有机硅、聚磷酸铵协效阻燃水性聚氨酯的燃烧性能研究

以羟乙基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚碳酸酯二醇为起始原料,与异氟尔酮二异氰酸酯反应,制备了有机硅改性水性聚氨酯(Si-WPU);然后添加聚磷酸铵(APP),制备出一系列阻燃Si-WPU-APP。研究了APP用量对Si-WPU阻燃性能及热稳定性的影响。垂直燃烧实验表明,随着APP用量的增加,SiWPU-APP的阻燃性增加,当APP的质量分数为20%时达到UL-94 V-0级;氧指数实验表明,随着APP用量的增加,Si-WPU-APP的氧指数逐渐升高,当APP的质量分数为20%时达到30%;锥形量热仪测试表明,随着APP用量的增加,Si-WPU-APP的点燃时间逐渐延长,最大热释放速率由600 k W/m2降低到450 k W/m2且生烟速率由0.074 m2/s下降到0.044 m2/s;TG测试表明,APP的加入没有延迟Si-WPU降解的作用,但能促进C—C、C—O及Si—O键的成炭,从而大大降低材料后期的分解速率并提高成炭量。综合以上性能,聚磷酸铵的最佳质量分数为25%。     

类水滑石协效阻燃聚氨酯硬泡的研究

采用氧化镁烟气脱硫固废制备了类水滑石(HTLcs)。通过氧指数仪、锥形量热仪研究了类水滑石对聚氨酯硬泡(RPUF)/聚磷酸铵(APP)阻燃体系的阻燃和抑烟性能的影响。研究表明,当聚磷酸铵用量为40%、HTLcs用量为10%时,聚氨酯硬泡的极限氧指数(LOI)达到了34.2%,其最大热释放速率(PHRR)由RPUF的140 k W/m~2降低到85 k W/m~2,减幅达39.3%,且最大烟释放速率(PSRR)低于0.25 m~2/s。类水滑石与APP具备一定的协效阻燃和抑烟性能。     

聚磷酸铵/次磷酸铝/聚氨酯密封胶阻燃体系的阻燃及热降解行为

以蓖麻油为基础多元醇,聚磷酸铵(APP)与次磷酸铝(AHP)复配协同聚氨酯阻燃体系,制备了阻燃聚氨酯密封胶(FRPUS)。研究了APP/AHP阻燃体系对FRPUS阻燃性能、热稳定性能的影响。结果表明,APP与AHP的质量比为5:1,添加量为50%时,FRPUS的极限氧指数(LOI)值达到35.1%,较纯PUS提高74.6%;TGA和热降解动力学表明APP/AHP提高了阻燃体系的热稳定性。     

阻燃聚氨酯泡沫塑料的合成及工艺参数优化

将无机阻燃剂聚磷酸铵(APP)和有机阻燃剂磷酸三氯乙酯(TCEP)复配,制备了TCEP/APP阻燃聚氨酯泡沫塑料,并对其耐燃性、力学性能和热稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:阻燃剂添加量为30%时,当m(TCEP)∶m(APP)=1∶3时,TCEP/APP的阻燃效果最佳,此时聚氨酯泡沫塑料的极限氧指数为25.7%,且残炭率增加至37.2%,聚氨酯泡沫塑料的压缩强度和冲击强度分别为0.158 MPa和0.109 kJ/m~2。     

无卤阻燃聚氨酯泡沫塑料的性能研究

以多元醇、二异氰酸酯、聚磷酸铵(APP)、三聚氰胺(MA)等为原料,采用一步法,制得阻燃聚氨酯泡沫塑料。研究了不同阻燃剂的用量对聚氨酯泡沫的力学性能、热性能和阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,材料拉伸强度随阻燃剂添加量的增加而增加;材料的极限氧指数和在500℃时的分解残留量均随复合阻燃剂添加量的增加先增大后减小;APP/MA复合阻燃剂的效果好于单组分APP。     

