PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF LOAD RATIO ON THE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE AND FATIGUE THRESHOLD

The effect of the load ratio, R, on fatigue crack growth behaviour is analysed on the basis of the recently proposed inelastic discrete asperities model. A wide range of load ratios, both positive and negative, are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on compressive excursions, i.e. negative R loadings. The inelastic discrete asperities model is a micro-mechanical analysis based on the plastic crushing of a single asperity (or multiple asperities) located on the crack face close to the crack tip and under dominantly plane strain conditions. Experimental data have indicated that the primary crack face contacts which obstruct closure are immediately adjacent to the crack tip, although segments of the crack face more distant from the crack tip are not neglected. However, the more distant asperities are a part of the past crack advance history which does not influence current behaviour. By use of this model, it is shown that the effect of the load ratio can be adequately predicted once some baseline information on mechanical material properties and surface roughness is provided. The model also provides useful trend information and explains many of the observed phenomena, e.g. the ‘saturation’ of the compressive underload effects. For a constant applied nominal stress intensity factor range, ΔK_nom , it is shown that the effective stress intensity factor range, ΔK_eff , initially decreases as the positive R decreases (corresponding to the increasing influence of closure), reaches a minimum around R = 0, and then starts increasing with negative R (corresponding to the plastic crushing of the asperities which reduces closure), eventually reaching a saturation level below ΔK_nom . Conversely, for an assumption of a constant ΔK_eff , the applied ΔK_nom increases as the positive load ratio decreases, reaching a maximum around R = 0, and then decreases with more negative R values, eventually reaching again a saturation level (above ΔK_eff ). It is also shown that the effect of material hardness can be directly analysed based on this model.     

考虑加载速度影响的沥青混合料疲劳方程

为了建立沥青混合料强度与疲劳行为之间的联系,通过不同加载速率下的沥青混合料直接拉伸强度试验,揭示了强度随加载速率的幂函数变化规律;基于不同加载速率下的强度值,得到了与疲劳加载速率对应的沥青混合料疲劳真实应力比;通过疲劳试验,创建了基于名义应力比和真实应力比的沥青混合料疲劳方程,基于名义应力比的疲劳方程后延后与横坐标的交点远比1 大,不具有后延性,而基于真实应力比的疲劳方程可以后延到疲劳寿命为1 的强度破坏点,统一了强度破坏与疲劳破坏行为;据此推导了沥青路面抗拉强度结构系数计算新方法;研究结果可为我国公路沥青路面设计规范的修订提供理论依据.     

EFFECTS OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON THE RATE OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

Abstract— Fatigue crack growth rate data have been obtained, for both positive and negative R stress ratios, in pressurised and unpressurised oil and in inert argon gas. Expected results show that for negative R the rate data should be correlated against the tensile stress intensity range. For tension-compression loading constant hydrostatic pressure has a detrimental effect increasing the tensile stress intensity range. For tension-tension loading constant hydrostatic pressure has a beneficial effect decreasing crack growth rates. A simple theoretical model has been proposed which describes these trends.     

轴承钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率的研究

研究了轴承钢碳化物及晶粒细化对轴承钢疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明;细化轴承钢中的碳化物可以使其疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降,而同时细化轴承钢中的碳化物和晶粒,会使其疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降更明显。     

疲劳强度的发展及任务

疲劳破坏很早就被人们注意。经过二百多年的工作,已形成了由材料、力学和机械等组成的边缘学科——疲劳强度,疲劳一般指室温下的高周疲劳,考虑了温度、腐蚀介质和受载方式等的环境因素,有不同机理的疲劳。疲劳强度的研究应微观和宏观结合,从标准式样试验到整机试验,从常规疲劳设计到现代疲劳设计,并随科学技术的发展,不断深入。     

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF EARLY FATIGUE CRACK DEVELOPMENT

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to examine plastic replicas taken from the surface of fatigue specimens in order to understand the role of microstructure on the early stages of fatigue crack development under various environmental conditions. This involved shadowing and coating replicas and pre-marking appropriate areas of interest prior to SEM examination.     

