<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lesquerella fendleri</Emphasis> protein fractionation and characterization

Lesquerella fendleri is a promising new crop whose seed contains hydroxy FATG with potential industrial uses as well as substantial amounts of valuable gums. The defatted L. fendleri seeds also contain more than 30% protein. The objective of this study is to process and characterize this protein component for possible future uses in food. Hexane-defatted seed has more than 30% protein content. Defatted lesquerella meal was extracted sequentially with 0.5 M sodium chloride (2×), water, 70% ethanol, and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (2×). Each sodium chloride extract was dialyzed against deionized water and centrifuged to separate the water-soluble fraction (albumin) from the salt-soluble fraction (globulin) before freeze-drying. The ethanol extract and the neutralized sodium hydroxide extracts (glutelin) were dialyzed against water and freeze-dried. Albumin had the highest proportion of lysine and sulfur amino acids per 16 g nitrogen among all the fractions analyzed. Glutelin and globulin accounted for the highest amount of protein nitrogen. SDS-PAGE of the reduced albumin, globulin, and glutelin showed the presence of several protein bands with M.W. ranging from 7 to 98 kDa. Nitrogen solubility of defatted lesquerella meal from pH 2 to 12 indicated a solubility minimum of 15% around pH 4.2 and a solubility of 75% at pH 11.5. Nonprotein nitrogen of defatted meal was 12% of total nitrogen. Defatted lesquerella meal has the potential for food use based on good nitrogen solubility and good amino acid composition.     

Composition of several types of Safflower seed

The residue remaining after commercial extraction of oil from safflower seed has a greater potential as a source of animal feed or human diet supplement than is presently being realized. Safflower seed hull, kernel, and meal were analyzed to provide more information regarding their nutritive possibilities. Commercial and experimental normal hull varieties and experimental thin hull and striped hull varieties were hand separated into hull and kernel fractions and both fractions analyzed for protein, fat, fiber, ash, and amino acids. Samples of partially decorticated commercial meal and undecorticated meal, hulls, and defatted kernel from striped hull seeds were analyzed for protein, fat, fiber, ash, lignin, pentosans, anhydrouronic acid, total and reducing sugars, and amino acids. Cellulose was calculated by difference. A new factor for converting nitrogen to protein for summative analyses of safflower seed was calculated. These analyses indicate that about 15% of the nonfiber, nonash, nonprotein part of the defatted safflower kernel is of unknown composition. W. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Composition of jojoba seed during development

Data were taken on developing jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) seed to determine what differences should be expected in quantity and quality of wax and meal when seed is harvested before complete maturation. Analyses were carried out for seed wt; moisture, protein, and wax contents; fatty acid and alcohol composition of the wax; and amino acid composition of the meal of seed samples collected from a natural population in Aguanga, Calif., at weekly intervals from June 20 to maturity on August 15. Wax content of the seed increased rapidly during the first 4 weeks from 13.5–40.5% and slower later, from 43.6–49.4%. Protein content of the meal increased at a slow steady rate during the entire period from 22.3–32.6%. Seed harvested 20 days prior to full maturity had essentially the same wax and protein contents as mature seed; it had lower seed wt and excessively high moisture though. The amino acid content of the meal increased considerably between the first and last sampling from 13.40–26.18% by wt. Certain amino acids increased at a faster rate than others. Whereas major changes occurred in the fatty acid composition of the wax, the alcohol composition remained unchanged throughout the sampling period.     

Nutrient composition of deoiled sandal seed meal: Minerals and amino acids

Deoiled seed meal prepared from the decoated seeds of sandal (Santalum album Linn) contains 52.5% of protein and about 5% mineral constituents. The proteins are rich in essential amino acids. The deoiled sandal seed meal could be of utility as a feedstuff for farm animals.     

