红曲红色素组分Ⅰ对实验小鼠脂质代谢的影响

目的:观察红曲红色素组分Ⅰ(Monascus red pigments section I,MRPI)对实验小鼠血脂代谢的影响。方法:昆明种雌性小鼠48只,按血脂水平分为6组:正常对照组、高脂对照组、绞股蓝总甙阳性对照组、MRPI低、中、高剂量组。正常对照组喂饲基础饲料,其它各组喂饲高脂饲料;按剂量分别灌胃给药6w,禁食12h后,测定小鼠血脂水平和相关指标。结果:实验6w末,MRPI低、中、高各剂量(10、50、100mg/kg•d)组使实验小鼠血清AI值(TC-HDL-C/HDL-C)均极显著低于高脂组(p<0.01);MRPI中、高各剂量组和绞股蓝总甙阳性对照组使实验小鼠血清TC、血清TG、血清LDL-C和肝组织TC均极显著低于高脂组(p<0.01);MRPI低、中、高剂量组血脂水平与高脂组相比,显著升高血清HDL-C。结论:提示MRPI红曲红色素组分I对实验小鼠血清血脂代谢具有良好的脂质代谢调节作用,有效抑制脂质过氧化和预防动脉粥样硬化作用,且呈剂量正相关关系。     

超微粉碎对山楂不溶性膳食纤维降血脂作用的研究

目的:研究超微粉后山楂不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)对高血脂症小鼠血脂水平的影响.方法:以昆明小鼠为实验动物,分别给各剂量组饲料中添加5％、8％、12％剂量的山楂不溶性膳食纤维粗粉和超微粉,正常对照组饲喂基础饲料,高脂模型组饲喂高脂饲料;40d后测定小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和肝脏TC、TG水平.结果:山楂不溶性膳食纤维经超微粉后,在降低高血脂症小鼠血清TC、TG、AI、LCI水平及肝脏TC、TG水平,效果均优于粗粉.此外,山楂不溶性膳食纤维超微粉还能显著降低高血脂小鼠的LDL-C水平(p＜0.05),粗粉则无此功效.结论:超微粉后山楂不溶性膳食纤维的降血脂效果更好.     

黑果枸杞色素对高脂血症小鼠血脂及脂质过氧化的影响

目的:探讨黑果枸杞色素对实验性小鼠高脂血症的调节作用及脂质过氧化的影响。方法:将ICR雄性小鼠按体重和血脂水平随机分成6组,分别接受正常饲料、高脂饲料、高脂饲料加辛伐他汀、高脂饲料加黑果枸杞色素(低、中、高剂量分别为100、200、400mg/kg)处理。喂养6w,测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和机体总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷光甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平等指标。结果:与高脂组小鼠相比,给予黑果枸杞色素可降低小鼠血清总TC和TG、LDL-C的含量,升高血清和肝组织T-AOC、GSH-PX活性,显著降低肝组织MDA含量(p<0.05);但对血清HDL-C和血清、肝组织中SOD活性未见显著影响(p>0.05)。结论:黑果枸杞色素对高脂血症小鼠血脂水平升高和脂质过氧化均有一定抑制作用。     

黄粉虫油对小鼠血脂水平的影响

以小鼠为试验动物,喂饲基础饲料为正常对照,高脂饲料为模型对照,分别研究不同剂量黄粉虫油掺入其饲料中对高脂血症的预防和治疗作用。结果表明:将高脂饲料中的猪油分别以黄粉虫油替换30%、70%、100%或额外增加3%的虫油喂养30 d,能显著预防其血TG和TC水平的升高,且维持在正常水平;给小鼠喂饲高脂饲料30 d造成其高TG、高TC模型后,维持饲料胆固醇水平不变去掉猪油后,添加3%、7%和10%比例的黄粉虫油和在其高脂饲料基础上另外添加3%的黄粉虫油再喂养20 d,均能显著降低其血清TG含量,但不能降低其血清TC含量及改善其HDL-C和LDL-C比例;且发现黄粉虫油与深海鱼油的作用无显著差异。结论:黄粉虫油既能预防小鼠摄入高脂饲料时血液中TG升高,又能对高血脂小鼠血TG有降低作用;但对小鼠高脂饮食只有预防其血TC含量升高的作用,而不能降低其已升高的血TC。     

