电力系统实时数字仿真器RTDS

电力系统实时数字仿真器RTDS(RealTimeDigitalSimulators)是实时全数字电磁暂态电力系统模拟装置 ,采用与EMTP仿真程序相同的算法 ,但由于其具有很强的硬件计算能力 ,进行系统研究时速度要快得多。另外 ,RTDS仿真系统的频率特性包括了一个很大的频率范围 (从直流到 4kHz) ,在此频率范围内 ,RTDS仿真系统是全面分析电力系统各种问题的理想工具。RTDS仿真系统可以用于电力系统分析研究、测试保护系统、控制系统的测试及其教育培训     

The Impact of Sine-Wave Distortions on Protective Relays

Sine wave distortions on power systems are shown to affect the performance of both electromechanical protective relays of classical designs and static relays of various designs. Digital based (computer) relay systems do not circumvent, per se, wave distortion problems. Protection relays are shown to not respond to any single parameter such as the rms value or the fundamental component, of an applied signal. It is noted that there are no wave distortion performance standards nor waveform testing standards for protective relays, other than for harmonic restraint relays. This can be attributed to the lack of recognizing as a significant factor the causal relationship between relay performance and waveform distortion. This is an interim report constituting about 20 percent of a contemplated special report, "Sine Wave Distortions on Power Systems and the Impact on, Protective Relaying". A bibliography on the larger subject is included.     

基于Intranet的微机保护装置事故检验管理信息系统

提出了一种微机型继电保护装置事故检验与管理手段。该系统是使用微机型继电保护试验装置对微机型继电保护装置进行检验 ,并将检验报告在网络上发布的一个管理信息系统。它以先进的计算机技术与便捷的网络技术为基础 ,采用浏览器 服务器 (B S)方式的计算机体系结构 ,具有事故检验结果真实、可靠 ,系统使用与维护方便、灵活等特点。它的使用可大大有助于系统事故分析 ,促进继电保护事故检验工作步入规范化、网络化的进程     

继电保护测试用小型化实时数字仿真器研究

详细介绍了基于ＤＳＰ和ＰＣ机研制而成的专用于继电保护全面 电力系统实时数字仿真器,介绍了这类仿真器的性能要求,描述了该仿真器的软、硬件的实现。介绍了该仿真器的功能如各故障条件下电力系统实时仿真谐波发生器、故障波形回放、振荡模拟以及各种继电器测试。该仿真器体积小,操作方便,可广泛适用于继电保护生产厂家、实验室、电厂、变电站等场所测试种类继电保护装置。     

Real time digital power system simulator design considerations andrelay performance evaluation

Environmental pressures, right of way problems for new transmission lines, large scale system interconnection and increasing power demand especially in developing countries call for new transmission technologies. Use of FACTS and HVDC is gaining momentum. Relaying problems in such systems require a sophisticated approach and numerical technology using high grade processors offers a promising solution. To establish the performance of such relays which are designed more as powerful schemes rather than as a conglomeration of individual relays, detailed testing is required using an elaborate real-time simulator model. These tests are not only necessary during design and development but also are required by the utilities as a part of their acceptance. Highlighting the requirements of a hybrid real-time simulator including the complete spectrum of power system dynamics, this report describes an analog cum digital model used for real-time assessment of system performance. SVCs, HVDC, ASC and CSC can be modelled fully digitally by computer simulation and transient real-time data injection as well as by an analog method using physical simulation with original converter controllers for performance evaluation of numerical relays under real system conditions. As an example of the use of this simulator, tests on a numerical EHV-line relay are described and the relay performance is analyzed     

Extensive evaluation of high performance protection relays for theHydro-Quebec series compensated network

This paper reports on an extensive study to compare the performance of 8 preselected high performance power line protection systems on the Hydro-Quebec series compensated network. The paper first presents an evaluation of the commissioning aspects and manufacturing quality of the tested relays. It then describes the simulated network, the relay testing procedure, and the laboratory test results obtained on a modern real time power system simulator. Published results of relay performance on series compensated lines are scarce and this paper provides valuable information for utility protection engineers. A total of 115,000 network disturbances were simulated and recorded on 20 different 735 kV lines; fractional test results for 84,030 cases are presented in the paper. The approach using real time power system simulation proved to be an efficient technique for evaluating protection relay performance. The laboratory test results demonstrated that the two best protection principles to be applied on the Hydro-Quebec series compensated network are those based on current differential and segregated phase comparison. The analysis does not take into account telecommunication requirements or other external constraints     