结构阻燃型腰果酚基硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备及性能研究

以三聚氰胺改性腰果酚基阻燃多元醇和异氰酸酯为主要原料,采用环戊烷为发泡剂,添加无卤阻燃膨胀型阻燃剂石墨(EG)、匀泡剂等制备无卤阻燃生物基硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料。探讨结构阻燃型聚醚多元醇、阻燃剂的添加对生物基硬质聚氨酯泡沫的热性能、燃烧性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着阻燃剂的增加,导热系数和固化时间增加;添加相同阻燃剂的泡沫样品其阻燃性能随着添加量的增加而增加,EG在提高氧指数方面优于聚磷酸铵(APP)和乙基膦酸二乙酯(DEEP),固体阻燃剂APP和EG在增加力学性能、热稳定性方面较液体阻燃剂DEEP效果好。     

含磷二元醇/APP阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫的性能

以聚醚多元醇、多次甲基多异氰酸酯、含磷二元醇(P-polyol)和聚磷酸铵(APP)为主要原料,制备出综合性能较好的阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料(RPUF)。结果表明:P-polyol与APP复配,可在提高RPUF阻燃性能的同时,增强力学性能,提高热稳定性;当P-polyol的添加量为31.8份、APP的添加量为95.0份时,改性RPUF的极限氧指数(LOI)增大至27.0%,烟密度等级(SDR)降低为24.0%;且此时的冲击强度和压缩强度均高于纯RPUF。微型燃烧量热(MCC)、热重(TG)和扫描电镜(SEM)测试表明:P-polyol与APP的复配改性使RPUF生成了连续致密的炭层,残炭率提高,稳定性增强;其总热释放量为22.7 kJ/g、热释放峰值为132 W/g,相比纯RPUF有明显下降。     

含磷阻燃剂阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的性能研究

研究了无卤、含磷添加型阻燃剂红磷、包覆红磷、聚磷酸铵、包覆聚磷酸铵、含磷膨胀型阻燃剂PNP、三聚氰胺焦磷酸盐等6种阻燃剂对硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料阻燃及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着阻燃剂添加量的增加,阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的极限氧指数(LOI)总体上呈升高趋势,拉伸强度呈先上升后下降趋势,而冲击强度呈逐渐下降趋势。包覆红磷和包覆聚磷酸铵阻燃材料的阻燃性能和力学性能均明显好于普通红磷和聚磷酸铵阻燃剂,PNP阻燃材料具有最佳的阻燃性能和力学性能,当PNP添加量为25%时,阻燃材料的LOI为29.5%,拉伸强度和冲击强度分别为5.3 MPa和8.7 kJ/m2。     

PE-HD/APP复合材料总体热稳定性作用与阻燃性能关系

采用聚磷酸铵（APP）对高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）进行填充改性,制备出APP不同含量的HDPE阻燃复合材料。通过水平-垂直燃烧仪与氧指数测定仪测试材料的阻燃性能,热重分析实验与复合材料总体热稳定性作用（OSE）评价材料的热稳定性能,研究材料总体热稳定性作用与阻燃性能间的关系。结果表明：OSE法能较好地衡量添加剂用量对复合材料热稳定性能影响情况,增加APP填充量有利于提高HDPE复合材料总体热稳定性与阻燃性能,提高HDPE复合材料的总体热稳定性有利于改善其阻燃性能。     

含三嗪环磷-氮型阻燃剂在聚氨酯泡沫塑料中的应用

将自制的含三嗪环磷-氮型阻燃剂(P-THCA)用于聚氨酯泡沫塑料(PUF)中,详细探索了P-THCA用量对PUF性能的影响,并与其他两种市售阻燃剂双酚A双(二苯基磷酸酯)(BDP)和聚磷酸铵(APP)进行了比较。结果表明:随着P-THCA用量的增加,阻燃PUF的密度逐渐提高,压缩强度呈先增大后减小的趋势;导热系数则呈现先降低后增加的趋势,但整体变化较小;阻燃PUF的极限氧指数(LOI)均呈增加趋势,当P-THCA用量为15%时,PUF/P-THCA的LOI可达到最大值26%。此外,与未阻燃PUF相比,PUF/P-THCA的点燃时间明显延长,热释放总量由18.36 MJ/m2降低至10.12 MJ/m2,其综合阻燃效果明显优于其他两种阻燃剂阻燃的PUF。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。