天然植物复方提取液对摄食高脂饲料小鼠的降脂减肥作用

目的:研究含荷叶、山楂、决明子、黄精的复方提取液对摄食高脂饲料小鼠的降脂减肥作用。方法:将63只健康雄性ICR小鼠随机分成9组:正常组喂食基础饲料,模型I组喂饲高脂饲料,拮抗组(I~Ⅲ)喂饲高脂饲料灌胃低、中、高剂量的提取液。剩余4组连续喂饲高脂饲料3周建立肥胖模型后,模型Ⅱ组喂食基础饲料,相应治疗组(I~Ⅲ)喂食基础饲料并按拮抗组方式灌胃给药。试验结束后,测试小鼠血清中的相关生化指标及小鼠脂肪系数和李氏指数。结果:与模型组相比,给药组明显提高了小鼠血清中SOD活性(P0.01),显著降低了血清中MDA,LDLC,TG,TC的含量及李氏指数和脂肪系数(P0.05)。结论:该天然植物配方液可有效降低摄食高脂饲料引起的小鼠血脂指标,对其导致的营养型肥胖有缓解和治疗作用,且拮抗组优于治疗组。     

发芽糙米米糠降血脂功效研究

通过研究发芽糙米米糠(GBRB)对高脂膳食大鼠血脂代谢的影响,研究了GBRB的降血脂功效。将50只SD雄性大鼠按体重随机均分为5组,空白对照组饲喂基础饲料,高脂对照组饲喂高脂饲料,高、中、低剂量组分别饲喂添加了30%、20%、10%GBRB的高脂饲料,喂养83 d,结束后,从小鼠股动脉取血,测血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)浓度,并计算体脂率。结果表明:食用GBRB对大鼠的体脂率、生长发育没有明显影响;饲喂GBRB的高、中、低剂量组大鼠血清中TC和LDL-C浓度都显著低于高脂对照组(P0.05);高剂量组大鼠的TG浓度显著低于高脂对照组(P0.05),而中、低剂量GBRB没能抑制食用高脂饲料产生的高TG浓度。GBRB的摄入能显著降低食用高脂饲料大鼠的血清TC、TG以及LDL-C水平,显示出GBRB的降血脂功效。     

鳀鱼发酵制品对高血脂大鼠血脂水平的影响

目的:探讨鳀鱼发酵制品对高血脂大鼠血脂水平的影响。方法:将高血脂大鼠随机分为4组:分别为对照组和模型鳀鱼发酵制品3个剂量组。对照组连续饲喂高脂饲料,3个试验组按高、中、低剂量分别喂饲鳀鱼发酵制品,并同时喂饲高脂饲料。在受试后的第14天和第32天分别取血,测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(H DL-C)等指标。结果:鳀鱼发酵制品高、中、低剂量组均可显著抑制高血脂大鼠血清TC、TG的升高(p<0.05)和明显抑制H D L-C的降低。结论:鳀鱼发酵制品对高血脂大鼠有较明显的调节血脂作用。     

卡亚茶水提物辅助调节血脂功能作用研究

目的:研究卡亚茶水提物的辅助降血脂作用。方法:将50只小鼠随机分成空白对照组(普通饲料)、阴性对照组(高脂饲料)和高、中、低剂量组(卡亚茶水提取物+高脂饲料),分笼喂养30d,测定小鼠体重、肝重、肝脏指数、血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),并观察肝脏组织病理学变化。结果:卡亚茶水提取物可缓解高脂饲料喂养小鼠体重、肝重和肝脏指数的增加,降低高脂小鼠肝组织中脂肪细胞量,中剂量组小鼠血清TC、TG和LDL-C显著低于阴性对照组(p<0.05),HDL-C显著高于阴性对照组(p<0.05)。结论:适当浓度的卡亚茶水提取物有辅助降血脂作用。     

沙葱提取物降血脂功效的研究

评价沙葱(Allium Mongolicum Regel)乙醇提取物降低高脂血症小鼠血脂水平的作用。用昆明种雌性小鼠随机分为正常对照组、高脂模型组和沙葱治疗组,治疗组的高脂饲料中添加0.15 m L/g的沙葱提取物(相当于1.5 g新鲜沙葱),制成沙葱高脂饲料。实验持续十周,每2周采血一次,检测血脂相关指标TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C,计算对照组、模型组和治疗组的动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)和血脂综合指数(LCI)。用高脂饲料成功建立高脂血动物模型;从第八周,相对于模型组沙葱高脂饲料已显著降低高脂血症小鼠的TC、TG、LDL-C、LCI、AI。沙葱提取物可有效降低高脂症小鼠血浆中的相关血脂指标,对小鼠高脂血症有显著的治疗效果,有可能预防并减少动脉粥样硬化的发生。     