特高压交流长线路零序电抗继电器动作特性分析及改进

特高压交流长线路上,测量阻抗与故障距离呈双曲正切函数关系,因此接地阻抗继电器的动作特性受过渡电阻的影响严重,无法直接使用。传统高压、超高压线路普遍采用零序电抗继电器来提高抗过渡电阻能力,本文评估了零序电抗继电器在特高压线路上的适用性;针对存在的保护动作区缩小、灵敏度降低的问题,采用负序电流作为极化量,并考虑了负荷电流的影响,提出了一种适用于特高压交流长线路的负序电抗继电器,仿真结果表明该继电器具有保护区稳定、灵敏度高的优点。     

Interactive relay controlled power system modeling

Four fundamental algorithms that make it possible to simulate numerous types of protective relay systems are identified. The characteristics of these fundamental modules necessary for building an embedded relay model within an EMTP (electromagnetic transient program) are discussed. A directional time overcurrent relay model is used to provide a detailed demonstration of relay model development and to illustrate the utilization of the fundamental modules. The results of using this relay model in a modeled power system reveal the power of this concept to enhance power systems education, applications engineering, and relay design procedures     

Distance relay application testing using a digital simulator

This paper reports on power transmission distance relay application testing using simulated transient waveforms. Power system modeling and test procedures using modern digital simulators are presented. An extensive study of five commercial relays, comparing their application for a 345 kV transmission line, is carried out by performing thousands of one-terminal and synchronized two-terminal transient tests. The digital simulation approach has proved to be an efficient technique. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating distance relay transient performance based on extensive laboratory testing. Important issues regarding application testing are also addressed and investigated in this paper     

Development and hardware implementation of a reliable protective relay data acquisition system

This paper proposes an intelligence based protective relay data acquisition system to correct current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers secondary waveform distortions. The protective relay data acquisition system receives voltage and current signals from current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers and prepares the inputs to the main board after some pre-processing. Current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers provide instrument level current and voltage signals to meters and protective relays in high voltage and extra high voltage systems. The accuracy and performance of protective relays in high voltage and extra high voltage systems are directly related to steady state and transient performance of current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers. Current transformers saturation and capacitive voltage transformers transient could lead to protective relay mal-operation or even prevent tripping. The key of the proposed scheme is to use artificial neural network to achieve the inverse transfer functions of current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers. Simulation studies are preformed and the impacts of changing different parameters are studied. Performance study results show that the proposed scheme is accurate and reliable. The proposed algorithm has also been implemented and tested on a digital signal processor board. Details of the implementation and experimental studies are provided in the paper.     

基于自动测试的继电保护测试软件研究

全面地测试继电保护装置对于检验其工作性能,保障其可靠工作具有重要意义。该文从继电保护装置测试的需求和原理出发,提出自动测试的概念。以一个基于保护测试仪的自动测试软件包为例,提出继电器管理和保护测试一体化的面向对象设计思路,体现了保护测试系统的自动化、可视化、智能化的发展趋势。实践表明,该软件包可以全面测试各种类型的保护,并能根据用户定制加以扩展,可满足现场试验要求。     

Modeling and simulation of the power transformer faults and relatedprotective relay behavior

The modeling of power transformer faults and its application to performance evaluation of a commercial digital power transformer relay are the objectives of this study. A new method to build an EMTP/ATP power transformer model is proposed in this paper. Detailed modeling of the transformer relay is also discussed. The transient waveforms generated by ATP under different operating conditions are utilized to evaluate the performance of the transformer relay. The computer simulation results presented in this paper are consistent with the laboratory test results obtained using an analog power system model     

