染色对PTT纤维聚集态结构的影响

研究了染色温度和时间对PTT纤维上染率和聚集态结构的影响。结果表明,随染色温度升高,PTT纤维的上染率提高,最佳染色温度为110℃;在110℃时,染料分子容易进入纤维的非晶区,染色开始时纤维的上染率明显升高,染色时间对纤维上染率的影响不大;在90℃时,染色前期PTT纤维的上染率较低,随着染色时间的延长,纤维的结晶度和晶区取向降低,上染率明显升高;在130℃时,纤维的冷结晶过程容易发生,大分子链排列紧密,纤维的上染率降低。     

碱性染料在蔺草染色中上染率和摩擦牢度的研究

选用碱性兰染料对蔺草进行染色,探讨染液pH值、染色保温温度、染料用量、电解质的用量及染色保温时间对蔺草上染率和摩擦牢度的影响,结果表明,用碱性兰染料对蔺草进行染色时,最佳上染率和摩擦牢度的工艺条件是:染液pH值7～10,染色保温温度80℃,染色温度在70℃以下时升温速率控制在3℃/min,染色温度在70～80℃时升温速率控制在1℃/2 min,染料用量为0.5%～1%(owf),元明粉用量10 g/L,染色保温时间20 min。     

直接染料对甲壳胺纤维的染色性能

探讨了中性盐、温度、染料用量对甲壳胺纤维直接染料染色性能的影响，比较了脱脂棉和甲壳胺纤维的染色性能。实验结果表明：中性盐对染料的影响与染料的磺酸基的数目有关，对4～6个磺酸基，中性盐起促染作用．对双磺酸基，起缓染作用：而在70℃时染色的上染速度明显快于40℃，染料浓度在2％时几乎尽染，当上升到8％时上染率仍在70％以上；甲壳胺纤维的上染速度和上染率明显高于棉，其可染性、染色速度、表观染色深度远高于棉易产生染色不匀现象。     

凝胶态腈纶的染色工艺与结构性能研究

主要研究了阳离子染料浓度、染色时间、染色温度等工艺条件对凝胶态腈纶上染率的影响,得出染料质量分数高于6%、染色时间大于20 s时,上染率基本达到饱和。研究还发现染色温度的最佳范围为45～50℃。在优化染色条件后测试了染色后纤维的色牢度、纤维结构,发现纤维的沾色牢度达到4～5级,纤维的断裂伸长率有所降低,但对纤维的微晶态结构没有较大影响。研究结果对凝胶染色腈纶的工业化生产有非常好的指导作用。     

活性染料在木材染色中上染率的研究

选用三只活性染料对速生杨木进行染色。上染率最佳的染色条件：温度：70℃～80℃；染色时间：3小时：无机盐用量：40g／l；纯碱用量：20g／l。在染色条件中，当温度由40℃上升至80℃时，上染率由33．74％上升至56．31％：染色时闻由1小时延长至3小时，上染率由34．74％上升至54．92％继续延长时间，上染率变化不大；当无机盐由0变为50g/l时上染率达到55．61％，碱的用量在20g／l时上染率达到最高为55．15％。     

黄芩苷对聚酯PET纤维的染色

采用天然染料黄芩苷对聚酯PET纤维进行染色,研究了黄芩苷染色pH值、温度、时间、黄芩苷用量对PET纤维表观色深的影响,探讨了黄芩苷在PET纤维上的升温上染速率曲线以及染色织物的牢度.研究表明,当染色温度在120～130℃之间、pH值为5左右时,黄芩苷对PET纤维具有较好的上染性能;在一定的染料用量范围内,黄芩苷在PET...     

PTT纤维染色工艺研究

采用Artelon Red系列染料对聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(PTT)纤维进行染色,研究了其染色工艺,并对PTT纤维染色前后的力学性能进行了比较。结果表明:在相同温度和pH值条件下,PTT纤维对ArtelonRed AQE染料的上染率较Artelon Red W-3B染料的高;Artelon Red AQE染料,Artelon Red W-3B染料适宜的染浴温度分别为100,110℃,pH值均为7;当染色温度达到80℃后,升温速率缓和,可提高匀染效果;染色过程对PTT纤维强力的损伤影响不大。     

双活性基活性染料真丝绸染色工艺研究

双活性基活性染料用于真丝绸染色有诸多影响因素：缚酸剂用碳酸氢钠比碳酸钠的固色率高用量在2％～4％，pH为8～9时最为合适：染色温度从60℃升到85℃时固色率提高3％～8％，超过85℃时易造成“灰伤”．当元明粉的用量从30g／l升到60g／l时上染率和固色率提高10％。随着浴比的增加，其固色率会有不同程度的降低，在实验条件下，浴比为1：40最好。通过上染曲线，讨论了染色过程的控制。     

双组分海岛型超细纤维及其染整工艺研究

采用正交设计对海岛纤维进行了碱减量开纤处理，减量率为25%-35%。在优化条件下：NaOH:15g/L～20g/L;碱减量调节剂：0.1g/L～0.5g/L;耐碱渗透剂；1g/L～5g/L;80℃～85℃；25～30分钟，将海组分COPET除去，获得了0.039dt的超细纤维。此纤维染色时K/S值较高，提升同步性好，三原色临界温度为90℃～120℃，120℃时上染率达到90%、扩散性和迁移性好，获得各项牢度较好的匀染效果。对影响海岛纤维的织物风格、纤维开纤和染色的有关因素进行了讨论。     

聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯纤维的染色性能

根据Shell公司和Dystar公司的研究,用Optidye系统从分散染料吸附与上染率、染色温度、pH值、匀染性及染色牢度等方面解析了聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯(PTT)纤维的染色性能。PTT纤维在100℃就可染到深色,在60～80℃和90～100℃有两个吸附速度较快区域;PTT纤维属易染型纤维,在最高温度染保持30～40min即可。高温型分散染料在120℃染色,常压100℃染色无需pH值调节。分散染料染色牢度(洗涤、摩擦及耐光)非常好。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.