狭叶红景天乙醇提取物的降血脂和 抗氧化活性研究

目的研究狭叶红景天乙醇提取物对小鼠的降血脂及抗氧化作用。方法分别采用高脂模型-预防性和治疗性给受试物法,预防性给受试物法喂饲小鼠高脂饲料的同时灌胃狭叶红景天乙醇提取物,连续21 d,测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力;治疗性给受试物法即先喂饲小鼠高脂饲料7~10 d,连续21 d灌胃狭叶红景天乙醇提取物,测定小鼠血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C和MDA的含量以及GSH-Px和SOD的活力。结果狭叶红景天乙醇提取物能显著降低高血脂症模型小鼠血清中TC、TG、LDL-C含量(P0.05或P0.01),明显提高HDL-C含量(P0.05或P0.01),与此同时,能够增加GSH-Px和SOD的活力并且降低MDA的含量。结论狭叶红景天乙醇提取物有降血脂和抗氧化作用。     

短期摄食卵黄磷脂与鱼油对高脂小鼠脂质代谢的影响

探究马尾松花粉提取物(MPPE)对前列腺肥大(BPH)小鼠的影响。雄性昆明种小鼠随机分为6组,分别为空白对照组、BPH组、20、40和80 mg/kg?d MPPE组及非那雄胺(0.8 mg/kg?d)组。预先灌胃MPPE两周之后,在腹腔注射丙酸睾酮建模的同时连续灌胃MPPE或非那雄胺四周。实验结束后观察组织形态变化,测定细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、PACP、DHT、NO及NOS的水平。利用UPLC-QTOF-MS技术检测小鼠血清、尿液中代谢物的变化,采用PLS-DA分类,寻找潜在生物标志物。三种剂量的MPPE处理均降低了前列腺指数、炎性细胞因子、DHT浓度及PACP、NOS的活性,并减少了NO的生成。血清代谢组学鉴定了3个潜在生物标记物,分别为1-棕榈酰溶血磷脂酰胆碱、1-O-十六烷基-2-O-乙酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱和(Z)-13-二十二烯酰胺。马尾松花粉提取物可以明显降低BPH病理症状及相关生化指标,调节标志性代谢物的水平。其可能的作用机制与抑制炎症及缓解脂质代谢紊乱相关。     

不同分子量壳聚糖对高脂膳食小鼠血糖的调节作用

为研究不同分子量壳聚糖对高脂膳食小鼠血糖的调节作用,选取C57BL/6J雄性小鼠48只,随机分为4组:正常组(Control)、高脂组(high fat,HF)、低分子量壳聚糖组(high fat+low weight molecular chitosan,HF+LWMC)和高分子量壳聚糖组(high fat+high weight molecular chitosan,HF+HWMC)。每周记录其摄食量和体重。饲养16周后,对小鼠血清、肝脏的生化指标进行测定,并对肝脏磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxybinase,PEPCK)及葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(Glucose 6phosphatase,G6Pase)的基因表达进行检测。结果表明:壳聚糖的添加可降低高脂膳食小鼠的体重和血脂水平,缓解肝脏脂质过氧化,高分子量壳聚糖的效果略好于低分子量壳聚糖。     

Beneficial effect of yam on the amyloid β‐protein,monoamine oxidase B and cognitive deficit in mice with accelerated senescence

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of yam tuber material [Dioscorea alata L. var. purpurea (M.) Pouch.] on the amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) accumulation, monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, cognitive ability and antioxidative defense system in senescence‐accelerated mice (SAMP8). Three‐month‐old male mice were fed with four different diets for 12 weeks: a casein diet (control group) and a casein diet supplemented with either 100, 200 or 400 g kg^?1 lyophilized yam. The results of the active shuttle avoidance test showed that the mice fed with the yam‐containing diets had significantly better learning and memory ability than the control group. All yam‐containing diet groups had lower Aβ levels and MAO B activities than the control, whereas the MAO A activity did not differ among the four diet groups. At the 400 g kg^?1 level, the yam‐containing diet group showed significantly lower concentration of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), higher total thiol level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the hippocampus than the control, but these values were not altered by the 100 and 200 g kg^?1 yam‐containing diet groups. The addition of 200 or 400 g kg^?1 yam also lowered the triglyceride levels but not the total cholesterol concentration. These results indicate that lyophilized yam could reduce brain Aβ accumulation, MAO B activity and cognitive deficits and promote the antioxidative defense system in SAMP8 mice. The improvements were in a dose‐dependent manner, possibly because the 400 g kg^?1 yam‐containing diet might contain more antioxidative phytochemicals. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Repeated use of oil for frying fish. Effects of feeding the fried fish to rats

