. The results revealed that freeze–thaw cycles directly affected the physicochemical and enzymatic properties of cod muscle proteins. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

海藻酸钠对冷冻面团面包烘焙特性的影响

研究添加不同比例(0.1%、0.3%、0.5%和0.7%)海藻酸钠对冷冻面团面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明,添加海藻酸钠能提高冷冻面团的持水率,减少冷冻面团醒发时间;增大面包的比容,降低面包的硬度和咀嚼性,提高弹性,改善冷冻面团面包的品质。感官评定显示,冻藏不同天数后,添加0.3%的海藻酸钠面包感官评分值最高。     

冻藏时间对扇贝闭壳肌及裙边理化性质的影响

目的研究冻藏时间对华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)闭壳肌及裙边理化性质的影响。方法通过测定在-18℃冻藏不同时间扇贝的基本成分、氨基酸组成、蛋白质组分、挥发性盐基氮含量及过氧化值,了解其理化性质随时间变化的规律。结果冻藏60 d的闭壳肌和裙边基本成分、水溶性蛋白、盐溶性蛋白含量和氨基酸含量变化不显著,挥发性盐基氮含量略有上升,然而过氧化值变化显著,比原来增长了81%。结论华贵栉孔扇贝在-18℃冻藏60 d,除过氧化值外,其余理化性质变化不明显。     

冻藏时间对麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白二级结构及面团性能的影响研究

分别对小麦醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白在-18℃下冻藏0²8d后其巯基和二硫键含量以及二级结构的变化情况进行研究,并分析了变化可能的内在机理;进一步探讨了冻藏导致的面团质构变化与两种面筋蛋白结构变化的对应关系。结果表明:冻藏处理使麦醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白中巯基含量增加、二硫键含量减少,α-螺旋和β-转角结构含量下降,β-折叠结构含量升高;其中,冻藏处理对麦谷蛋白二级结构的影响程度要明显大于麦醇溶蛋白。质构研究结果表明:两种蛋白质中二硫键、α-螺旋和β-转角结构含量的减少,对冻藏后面团粘性、弹性、硬度的降低有着重要影响。      

Effect of fermentation metabolites on rheological and sensory properties of fermented rice noodles

BACKGROUND: Considering the effect of natural fermentation on the textural improvement of fermented rice noodles in China and South Asia, and given the lack of reports concerning the roles of fermentation metabolites (enzymes, organic acids, glucose and maltose), this study aims to determine fermentation metabolites produced during fermentation of raw milled rice grains, and investigate their effects on rheological and sensory properties of rice noodles. RESULTS: α‐Amylase activity was correlated with reducing sugar content significantly in the supernatant during fermentation process (r = 0.76, P < 0.05). Lactic acid was the dominant organic acid produced by fermentation. Protein and lipid content decreased significantly by fermentation. Treating the rice grains with trypsin, lipase or lactic acid could modify the rheological characteristics and improve the sensory properties of rice noodles. Removal of protein and lipid by physical extraction confirmed the results. The residue of glucose and maltose in rice flour weakened the noodle texture. CONCLUSIONS: Fermentation of raw milled rice decreased protein and lipid content, increased the purity of rice starch, and thus improved the texture of fermented rice noodles. The low molecule weight sugars produced during fermentation should be removed for their negative effect on texture. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

蛋白降解程度及油脂含量对腐乳流变学特性的影响

以豆粕为原料,采用酶法生产腐乳,考察了蛋白降解程度以及油脂含量对腐乳流变学性质的影响。结果表明,蛋白水解程度及油脂含量对腐乳质构特性都有重要的影响,样品水解度或油脂添加量越大,硬度、胶黏性及咀嚼性越小,黏性越大,而碾磨状态下样品的表观黏度越小,且相同蛋白降解程度下含油样品表观黏度随时间变化下降趋势越明显。     

冻藏温度对大黄鱼色泽、质构和抗氧化性的影响

本文重点研究-20、-40、-80℃冻藏温度对大黄鱼色泽、感官、质构和抗氧化性的影响,并对感官各指标评分与感官综合得分进行比较。结果表明,与新鲜大黄鱼冻藏第0d（对照组）相比,不同冻藏温度下第60d的色泽均发生显著变化（p<0.05）,-20℃色泽变化幅度最大。时间延长导致感官各指标评分和综合得分下降,口感变差,综合得分能整体反映出鱼肌肉的感官变化情况,硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性和回复性下降,弹性先上升后下降,-80℃感官综合评分和质构指标下降最缓慢。丙二醛含量（MDA）增加,总抗氧化能力（T-AOC值）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活力明显下降,-80℃抗氧化性指标变化速率最慢。冻藏温度越低,大黄鱼色泽、感官、质构和抗氧化性指标变化越缓慢,为大黄鱼冷冻保存提供数据支持。