异地多端电力系统实时闭环仿真测试系统

介绍一种由位于异地的多个仿真子系统构成的电力系统实时仿真测试系统,该系统采用电磁暂态建模方法,通过基于全球定位系统（GPS）的同步计算技术,实现了精确的异地同步仿真计算。介绍了仿真系统的硬件、软件和实时仿真的计算过程,仿真系统在实时仿真测试过程中通过通信交换异地保护动作信息,修正仿真网络拓扑,实现严格的闭环仿真测试。该系统适用于对变电站的成套线路主保护等装置进行实时闭环测试。     

TCSC的继电保护数字仿真研究

从研究TCSC的继电保护系统的要求出发，探讨如何建立详细而真实的数学仿真系统。文中首先简要介绍了TCSC的主电路和机电暂态分析的常规控制器，由此引出TCSC的运行对继电保护的影响。在此基础上，重点分析了继电保护对数字仿真的要求，以及TCSC继电保护系统各部分数字模型的技术要点。提出了建立反馈型数字仿真模型的具体方案。最后给出了具体的仿真方案和计算实例。     

Improved Overcurrent Protection Using Symmetrical Components

Transient currents are quite common in power systems. They can be presented for both faults and switching events. In the case of switching events, such transients should not cause an overcurrent relay operation; therefore a dependable and secure relay response becomes a critical matter. Meanwhile, proper techniques must be used to prevent undesirable relay operations due to transient current and harmonics of current in the power system. This paper uses the concept of symmetrical components to discriminate fault from nonfault events. For this purpose, a criterion function is proposed using the above-mentioned components. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is shown by simulation of some typical transient currents due to transformer energizing and induction motor starting using EMTDC/PSCAD software     

RTDS Environment Development of Ultra-High-Voltage Power System and Relay Protection Test

The increased interest in using ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmissions has stimulated the research on UHV operation characteristic and correlative relay protections. Since the operational experience in UHV system is limited, there is a need to model UHV transmission systems and test the performance of traditional protection devices already in use on high-voltage and extra-high-voltage systems. This paper presents the development of a test environment based on a real-time digital simulator of a UHV power system model and the results of testing a distance relay using the model. It reveals that the protective zone is enlarged in the UHV system with shunt reactor compensation and is reduced without the compensation. To resolve these issues further investigation is needed and ways of resolving them, including the development of new algorithms, should be examined.     

DYNA-TEST simulator for relay testing. I. Design characteristics

The authors describe a new digital dynamic testing (DYNA-TEST) simulator developed for protection relay applications. This simulator is capable of producing voltage and current transients that correspond to actual fault events in the power systems. Fault transients are generated either by simulating power system faults using an electromagnetic transient program or by replaying records of fault signals captured in substations by digital fault recorders. These signals are used to test protection relays. Such an approach to relay testing represents a major improvement over steady-state testing     

Relay setting considerations and operational experience of a long500 kV transmission line

The large capacitive susceptance, large load magnitude, and substantial phase unbalance before and after a single-pole trip operation have a substantial effect on the performance of the protective relaying systems of the Minneapolis-Duluth 500 kV line. Computer simulation studies show that correct operation of the relays can be assured if these effects are taken into consideration in determining relay settings. The selection, performance, and operation of the primary and secondary relay system are discussed, indicating that the relaying protection used achieved substantial security and dependability     

An online implementation of transient stability in a dispatchertraining simulator

An integrated online transient stability program in the power system dispatcher training simulator (DTS) environment is presented. The DTS stability simulation completes the training system by allowing engineers and training specialists preparing the various scenarios with an opportunity to validate the events sequence for each scenario and to review and evaluate the operator's performance during a training session. The simulation can be directly initialized from the DTS state. The computer program uses the same models which are used in the DTS augmented by the extra modeling needed for the transient capabilities of the generators and DC systems. The interactive user interface is compatible with the DTS/energy management system environment. The output events of the simulation can be directly inserted into the events database of the DTS. Easy data entry capabilities for model building exist. Data security and organization via a database management system is provided. The results of testing are very favorable under various system conditions     

A Microprocessor-Based Scheme for Testing Protective Relays

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a general hardware scheme for testing protective relays using microprocessor based systems. The microprocessor simulates the relaying signals for test purpose and monitors the relay performance. Based on the proposed hardware, a teat procedure for directional overcurrent relays is presented in detail. Typical test results of various routine tests conducted on a commercial single phase directional over-current relay clearly demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed technique for conducting tests on commercial relays.