Four groups of weanling male albino rats (Wistar strain) were fed isonitrogenous diet (10% protein) identical in all respects except in the nature of the protein source, for 4 weeks. Control group (group 1) had steamed mackerel meat as the protein source, whereas groups 2, 3 and 4 had mackerel fried on the 1st, 3rd and 4th days in the same coconut oil repeatedly used for frying each day. Four groups of adult male rats weighing around 130 g were fed on the same diet for 12 weeks. Weanlings fed on fish fried on the 4th day showed significantly lower feed consumption and weight gain compared to the other three groups. All the three groups of adult rats fed on fried fish compared well with control rats in weight gain and hepatosomatic index. There was a decrease in the total lipid and cholesterol content of the liver of rats fed with fried fish in comparison with the control rats. The total lipid and cholesterol in heart and serum cholesterol levels increased significantly from control rats through group 4. The C22:6/C20:5 ratio in the heart lipid showed a very high value compared to the dietary lipids. Histopathological examination showed initial stages of cell damage in the liver and kidney of rats fed with fish fried on the 4th day. In-vitro digestibility of proteins of fried fish were lower than that of steamed fish, but the difference in this respect between proteins of fish fried on different days was not significant.     

Dietary combination of fish oil and taurine decreases fat accumulation and ameliorates blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic/obese KK-A(y) mice

n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and taurine are functional compounds abundantly present in seafoods. In this study, we examined the combined effects of EPA- and DHA-rich fish oil and taurine on white adipose tissue (WAT) weight and blood glucose levels in diabetic/obese KK-A(y) mice. After a 4-wk administration of experimental diets (soybean oil or fish oil, supplemented with 0%, 2%, or 4% taurine), the increase in WAT weight of the mice fed the "fish oil + 4% taurine" diet was significantly suppressed compared to the "soybean oil + 4% taurine" and "fish oil only" diets. Serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and total cholesterol levels decreased by fish oil administration. In addition, fish oil and taurine increased the activity of acyl-CoA oxidase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme of peroxisomal β-oxidation, increased in the liver of KK-A(y) mice. The activity of fatty acid synthase decreased by fish oil diets. Furthermore, blood glucose and insulin levels were significantly lower in the mice fed fish oil than in the soybean oil-fed mice. In fish oil + 4% taurine group, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia were effectively improved in KK-A(y) mice compared to the fish oil only groups. In particular, the combination of fish oil and taurine enhanced the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) distribution in the plasma membrane of muscle tissue. These results suggest that EPA- and DHA-rich fish oil, especially in combination with taurine, exhibits preventive effects on WAT weight gain and hyperglycemia in diabetic/obese KK-A(y) mice.     

菜籽油中芥酸含量对动物食用安全性的影响

采用气相色谱法分析双低冷榨菜籽油和普通菜籽油的芥酸含量;运用掺食法喂饲小鼠含两种菜籽油的饲料(含油量2%),连续饲养5 周,观察小鼠、体质量、摄食量、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、脏器( 心、肝、脾、肺、双肾、睾丸、卵巢) 质量的变化;研究菜籽油中芥酸含量对小鼠食用安全性的影响。结果表明,双低冷榨菜籽油芥酸含量为4.744%,普通菜籽油芥酸含量为 32.595%,双低冷榨菜籽油芥酸含量明显低于普通菜籽油。喂饲双低冷榨菜籽油饲料组小鼠血清TC、TG 水平低于普通菜籽油饲料组;血清HDL-C 水平略高于普通菜籽油饲料组;与普通菜籽油饲料组相比,喂饲双低冷榨菜籽油饲料对小鼠血脂水平有良好影响。与正常对照组和双低冷榨菜籽油组相比,普通菜籽油组小鼠心脏质量和肝脏质量明显升高,可能与芥酸使脂肪沉积于心脏和肝脏有关。喂饲两种菜籽油对小鼠体质量、摄食、其他脏器质量均无明显影响。     

牦牛酥油及其磷脂对C57BL/6J小鼠脂代谢的影响

将SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为5组,即对照组、黄酥油组、白酥油组、黄酥油磷脂组和白酥油磷脂组,用牦牛酥油和牦牛酥油磷脂饲喂小鼠。饲喂1个月和5个月后分别测定小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平和血糖浓度,并进行肝脏和腹腔脂肪病理观察及脂肪组织脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明:长期饲喂牦牛酥油会使小鼠体重增加,而饲喂牦牛酥油磷脂小鼠体重增加较少。随着饲喂时间的延长各试验组均可提升小鼠血清HDL-C水平,小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C水平和血糖浓度由高到低依次为酥油组、磷脂组、对照组。饲喂1个月后各组小鼠肝脏和腹腔脂肪结构正常完整,未见明显组织病变,而饲喂5个月后,与对照组相比,黄酥油组、白酥油组、黄酥油磷脂组、白酥油磷脂组可见不同程度的炎症细胞浸润和脂质沉积。与饲喂1个月相比,饲喂5个月牦牛酥油磷脂可使小鼠脂肪组织中不饱和脂肪酸含量升高。与对照组相比,饲喂牦牛酥油和牦牛酥油磷脂可极显著提高小鼠脂肪组织中支链脂肪酸含量。     

