Preparation of photochromic poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) fibers by electrospinning

Photochromic poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) fibers were prepared by electrospinning from a solution of copolymer and ester-functionalized nitrospiropyran (SPEST) molecules. The surface and internal features of the electrospun (ES) fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The strong segregation of fluorine-rich groups on the fiber surface, which occurs during and/or after the electrospinning process, is driven by the lower surface tension for fluorine-rich groups and leads to encapsulation of SPEST predominantly near the core of the fibers, as confirmed by both X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic water contact angle (CA) measurements. The photochromic behavior of the spiropyran is preserved in the polymeric fibers, as confirmed by steady-state absorption and emission spectroscopy. Both isomeric forms of the photochrome in SP-PVDF-co-HFP were emissive, an effect that is thought to be due to the steric and/or electrostatic restrictions on the ring-opening reaction imposed by the fiber.     

Motion and coalescence of a pair of bubbles rising side by side

Bouncing and coalescence of a pair of slightly deformed bubbles rising side by side in a quiescent liquid are experimentally studied. The trajectories and shapes of the bubbles are investigated in detail by using a high-speed video camera. The wakes of bubbles are visualized by using a photochromic dye that is colored with UV light irradiation. We observe that the patterns of the trajectories of rising bubbles are strongly dependent on the Reynolds number. When the Reynolds number is over the critical region, two bubbles approach each other and then collide. After the collision, two types of motions are observed—coalescence and bouncing. We investigate the critical Reynolds number and Weber number over which the bubbles bounce. In the definitions of these numbers, we use vertical velocity, instead of horizontal one, as the characteristic velocity. We clarify that the critical Weber number is around 2 regardless of the Morton number. The critical Reynolds number decreases with an increase in the Morton number. Moreover, the visualization of the wake of bubbles enables us to observe the vortex separation from the rear surface of the bubbles on collision. We find that the vortex separation from the rear of bouncing bubbles causes a decrease in the rising velocity and an increase in the horizontal speed after their collision. We also observe that the behavior of repeatedly bouncing bubbles is significantly influenced by the wake instability of a single bubble rather than by the bubble-bubble interaction. By applying an existing model for spherical bubble-bubble interaction, we clarify that the revised model accurately describes the trajectory of a pair of slightly deformed bubbles using the restitution coefficient and velocity fluctuation from the experimental results.     

阴离子交换纤维对活性染料废水的脱色研究

采用自制的聚丙烯基强碱阴离子交换纤维(IEF)处理活性染料模拟废水,讨论了IEF用量、介质pH值、温度等对活性艳黄X-RG溶液的脱色率和脱色速率的影响。对比了IEF与树脂、锰钾矿的脱色效果, 进行了动态脱色和再生实验。结果表明,IEF用量、pH值和温度的增加有利于脱色速率的提高,对活性艳黄和活性艳红染料的脱色率在96%以上,脱色40 mm即能达到高脱色率IEF对活性染料的脱色效果明显优于天然锰钾矿和D296强碱性阴离子交换树稽,IEF能够再生重复使用     

Bubble flow in trickle beds: investigations using resistive sensors

The local hydrodynamics of co-current gas-liquid down-flow through porous media are investigated in a quasi two-dimensional regular arrangement by means of a network of resistive sensors. The investigations are focused on a liquid continuous flow regime, the dispersed bubble flow, where the gas is divided into elongated bubbles. Due to the variation of the local flow channel orientation and the local void fraction, the average bubble velocity strongly depends on the local geometry. The flow is more coherent in vertical constrictions, compared to all other types of sites, this is probably due to bubble stagnation in the flow channel enlargements. At a given liquid superficial velocities and for sufficiently high superficial gas velocities, the average bubble size is independent of the gas flow rate; it is of the order of magnitude of the volume of the enlargements of the porous medium. The maximum bubble size is about three times its average size, corresponding thus to the coalescence of three average sized bubbles.     

Bubble modulation using acoustic standing waves in a bubbling system

The behavior of a 6 mm mesobubble in an acoustic standing wave field is examined both experimentally and numerically in this study. The acoustic standing waves at 16 and 20 kHz are generated using two Nickel magnetostrictive transducers located at the top and bottom of the column. Experimental studies of the rise velocity of a mesobubble in the acoustic field indicate an axial wavy rising pattern of the bubble synchronized with that of the standing wave. The bubble rise velocity is significantly lower than that in the absence of an acoustic field. The behavior of bubble volume contraction and expansion can be accounted for by a 3-D direct numerical simulation of the bubble dynamics and flow field based on the compressible N-S equations coupled with the level-set method. The experiments and simulation reveal a consistent value of the ratio of the Bjerknes force to the buoyancy force for a single mesobubble rising in the acoustic field to be at 20-25%.     