THE EFFECT OF CATHODIC PROTECTION POTENTIAL ON CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE OF AN OFFSHORE STRUCTURAL STEEL

Abstract— Duplicate tests have been performed to determine the effect of cathodic protection potential on corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of a modern offshore structural steel, produced by thermo-mechanically controlled processes. The experiments were carried out using compact tension specimens exposed to artificial seawater at 10°C and subjected to constant amplitude loading at 0.35 Hz. Reproducible results showed that the merits of cathodic protection potentials are strongly dependent on stress intensity ratio R and stress intensity range Δ K . It appears that a specific value of cathodic potential may not give comprehensive protection against corrosion fatigue within the spectrum of variable amplitude loading experienced in service. Fractography showed the initiation of secondary cracks on the fracture surface to be associated with the dissolution of calcium sulphide inclusions, regardless of imposed cathodic potential.     

A FIRST STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROMECHANICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PROPAGATION OF FATIGUE CRACKS UNDER MULTIAXIAL LOADING

Simulations of the nucleation of dislocations, glide and annihilation ahead of a fatigue crack growing along a localized slip band (a 'long' Stage I crack or a Stage II crack with a K value close to the threshold) are performed for the case of push–pull or reversed torsion loadings, ignoring, in a first approach, the effect of grain boundaries. The crack growth rates are deduced from the dislocation flux at the crack tip. An influence of the normal stress on the friction between the crack flanks as well as on the condition for dislocation emission is introduced. A slower Stage I growth rate is then predicted for reversed torsion, consistent with experimental data.     

THE EFFECTS OF A MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON THE CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION RATE OF PURE TITANIUM AND ITS WELD METAL

The effects of stress ratio and microstructure on fatigue crack growth rate in air and natural seawater were investigated for pure titanium and its weld metal. The corrosion fatigue characterization of pure titanium was also studied under a cathodic potential in natural seawater. In air, the fatigue crack growth rates of pure titanium and its weld metal increased with increasing stress ratio. In natural seawater, the effect of stress ratio was similar to that in air. However, the crack growth rates were greater for pure titanium than for the weld metal. These results indicate that the corrosion action is sensitive to the microstructure in front of the crack tip. When the crack growth rate for the weld metal was plotted using the effective stress intensity factor range, the crack growth rate in natural seawater was coincident with that in air, regardless of stress ratio. For the base metal, there is a significant difference in the crack growth rate between natural seawater and air.     

EFFECT OF AN ELASTIC-PLASTIC SHOCK WAVE PART B: ON THE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE OF WELDED JOINTS

Fatigue crack growth behavior in welded joints subjected to elastic-plastic shock waves was investigated using three-point-bend specimens. The results indicate that the fatigue crack growth rate is reduced in the affected region of elastic or plastic waves. The travel of a plastic stress wave reaches 10 to 13 mm depth, but the hardness in this region is not increased although the lattice distortion is high. The crack path morphologies were observed, and reasons for a decrease in crack growth rate are presented.     

聚醚醚酮结晶度的测定

用Ｘ射线及图解积分法校正了聚醚醚酮（ＰＥＥＫ）的结晶与结晶衍射强度，导出了ＰＥＥＫ的结晶度公式，另外红外光谱法（ＩＲ），差示扫描量热法（ＤＳＣ）及密度法（ＤＭ）测定ＰＥＥＫ样品的结晶度，表明这些方法的结果有很好的可比性。     

DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR BIAXIAL LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE

Abstract— A version of the endochronic theory of plasticity for the modelling of nonproportional cyclic loading has been developed. To describe an additional hardening of a material a new engineering method for defining a nonproportionality parameter is proposed for a wide class of cyclic strain paths with a prescribed maximum range of plastic or total strains. This parameter makes it possible to establish an unambiguous linear dependence between the cyclic strain path shape and the stress level in a stabilized state. Conjugation conditions have been formulated to describe complex histories of nonproportional cyclic loading. The results of the modelling are shown to be in fair agreement with the experimental data.     

ON DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE AND GEOMETRICAL SIMILITUDE OF CRACKS

Dimensional analysis has been applied to the fatigue failure of a material. The growth rate of cracks propagating within the limitations of LEFM can be described unequivocably by ΔK, as for example, in the Paris law. However, in the more general case, when LEFM conditions are violated or when the crack is short, an extra term, relating plastic zone size to crack length, is needed to preserve the physical similarity.     

A METHOD TO REDUCE THE SCATTER IN FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE DATA

Abstract— The scatter in experimentally determined fatigue crack growth rates is dependent, in part, on the data reduction process applied to the paired values of crack length and number of cycles recorded in crack growth tests. An additional data reduction process is proposed which replaces the original test data by a smooth curve. Analysis of mid-range growth rate data for Udimet 720 shows that the introduction of this additional data reduction procedure reduces the scatter in the calculated growth rates, increases the effectiveness of Walker's method in accounting for the effects of stress ratio, and leads to more accurate predictions of the experimental crack propagation lives of test specimens.     