Teilentfettete Sonnenblumenkerne als Protein-Ressource in der Mast von Broiler

Sunflower seed meal as protein source in nutrition of broiler . Partially dehulled and extracted Hungarian sunflower seed meal was used to replace soybean meal in broiler diets. 295 broiler chicks (Lohmann-Meat) were fed with experimental diets containing 13,26, and 39% sunflower seed meal supplemented with lysine and/or methionine in each ration as a substitute for soybean meal. Diets were formulated isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Live weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization were similar between the experimental groups and differences were statistically not significant. Results of this work indicate that processed sunflower meal, supplemented with the limiting amino acids can possibly be used to replace soybean meal in diet, without adverse effects on performance or feed efficiency.     

Mustard seed processing: Simple methods for following heat damage to protein meals

Processed mustard seed contains a considerably higher content of reducing sugar than other oilseeds. During processing, the natural reducing sugar is supplmented with glucose released by enzyme hydrolysis of the thioglucoside, and this total content reaches a value of more than 3% of the defatted mustard meal. This quantity of reducing sugar in mustard seed is three times more than that in soybean meal. Consequently, the browning reaction, which degrades protein, presents a greater problem in processing oilseeds containing thioglucosides than oilseeds free of thioglucosides. In developing the processing of mustard seed, the degree of heat treatment given the protein meals had to be determined. Several indirect methods were developed for following the effects of heat treatment on protein quality. Nitrogen solubility index, optical density of aqueous extracts, and reducing sugar content correlated well with degradation of heat-labile amino acids, such as lysine, arginine, and histidine, and gave an index of protein quality. Presented at the AOCS meeting in Minneapolis, 1963. A laboratory of No. Utiliz. Res. and Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Compositional analysis of laboratory-prepared and commercial samples of linseed meal and of hull isolated from flax

Six laboratory-prepared (LM) and four commercially-obtained (CM) samples of linseed meal were analyzed for eleven proximate components, ten mineral elements, monosaccharides, amino acids, and seven vitamins (two samples only). Analysis of variance of LM data showed location had a greater influence on meal composition than did cultivar. LM and CM had similar composition, except for protein, total carbohydrates, acid-detergent fiber and lignin. Hull separated by a liquid cyclone process formed 37.5% of the seed and contained less than 1% oil, 20% protein and 32.9% total monosaccharides. Xylose and arabinose were the major sugars. Meal absorbed 8-fold, and the hull 13-fold their weights of water (water-hydration capacity), compared to less than 2-fold by similar fractions of canola (rapeseed) and soybean. Viscosities of aqueous extrats of hull were stable for 30 min at 25°C, and were concentration-dependent.     

Analysis of oil and meal fromLesquerella fendleri seed

Attention is being focused onLesquerella species as a source of hydroxy acids to replace imported castor oil. Genetic and agronomic improvement and utilization of the seed oil and meal are being studies. We have conducted laboratory experiments to extract oil fromL. fendleri seed in preparation for extracting large quantities of seed.L. fendleri is a member of the Cruciferae family, and when seeds are crushed glucosinolates release isothiocyanates by the action of a thioglucosidase enzyme system. Therefore, our experiments included moist heat treatment of whole seeds to inactivate this enzyme. The seed was then flaked in a Wolf mill, and the flakes were exhaustively extracted with hexane. The oil was degummed and bleached, and then analyzed for hydroxyl (103), saponification (174), and iodine values (107), and for unsaponifiables (1.5%), FFA (1.13%) and P (10 ppm) contents. Hydroxy fatty acids, 55% lesquerolic (14-hydroxy-cis-11-eicosenoic) and 3% auricolic (14-hydroxy-cis-11,cis-17-eicosadienoic), and total fatty acid distribution were determined by gas chromatography of the methyl esters. The defatted meal was analyzed for residual oil (1%), protein (29.8%), non-protein nitrogen (0.7%), ash (6.45%). crude fiber (12.9%), and for distribution of amino acids. DefattedL. fendleri meal has an excellent distribution of amino acids, including favorable levels of lysine, methionine and threonine compared with soybean meal.     