Decolorization of disperse and reactive dye solutions using ferric chloride

The composition of wastewater from dyeing and textile processes is highly variable depending on the dyestuff type; typically it has a high chemical oxygen demand. This study examined the decolorization of some of the most commonly used disperse and reactive dyestuffs by destabilization using ferric chloride as a coagulant. Dye removal, distributions of zeta potential, concentration of suspended solids, changes of the SCOD/TCOD ratio and distributions of SV and SVI values were investigated in this work. Compared to reactive dyes, disperse dyes have lower solubility, higher suspended solids concentrations and lower SCOD/TCOD ratios. It was concluded that disperse dye solutions are more easily decolorized by chemical coagulation than reactive dye solutions.     

Optically active photochromic methacrylic polymers with controlled average molecular weight and defined end-groups by atom transfer radical polymerization

We report a new approach based on atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to produce optically active polymers containing azoaromatic moieties in the side chain with controlled average molecular weights, that can be used to investigate the conformational origin of chirality in this class of synthetic materials. The ATRP technique has been successfully applied to the synthesis of a series of optically active photochromic homopolymers poly[(S)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4-azobenzene)pyrrolidine] {poly[(S)-MAP]}, containing a chiral group of one prevailing configuration interposed between the methacrylic moiety and the photochromic azoaromatic chromophore. By just changing the duration of the polymerization process, macromolecules having distinct average chain lengths with low polydispersity values and well defined end-groups have been obtained.Optical activity and thermal properties of the resulting polymeric derivatives result to depend on their average molecular weight. In particular, a dependence of optical rotation and circular dichroism on chain-length has been evidenced.     

染料废水中添加剂对角蛋白助剂脱色性能影响研究

研究了染料废水中电解质和表面活性剂对角蛋白助剂脱色性能的影响,结果表明：①电解质的加入,对角蛋白助剂的脱色效果影响微弱,对酸性湖蓝A模拟废水基本无影响;②表面活性剂存在时,对角蛋白助剂的脱色效果影响非常大,当非离子表面活性剂的量〉5 g/L时,活性黄棕KGR模拟废水的脱色率基本稳定在70%左右,但酸性湖蓝A模拟废水脱色率仅为15%左右;当阴离子表面活性剂和两性表面活性剂加入后,脱色率几乎为0。     

Bubble flow mechanisms in trickle beds—an experimental study using image processing

The mechanisms of bubble motion in concurrent gas-liquid down flow through trickle beds are investigated. The laboratory reactor is a structured quasi-two-dimensional porous medium with an average pore diameter close to the values encountered in trickle beds. The accuracy of the reactor design is demonstrated by hydrodynamic investigations on the reactor scale where it is shown that the flow regimes encountered and the experimental pressure drop are comparable to those observed in trickle beds. The investigations on the pore scale are focused on the dispersed bubble flow regime where the liquid flow is continuous and the gas is divided into elongated bubbles. The bubble motion is recorded with the aid of a high-speed video camera and the images are processed and analysed in a quantitative manner. The investigations clearly show that in dispersed bubble flow, the bubbles are frequently pulsing on the pore scale. The mechanism of this flow pattern is discussed.     

Color removal from dye wastewaters by adsorption using powdered activated carbon: Mass transfer studies

Color removal from synthetic dye wastewater which typically emanates from the Taiwan textile industry has been studied using powdered activated carbon (PAC) as an adsorbent. The CIE colorimetric system has been used in the measurement of color for the treatment of disperse-red-60 dye wastewater. The effect of contact time, dye concentrations and PAC dosage on color and color removal has been investigated. A film-pore double resistance diffusion model for mass transfer has also been used in this study to determine the effective diffusivity, D_eff, for the adsorption of disperse-red-60 dye wastewater to PAC.     

Adsorption studies of aqueous basic dye solutions using sepiolite

Sepiolite, low cost, locally available and natural mineral was studied as an adsorbent for the removal of Basic Astrazon yellow 7GL from aqueous solutions and batch contact tests. The kinetics of the adsorption process was tested for the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order reaction and intra-particle diffusion models. The rate constants of adsorption for all these kinetic models were calculated. Good correlation coefficients were obtained for the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were applied to the experimental equilibrium data by changing temperature. The isotherm constants were determined by using the linear regression of these models. The monolayer coverage capacities of sepiolite for basic dye were found to be in the range of 62.5-88.5 mg/g at different temperatures. Thermodynamic studies showed that the reaction for dye uptake by sepiolite is endothermic in nature. Based on the optimum parameters sepiolite was also used as adsorbent for raw wastewater treatment and found as efficient as dye color removal.     

Numerical study of particle dispersion in the wake of gas-particle flows past a circular cylinder using discrete vortex method

A numerical investigation on the particle dispersion in the wake of particle-laden gas flows past a circular cylinder at Reynolds number of 10⁵ is presented. In the numerical method, the Discrete Vortex Method with the diffusion velocity model is employed to calculate the unsteady gas flow fields and a Lagrangian approach is applied to track individual particles. A dispersion function is defined to represent the dispersion scale of the particle. The distributions of gas velocities and vortex blobs, the trajectories and dispersion functions as well as distributions for particles with various Stokes numbers ranging from 0.01 to 1000 are obtained. The numerical results show that: (1) very small sized particles with St = 0.01 can distribute both in the vortex core and around the vortex periphery, whereas intermediate sized particles with St = 1.0, 10 are distributed around the vortex periphery, and very large sized particles with St = 1000 do not feel the gas flow; (2) only at small Stokes number (St = 0.01, 0.1) the particles do not impact with the cylinder; (3) the particle's dispersion intensity decreases precipitously as St is increased from 0.01 to 10.     

