镍-铝颗粒复合电镀工艺

以不锈钢为基体,电沉积制备镍–铝复合镀层。研究了电流密度、pH、搅拌速率、镀液中Al颗粒含量及温度对镍–铝复合镀层外观和Al含量的影响。复合镀的较佳工艺参数为:NiSO4·7H2O(150±2)g/L,NH4Cl(15±1)g/L,H3BO3(15±1)g/L,C12H25SO4Na(0.10±0.01)g/L,明胶0.5g/L,Al颗粒30g/L,消泡剂适量,温度(30±2)°C,pH4.5,电流密度2.5A/dm2,搅拌速率150r/min,时间90min。在较佳工艺下,所得镀层的Al含量为4.4%～5.2%(质量分数),表面较为均匀,但略显粗糙。     

铝基体复合电沉积镍–碳纳米管复合镀层

采用电沉积法在铝基体上制备了镍–碳纳米管复合镀层,探讨了镀液中碳纳米管含量、电流密度、搅拌速率、温度、电镀时间等因素对镀层碳纳米管含量和厚度的影响,得出制备镍–碳纳米管复合镀层的适宜工艺条件为:碳纳米管质量浓度4 g/L,电流密度8 A/dm2,搅拌速率440 r/min,温度40°C,沉积时间40 min。采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对镀层表面形貌和成分进行分析,通过电化学测试比较了不同镀层在不同腐蚀介质中的耐腐蚀性。与纯镍镀层相比,镍–碳纳米管复合镀层的晶粒尺寸更小,表面更粗糙,耐腐蚀性更好。     

Ni-Fe-TiO2复合镀层制备工艺研究

采用电沉积方法在低碳钢上制备了Ni–Fe–TiO2复合镀层。研究了镀液中TiO2微粒含量、电流密度、温度、搅拌速率等工艺条件对复合镀层析氢性能的影响。结果表明,在温度为30°C,TiO2加入量为50g/L,电流密度为25mA/cm2,搅拌速率为300r/min时,可获得活性最佳的复合镀层。扫描电镜观察表明,镀层外观均匀,但微观表面粗糙。     

碱性锌酸盐电镀锌–碳化硅复合镀层工艺优化

以Q235钢板为基体,在由70.0 g/L氧化锌、180.0 g/L氢氧化钠、2.8 g/L香草醛、1 m L/L甲醛、1.0 g/L硫脲和1.0 g/L三乙烯四胺组成的普通碱性镀锌液中加入SiC微粒电镀得到Zn–SiC复合镀层。研究了电流密度、温度、SiC用量和搅拌速率对Zn–SiC复合镀层耐蚀性的影响,得到较佳工艺条件为:SiC用量8 g/L,电流密度2.5~4.0 A/dm~2,温度20~25°C,搅拌速率120 r/min。SiC的存在有利于生成晶粒细小、致密且显微硬度较高的镀层。在较佳工艺下,Zn–SiC复合镀层中SiC的质量分数为1.51%,其耐蚀性优于纯锌镀层。     

脉冲电沉积Ni-Al2O3复合镀层的工艺参数及性能研究

利用脉冲电沉积在304不锈钢上制备了Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层,通过正交试验法确定了最佳工艺参数为:硫酸镍280 g/L,氯化镍45 g/L,硼酸40 g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠0.1 g/L,平均电流密度4 A/dm2,占空比40％,脉冲频率600 Hz,纳米Al2O3颗粒质量浓度5 g/L,温度45～55°C,pH 3～4,搅拌速率约220 r/min,电沉积时间60 min.用扫描电子显微镜分析镀层表面形貌,用能谱仪确定镀层中Al2O3含量,用显微硬度计测试镀层的显微硬度,用数码显微镜测量镀层的表面粗糙度,用电化学工作站分析镀层的耐蚀性.结果表明:与直流电沉积复合镀层相比,脉冲复合镀层晶粒尺寸较小、结合紧密,纳米Al2O3颗粒均匀分散,显微硬度和纳米Al2O3颗粒含量高,表面平整,耐蚀性好.     

铜-钨复合镀层电沉积工艺及其性能

采用复合电沉积的方法,通过在镀铜液中加入直径为1～3μm的钨颗粒,在纯铜表面制备了铜_钨复合镀层.研究了镀液中钨质量浓度、阴极电流密度.搅拌速率、镀液温度等工艺参数对镀层中钨质量分数的影响,测定了复合镀层的显微硬度和接触电阻.得到了复合电沉积的最优工艺为:钨质量浓度35 g/L,电流密度4 A/dm2,搅拌强度600 r/min,温度5℃.所得铜-钨复合镀层具有合适的显微硬度(98.5～112.0 Hv)、稳定且较低的接触电阻及较长的电接触寿命,可以取代AgCdO触头.     

锌酸盐体系锌?纳米碳化硅复合电沉积工艺条件的优化

通过单因素试验对锌酸盐体系Zn-纳米Si C复合电沉积的工艺条件进行优化,得到最优配方和工艺条件为:氧化锌30 g/L,氢氧化钠180 g/L,硫脲4 g/L,香草醛2.8 g/L,三乙烯四胺4 g/L,99%甲醛1 mL/L,纳米Si C(粒径约40 nm)0.15 g/L,温度25°C,电流密度4.0 A/dm2,搅拌速率250 r/min,时间15 min。在该条件下所得Zn-纳米Si C复合镀层厚度为6.58μm,硅的质量分数为0.24%,表面平整、均匀,耐蚀性优于纯锌镀层。     

Ni-SiC复合电镀工艺的优化及镀层结构表征

利用电沉积法制备出Ni-SiC复合镀层,研究了阴极电流密度、温度、pH、搅拌速率、表面活性剂等工艺参数对镀层显微硬度和沉积速率的影响,通过正交试验得出了最佳工艺参数:阴极电流密度4A/dm2,SiC微粒悬浮量60g/L,温度40℃,pH 2.5,搅拌速率300 r/min.用SEM、XRD和TEM分析了镀层的表面形貌、组织结构及镀层中粒子的分布,结果表明:SiC微粒均匀分布于复合镀层中,镀层表面平整光滑,显微组织均匀、致密,其显微硬度也较纯镍镀层有显著提高.     

硫酸盐镀液中紫铜电沉积Ni-Co/WC复合镀层的工艺条件优化

在硫酸盐镀液中加入纳米WC颗粒,通过电沉积在紫铜表面制备了Ni-Co/WC复合镀层.采用单因素分析法考察了镀液中纳米颗粒浓度、温度、阴极电流密度和搅拌速度对复合镀层硬度的影响,确定了电沉积Ni-Co/WC复合镀层的最佳工艺条件为:镀液中纳米颗粒浓度11 g/L、温度60℃、阴极电流密度5 A/dm2、搅拌速度450 r...     

烧结钕铁硼永磁体复合电镀镍–氧化铈工艺和镀层性能

以烧结NdFeB永磁体为基体,采用复合电沉积法制备了Ni–CeO2复合镀层。镀液组成与工艺条件为:NiSO4250 g/L,NiCl240 g/L,H3BO335 g/L,纳米CeO210 g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠0.05 g/L,温度45°C,电流密度3 A/dm2,时间30 min。对比研究了纯镍镀层和Ni–CeO2复合镀层的表面形貌、结构组成、耐蚀性、结合力、显微硬度等性能。结果表明,与纯镍镀层相比,Ni–CeO2复合镀层结晶更为细致,在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性提高,显微硬度由纯镍镀层的358.7 HV提高至428.3 HV,结合力明显增强。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。