Microwave treatment of dehulled rapeseed to inactivate myrosinase and its effect on oil and meal quality

Rapeseed was dehulled using a Palyi pneumatic attrition system which produced 62–66% clean dehulled seed. Dehulled rapeseed was preconditioned to 7, 10 and 13% moisture levels, exposed to micro-wave irradiation for periods of up to 2.5 min and analyzed for residual thioglucoside glucohydrolase (myrosinase) activity. The 7% moisture samples heated slowly and required at least a 2.5 min treatment whereas 10 and 13% moisture samples heated more rapidly and required microwave exposures of 1.5 min or less for complete inactivation of the enzyme. The sulfur content of oils obtained from adequately microwave-treated samples (1.5 min for 10 and 13% and 2.5 min for 7% moisture samples) was equal to or lower than commercially processed crude rapeseed oils. The shorter microwave treatment of dehulled rapeseed produced considerably lighter oils and did not adversely affect the color of the meal. It also destroyed some of the rapeseed glucosinolates and improved the meal palatability. However, goitrogenic properties of microwave-treated rapeseed meal evaluated by mice feeding experiments did not appear different from untreated rapeseed meal.     

Sulfur compounds affecting processing of rapeseed

A characteristic feature of cruciferous oilseeds is a high level of sulfur compounds as sulfur-containing amino acids and glucosinolates which determine the nutritional value of rapeseed meal and affect processing factors in oil mills. During rapeseed processing, products of glucosinolate splitting are liberated and attack metal and, as a result, a specific sulfur corrosion of oil mill equipment develops. The most exposed are cooker, toaster and transporters of wet meal. The results of industrial investigation of sulfur corrosion are described and the sensitivity to corrosion of several construction steels during rapeseed processing is considered. A high content of sulfur-containing compounds in starting oil significantly depressed the nickel catalyst activity and influenced the kinetics of rapeseed oil hydrogenation. Removal of these compounds by refining and its influence on the rate of oil hydrogenation are discussed.     

Einsatz von Soja- und Sonnenblumen-Extraktionsschrot und Sonnenblumensamen als Eiweißfuttermittel fü Milchkühe

Use of soybean and sunflower meal and sunflower seed as a protein source for milking cows. In a feeding trial with 37 cows of Brown Swiss the impact of 10% soybean meal (Soja), 16% sunflower meal (Soblex) and 30% sunflower seed (Soblsa) in the feeding stuff on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk ingredients and also on the conditions of milk fat was investigated. Soybean meal and sunflower meal are similar protein sources for cows. Sunflower seeds caused a lower dry matter intake, milk yield and content of milk protein, but showed positive effects on the consistency of butterfat. Butterfat of the sunflower seed group had a higher iodine value (p<0.01) and a higher content of trans fatty acids (p<0.01) than the Soja- and Soblex-groups and resembled the composition of butterfat in the grazing periode.     

Search for new industrial oils. viii. the genuslimnanthes

Seed oils from most of the known species and varieties ofLimnanthes were analyzed for their fatty acid content. Each contained at least 95% acids with more than 18 carbon atoms. The major component acid,cis-5-eicosenoic, ranged 52–77% of the acids present. Seeds of all species examined contained thioglucosidic precursors of volatile isothiocyanates, liberated by the action of mustard seed enzymes on the meal. One species also yielded a small amount of an oxazolidinethione-like compound of the type associated with enzyme-treated rapeseed meal.     

Protein fractionation and properties of salicornia meal

Salicornia bigelovii Torr. is an annual salt-marsh oilseed plant. Hexane-defatted salicornia meal was extracted sequentially with 0.5 M sodium chloride (2x), water, 70% ethanol, and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (2x). Each sodium chloride extract was dialyzed against deionized water and centrifuged to separate a water-soluble fraction (albumin) from a salt-soluble fraction (globulin) before freeze-drying. Ethanol extracts and neutralized sodium hydroxide extracts (glutelin) were dialyzed against water and freeze-dried. Globulin accounted for the highest amount of protein nitrogen, followed by glutelin and albumin. SDS-PAGE of reduced albumin, globulin, and glutelin showed a number of protein bands. Nitrogen solubility of defatted salicornia meal from pH 2 to 11 indicated a minimum solubility of 22%, around pH 4.5. Nonprotein nitrogen of defatted meal was 23% of total nitrogen, higher than defatted soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed meals. Albumin had the highest proportion of lysine and sulfur amino acids per 16 g nitrogen among all the fractions analyzed.     