Structure and cardioprotective activities of polar lipids of olive pomace,olive pomace-enriched fish feed and olive pomace fed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Total lipids of olive pomace (OP), olive pomace diet (OP diet), fish oil diet (FO diet) and fish filets of farmed gilthead sea bream (fish fed with FO diet and OP diet respectively) were extracted and separated into polar (TPL) and neutral (TNL) lipids. All samples were assessed for their in vitro activity against washed rabbit platelets aggregation induced by platelet activating factor (PAF) and they were further analyzed by electrospray-mass spectrometry. The high levels of palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1 cis ω − 9), linoleic (18:2 ω − 6) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA 22:5 ω − 3) contained in both OP and FO diets are reflected to the gilthead sea breams fed with the individual diet respectively, while the gilthead sea bream fed with FO diet displays a decrease in DPA. All samples contained various glycerophospholipids species. Two PE species were identified in OP, OP diet and fish fed with OP diet and not in FO diet, while that might be an indication that these substances are likely to be the key polar phospholipids that have the ability to be in vitro PAF inhibitors, i.e. inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in blood arteries.     

FISH OIL WITH ESSENCE OF CHICKEN DECREASES SERUM AND HEPATIC TRIACYLGLYCEROL IN HAMSTERS FED AN ATHEROGENIC DIET

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a mixture of dietary chicken essence and fish oil on possible lowering of blood and hepatic lipids in hamsters. Forty male hamsters were randomly divided into four groups and fed a chow diet, high fat/cholesterol diet (HFC), HFC diets containing 4% (HFC4) or 8% (HFC8) fish oil with essence of chicken for 42 days. The experimental diets contained 10% (w/w) fat. Hamsters fed HFC diets containing either 4 or 8% fish oil with essence of chicken showed significantly decreased serum triacylglycerols (TG) compared to hamsters fed HFC diets. In addition, hamsters fed HFC8 diets exhibited significantly reduced hepatic TG than those fed HFC diet. However, hamsters fed HFC4 or HFC8 diets significantly increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) when compared with those on HFC diet. These results suggest that 4% (or more) fish oil with essence of chicken might significantly lower serum TG and hepatic TG in hamsters, but seem to increase serum cholesterol levels on HFC diets.     

TG-DHA高含量脱腥鱼油对脂代谢的调节作用

目的:探究TG-DHA高含量脱腥鱼油的制备及对高脂饮食小鼠脂代谢的调节作用。方法:脂质体包埋技术制备TG-DHA高含量脱腥鱼油。将雄性C57BL/6J小鼠（6周龄）随机分为对照组（C）、模型组（M）、TG-DHA高含量鱼油组（O-DHA）、TG-DHA高含量脱腥鱼油组（L-DHA）。连续灌胃8周后,检测小鼠血清、肝脏脂质水平;测定肝脏脂代谢相关基因脂肪酸合成酶（Fatty acid synthase,FAS）、固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c （Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c,SREBP-1c）、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1（Carnitine palmitoyl transferase,CPT1）、脂蛋白脂酶（Lipoprotein lipase,LPL） mRNA表达量。结果:脂质体包埋掩盖了己醛、2,4-庚二烯醛等鱼油中的腥味物质。TG-DHA高含量脱腥鱼油中的DHA含量为73.74%,粒径为159.50 nm,Zeta电位为-43.10 mV,稳定性良好,且在动物体内易于被消化吸收。L-DHA可显著改善高脂饮食小鼠血清和肝脏脂质水平（P<0.05）,O-DHA可显著改善高脂饮食小鼠血清水平和肝脏中的TG含量（P<0.05）,二者均能极显著降低FAS mRNA表达（P<0.01）,显著上调CPT1 mRNA表达（P<0.05）,且L-DHA效果更好。结论:TG-DHA高含量脱腥鱼油可改善高脂饮食导致的脂代谢紊乱,其机制与下调肝脏脂肪酸合成,促进脂肪酸分解代谢有关。