熊果苷的合成方法及其检测研究进展

熊果苷由于对黑色素合成酶酪氨酸酶有很好抑制效果,对人体肌肤有良好的美白作用,因而在化妆品中得到广泛作用。由于天然提取法工艺复杂,生产成本高,不能大规模生产,人工合成法是熊果苷的主要制备方法。本文介绍了熊果苷的合成与检测方法的研究进展,通过有机合成法,酶合成法和生物转化法等3种合成熊果苷方法的比较,阐述有机合成法是制备熊果苷的主要方法,同时指出需要进一步研究合成熊果苷的检测分析技术,指导和优化熊果苷合成与纯化.此外合成并研究熊果苷的各种衍生物,寻求熊果苷更广阔的制备方法和应用前景也是以后研究的方向之一。     

手性化学促进单一对映体药物开发

外消旋体拆分是获取单一对映体药物的主要方法 ,将主 客化学引入化学拆分发明的包结拆分法突破了经典拆分方法的局限 ;酶法拆分目前用的最多的是水解和酯交换反应 ;模拟移动床色谱是商业规模制备色谱最有希望的技术 ;逆流萃取和膜分离技术是近年发展的分离对映体药物或中间体的更为经济的手性分离技术。不对称合成已走出实验室进入工业生产 ,常用的方法有手性源法、不对称催化法和生物转化法     

熊果苷的进展

综述了熊果苷研究和开发的进展,包括熊果苷作用机理、化妆品处方中与熊果苷配伍的其它活性物质、治疗作用、熊果苷的衍生物以及熊果苷的来源和制备该当。后者包括熊果苷的植物提取、植物组织培养、酶法和有机合成。其中包括熊果苷的安全性,α革的皮肤美白作用,抗坏血酸－熊果苷磷酸酯等具有更理想的理化性质,这些为开发更好的护肤用品提供了思路。文中指出了植物组织培养及酶民法的光明前景,并对提高熊果苷的质量提出了自己的见     

化学-酶共催化合成反应的特点及应用

针对化学法与酶法单一催化有机合成反应时存在的缺点,以及二者有机结合体现出的互补优势,结合化学-酶共催化有机合成反应的特点与优势,对其在药物、氨基酸、肽、糖、食品添加剂和功能材料方面的合成应用进行了综述。     

β-熊果苷合成工艺

β-熊果苷以葡萄糖和对苯二酚为原料,经过基团保护、缩合、脱乙酰步骤合成。Helferieh反应是β-熊果苷合成的基础。本工艺反应条件温和,操作简单,产品质量好,适合工业生产。     

扁桃酸的拆分和手性扁桃酸的合成研究进展

综述了扁桃酸拆分和手性扁桃酸合成的研究进展,对非对映体盐结晶法、萃取法、色谱法、电泳法、酶催化法拆分消旋扁桃酸的原理、工艺和特点进行了评述,并介绍了生物转化法、电化学法和直接化学法合成手性扁桃酸的研究状况。其中非对映体盐结晶法是目前工业生产手性扁桃酸的重要方法,而生物转化法合成手性扁桃酸具有良好的工业应用前景。     

3-羧基-5-氟苯基硼酸的合成工艺研究

3-羧基-5-氟苯基硼酸是一种重要的有机合成中间体,可通过suzuki芳基偶联反应合成多烯烃、苯乙烯和联苯的衍生物,从而应用于众多天然产物、有机材料的合成中。本文以5-氟-3-溴甲苯为原料,利用两步反应合成目标产物的合成工艺:1利用有机锂试剂法合成3-氟-5-甲基苯硼酸;2将3-氟-5-甲基苯硼酸经过氧化反应合成目标产物,总产率为75.5%。本合成路线操作简单,原料的价格低,符合工业化生产的要求,可以进行工业化生产。     

熊果苷的合成新方法

首次报道了采用硫代糖法合成熊果苷。葡萄糖经过乙酰化、硫代、脱乙酰基和苯甲酰化反应,转变成供体异丙基-2,3,4,6-四-O-苯甲酰基-1-硫--βD-葡萄糖苷。对苯二酚选择性地酯化成两种受体对苯二酚单乙酸酯、对苯二酚单苯甲酸酯以及相应的对苯二酚双酯副产物。供体分别与两种受体偶联,由于C-2苯甲酰基的强邻基参与效应,立体专一性地合成了两种保护的熊果苷,后者分别脱保护得到熊果苷。所有产品通过熔点和1HNMR等方法进行了结构表征。此外,上述双酯副产物通过选择性地脱酰基,获得了两种可用的受体对苯二酚单酯,有效地得到回收利用。     

α-烃基-δ-戊内酯的合成

α-烃基-δ-戊内酯(α-alkyl-δ-valerolactone或tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-one-3-alkyl)是有机合成的重要中间体。亲核试剂和它反应,生成α-烃基-δ-羟基酰化物,主要作为有机合成研究用试剂而用于有机化合物的合成设计。α-烃基-δ-戊内酯有多种合成方法。例如环戊酮在过酸存在下通过Baeyer-Villiger反应的方法、δ-戊内酯在强碱存在下烃化的方     

给体-受体环丙烷化合物的环加成反应研究

给体-受体环丙烷在有机合成中逐渐受到重视,目前大多数研究集中于分子之间的亲核取代反应。最常用的是在路易斯酸作用下,给体-受体环丙烷化合物开环,并与烯烃、炔烃、1,3-偶极子或其他不饱和化合物发生环加成反应。本文简单报道了传统的实现给体-受体环丙烷环加成反应的方法。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。