Mustard seed processing: Improved methods for isolating the pungent factor and controlling protein quality

A modified cooking and extraction process for mustard seed is reported in which the pungent factor, allyl isothiocyanate, is separated from the seed to yield triglyceride oil and protein meal. Although removal of the pungent factor from the oil and meal products was previously reported, investigations were continued to develop critical improvements in the process. A reduction in conversion time, combined with steam stripping and shorter heating preiods, resulted in quantitative recovery of the essential oil and in improved protein quality, as measured by the basic amino acids. Biological testing with rats showed the processed meals to be free of toxic and goitrogenic factors and to be well utilized nutritionally. Preliminary estimates indicate that process costs are nearly the same as for a comparable soybean plant. Presented at AOCS Meeting in Toronto, 1962. No. Utiliz. Res. & Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

High oleic sunflower: Physical and chemical characteristics

Treatment of normal varieties of sunflowerseed with chemical mutagens and development of their progenies have resulted in hydrids bearing oil with oleic acid contents in excess of 80% and linoleic acid contents less than 10%. Fatty acids compositions are unaffected by climatic conditions. Analyses of the seed, oil and meal produced from the first commercial U.S. production show values not to differ significantly from normal high linoleic sunflower, except where anticipated on the basis of fatty acid composition.     

The feed value of rapeseed meal

Rapeseed meal is a high protein-containing material that can be used as a feed for livestock and poultry. Typical meal contains a little less than 40% of protein; however it also contains about 12% crude fiber and glucosinolates, specific components ofCruciferae plants. Thus it is not very popular as a protein component of high quality feed mixtures for animals, and is used mostly in ruminant feeding. The protein value of rapeseed meal is higher than that of the majority of other vegetable proteins containing both lysine and sulphur amino acids. The amino acids of isolated rapeseed protein have been shown to be similar in composition to those of soybean protein, and present in higher concentrations. Rapeseed meal, in comparison with other vegetable oil seed meals, has a relatively high content of crude fiber, lowering its value as a feed component for nonruminants and especially for poultry. The amounts of minerals Ca and P of the vitamin niacin and of choline are rather high, exceeding the amounts of these components in other valuable oil meals, i.e., soybean or sunflower. Glucosinolate derivatives occurring in rapeseed meal are goitrogenic, causing considerable changes in thyroid from initial feeding. This has a negative effect on the biological value of rapeseed as a feed component and as evidenced, among other symptoms, by slower growth of young animals and their utilization of protein. These effects are especially evident in thein the feeding of growing chickens particularly when a protein deficiency exists in the diet. The presence of glucosinolates in feed has not as yet been demonstrated definitely to have a negative effect on the nutritive value of meat and eggs. Penetration and accumulation have not been found in those products. Glucosinolates and their derivatives such as L-5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinethione and isothiocyanates are not transmitted to the milk, although the thiocyanates content of milk evidently increases when cows are fed rapeseed meal. Goitrogenic symptoms have not been detected by consumption of this milk type. In the near future, the elimination of factors limiting the feeding value of rapeseed meal, such as glucosinolates and crude fiber, through breeding of new strains of rapeseeds, will permit their use in high quality protein mixtures not only for ruminant feeding but also in poultry and swine rations. One of nine papers presented at the Symposium, “Cruciferous Oilseeds,” ISF-AOCS World Congress, Chicago, September 1970.     