风量及制冷剂流量对翅片管式蒸发器性能的影响

建立了翅片管式蒸发器的稳态仿真模型,根据此模型编制了稳态传热仿真程序.程序用VC 编制可以在windows NT/XP环境下运行.利用该程序分析了风量与制冷剂流量对翅片管蒸发器性能的影响.最后讨论了制冷剂分路数的选取.     

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE CRACKING AT MANUAL FILLET WELDS

Abstract— An experimental study within the Canadian Offshore Corrosion Fatigue Research Programme was performed on the early development of fatigue cracking along the wavy toe of manual fillet welds between structural steel plates. Stress relieved and as-welded cruciform joints were tested under R = −1 and R = 0 loading at different stress amplitudes. The depth and the opening level of cracks as small as 10–20 μm were monitored using miniature strain gauges installed along the toe apex, in combination with beach marking. Most of the "initiation life" (25% to 50% of total life), conventionally defined by a crack depth of 0.5 mm, is consumed in short crack propagation. Three types of short crack development for different combinations of local mean stress and stress range are identified and analyzed. Growth rates in as-welded specimens are faster than in stress relieved specimens, which results in shorter "initiation lives". This is associated with a higher effective stress range, particularly under R = - 1 loading where cracks are open over nearly the full stress range. The V-notch stress intensity factor is a promising parameter to rationalize the crack "initiation life". It takes into account the thickness effect experimentally observed. Under R = - 1 loading of as-welded joints, using R = 0 data and taking the whole stress range gives a reasonably conservative approximation of the crack "initiation life".     

7075T73510合金断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展

研究了７０７５Ｔ７３５１０合金的断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展行为，分析不同方向性能差异的原因。结果表明：合金的断裂韧性依赖于取向。Ｌ－Ｔ方向的断裂韧性值远大于Ｔ－Ｌ方向。而其疲劳裂纹扩展速率对应力比更敏感，无论Ｔ－Ｌ还是Ｌ－Ｔ方向，Ｒ＝０．６时的ＦＣＧＲ值是Ｒ＝０．１时的二倍左右。在相同应力比和较小的△Ｋ下，两个方向的ＦＣＧＲ值基本无差异。文中认为：呈带分或串状分布的杂质相对Ｔ－Ｌ向怕裂韧性影响较大。     

CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF MICROSTRUCTURALLY SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS IN A1 2024-T351 ALLOY

Abstract— A new technique for studying the growth and morphology of microstructurally short fatigue cracks is described. The technique allows short crack growth, crack depth, and crack front configuration to be measured using Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM). Good agreement is shown between CSLM measurements of the initial stage of crack growth (along an inclined shear plane), crack depth and aspect ratio, together with the measurements obtained using a surface layer removal technique. It is also found that non-propagating short fatigue cracks have approximately the same aspect ratios in different specimen orientations and that the aspect ratio is independent of stress amplitude.     

柔度方法测量中心裂纹试样的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率

在腐蚀环境条件下的材料试验是研究腐蚀环境下材料行为的重要依据。为解决金属板在腐蚀介质条件下的裂纹扩展速率测试问题,设计一种环境装置并结合裂纹长度测量的柔度方法,实现了计算机控制下腐蚀裂纹扩展试验的不间断测量。     

FRONT DEVELOPMENT OF A LONG FATIGUE CRACK DURING ITS GROWTH

Abstract— A 3-D elastic-plastic finite element analysis has been developed to simulate the deformation development along the front of a long mode I single edge crack in plates subjected to either monotonic or cyclic loading. Idealisations having both equal and unequal layers through the thickness of the plate were involved. Plane stress and plane strain 2-D finite element analyses were also performed and compared with the present 3-D solutions. The development of the monotonic and cyclic crack tip plastically deformed zones and opening displacements were traced and correlated to accommodate the effect of the plate thickness and the profile of the crack front. A previously developed crack tip deformation parameter was invoked to predict the effect of the specimen thickness on mode I fatigue crack growth and the associated change of crack front profile. Comparison of such a prediction and the experimental findings of the present work reflected the capability of that parameter in modelling fatigue crack growth through the plate thickness.