泡沫,气泡,液滴微机自动测量系统的测试误差分析

对采用泡沫,气泡,液滴微机自动测量系统测试降液管内气液两相流性能作了误差分析。采取了一系列措施来预防和抵消系统误差,消除过失误差,减少随机误差,从而保证了测试的数据的再现性和测试结果的可靠性。     

微波改性活性炭深度处理亚甲基蓝染料废水的研究

为提高粒状活性炭(GAC)的吸附效果,采用微波技术对GAC改性处理,并对GAC和微波改性活性炭(W-GAC)进行表征分析。将COD去除率作为吸附效果的评价指标,以亚甲基蓝溶液作为处理对象,考察了GAC与W-GAC对其吸附性能。结果表明:W-GAC的比表面积与总孔容略有减小,表面酸性含氧基团含量明显减少,碱性基团含量上升。活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝废水的吸附等温线与Langmuir方程拟合较好。     

Efficient removal of organic dye pollutants using covalent organic frameworks

A rational design and synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) displaying efficient adsorption of surrogates for common organic pollutants is demonstrated herein. Significantly, the top performing mesoporous triazine‐functionalized polyimide COF exhibits superior adsorption of the small dye molecule methylene blue, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of ～1691 mg g^?1 (～169 wt %), surpassing the performance of all previously reported nanoporous adsorbents. The experimental results and accompanying in silico simulations suggest that both the size of the organic dye molecules and the intrinsic pore‐size effect of the COF material should be taken into account simultaneously for the construction of COF‐based adsorbents with efficient dyes adsorption capacities. The structural diversity of COF materials along with the understanding of the encapsulation of organic dyes on COFs holds great promise for developing novel COF adsorbents for the efficient removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3470–3478, 2017     

Ozone Effects on Botrytis cinerea Conidia using a Bubble Column: Germination Inactivation and Membrane Phospholipids Oxidation

Ozone treatments were applied on conidia aqueous suspensions in order to determine the minimal applied ozone dose to limit conidia germination and to observe the mechanisms involved in the spores inactivation. Conidia germination was significantly reduced, bubbling for at least 0.5 min as a gas with a minimal ozone concentration of 1 g.m^?3. The applied ozone doses induce the membrane phospholipids oxidation, determined by the malondialdehyde quantification. Membrane phospholipids oxidation and inactivation rate are correlated. So, lipid peroxidation and consequently the alteration of the membrane integrity are involved in the antifungal action of ozone.     

Bubble evolution through submerged orifice using smoothed particle hydrodynamics: Basic formulation and model validation

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics is used to simulate the bubble evolution in liquid pool through a submerged orifice. Discontinuities in the physical properties along the interface are taken care using appropriate smoothening functions. Surface tension at the interfacial plane is also added in the momentum equation to track the evolution of the bubbles. To prevent abrupt intrusion of one fluid into the other no penetration force is applied for two closely situated particles of different properties. Solid walls are modelled with two layer of virtual particle along the boundary. Further, the use of corrective form of kernel approximation eradicates the inherent particle deficiency at the interface and solid boundary. The model is capable to simulate the growth of the bubble, neck formation and its detachment from the orifice along with the dynamic velocity field in both the phases. Comparison between the numerical bubble contour and published results shows excellent predictability of the model. The volume of the bubble at the detachment and the bubble frequency are compared satisfactorily with available experimental observations.     

反渗透-微电解集成技术处理印染废水

文章系统地研究了操作压力、进料流量、温度、运行时间、浓缩体积比等因素对反渗透膜处理印染废水处理效果的影响,并确定了反渗透膜的清洗周期和清洗方法。在实验确定的最佳的工艺条件下,反渗透膜对印染废水的浊度和色度的去除率均为100%,COD去除率大于76%,电导率去除率大于98%,透过液达到了再生水的水质标准。反渗透膜清洗周期为7 d,采用化学清洗和水力冲洗相结合的清洗方法可使反渗透膜的通量恢复。     

Adsorption of disperse dye by powdered activated carbon

The purpose of this laboratory study is to investigate the effectiveness of powered activated carbon (PAC) on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color of disperse dye and the effect of PAC particle size on the treatment efficiency. The adsorption isotherm parameters for the Langmuir, Freundlich and BET model are determined using the adsorption data. It has been found that the multilayer BET isotherm yields significantly better fit to the observed data than the monolayer ones. A simplified mass transfer model is proposed in the present work also for estimating the external mass transfer coefficient using the initial adsorption data at low PAC dosage.