Effect of seed maturity on seed oil,fatty acid and crude protein content of eightCuphea species

Thirty-six lots of eightCuphea species grown at nine geographical locations from 1983 to 1985 were analyzed for seed weight, oil percentage, fatty acid and crude protein content. Twenty-two samples were separated into two distinct seed maturity groups and also analyzed. Seed maturity varied widely but had little effect on oil percentage, even though mature seeds were significantly heavier than less mature seeds. Lauric acid content generally increased and capric acid decreased with increasing seed maturity. Crude protein of whole seeds and defatted seed meal increased with increasing seed maturity. The net effect of harvestingCuphea wrightii seeds at full maturity in comparison with that for less mature seeds was to increase seed weight by 12%, decrease capric acid by 3%, increase lauric acid by 2% and increase crude protein of whole seeds and defatted meal by 5% and 4%, respectively. Seed oil content was decreased by a statistically nonsignificant 1%. The effect of seed maturity was comparable for the other four lauric acid- and three capric acid-rich species, even though distinct species differences in all factors were measured. Location and environment contributed to some quantitative and qualitative changes, but these factors are not considered to be major sources of variation. It is concluded that variation in seed maturity does not present a major constraint to commercialization ofCuphea as a new, alternative source of lauric and other medium-chain fatty acids. The ultimate significance of these minor changes will depend upon relative yields, demands and values of the various seed components.     

An innovative biomass-based wood adhesive generated from peony seed meal: Its preparation and properties

Plant protein-based adhesives, particularly those derived from soybean meal (SM), have been available for various product applications. However, the high cost of SM has limited large-scale manufacturing, despite sufficient production capacity. Peony seed meal (PSM) is abundant in proteins, polysaccharides, and polyphenols, the protein in PSM contains highly hydrophobic amino acids, resulting in low water solubility and water holding capacity. It is worth investigating whether the unique composition of hydrophobic amino acids in PSM protein can enhance the water resistance of PSM-based adhesives. Additionally, the lower price of PSM, which is approximately two-thirds of the cost of SM, makes it a more valuable raw material for adhesives. Herein, we report a simple and practical approach for preparing PSM-based wood adhesives by utilizing the highly active cross-linking agent of polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE). The results showed PSM-based adhesives possessed excellent adhesion, especially the adhesive of “PSM-36%”, with the wet bond strength and the aged bond strength reaching 1.60 and 0.83 MPa, respectively, meeting the standards outlined for indoor-use plywood (≥0.98 MPa). Mechanistic studies indicated that the adhesion mechanism of such PSM-based adhesives might involve high solid content, low viscosity, high thermal stability, and the formulation of covalent bonds and hydrogen bond networks.     

Persistence of nonprotein seed amino acid s-(β-carboxyethyl)-cysteine in young leaves ofCalliandra rubescens Ecological implications

The insecticidal nonprotein amino acid S-(-carboxyethyl)-cysteine (S-CEC) is the major free amino acid in the seeds of severalCalliandra spp. where it accounts for up to 2.9 % of dry weight. Lesser amounts of other related S-containing amino acids and an array of nonprotein imino acids derived from pipecolic acid are other constituents. High concentrations of imino acids, which also show insecticidal activity, are maintained in the mature leaves, but sulfur compounds are lacking. In this study the disappearance of S-CEC from the germinating seeds and young seedlings ofC. rubescens was monitored over time. After 10 weeks, S-CEC continues to be found in high concentrations in the stems and new leaves. As young leaves mature, sulfur compounds quickly decrease in concentration. Traces of S-CEC are found in new leaves of plants up to nine months after germination. Whether high concentration of S-CEC in young leaves is due to transportation from the seed or de novo synthesis is unclear. The ecological implications are discussed.     

Determination of oil and lipids in cottonseed meal

Two simple methods for determining total oil equivalent in cottonseed meal are described. The meal is extracted with methanol, and the crude extract is either (a) saponified and subsequently acidified to find the weight of acids set free, or (b) subjected to methanolysis to determine the weight of esters formed. When applied to a meal previously extracted with petroleum ether, these methods determine lipids. Results obtained on three commercial cottonseed meals were in excellent agreement with those obtained by the more cumbersome method requiring direct saponification of the ground meal. The methods described should also be applicable to soybean and sunflower seed meals and to other systems containing lipids, such as flours, doughs, and leaf proteins. One of the methods is particularly useful as a preliminary step in the determination of cyclopropenoid acids in cottonseed meal because much larger lated as methyl esters.