如何为食品选择合适的色素

<正> 在食品市场上,消费者往往会将某些食品与某种颜色相互联系起来,并要求加工食品具有天然产品的色泽。然而,在当今的食品加工中,食品本身的天然色素却每每受到一系列物理或化学因素的影响而被破坏,大大影响了产品的吸引力。另一方面,某些产品本身是没有颜色的,如软饮料、糖果和一些新型的蛋白食品等,无论其风味和包装是如何的诱人,都会予人乏味的感觉。为此,食品工业界多年以来不断地开发许多天然和合成色素,为加工食品着色,让其能够恢复原有的色泽,使产     

天然彩色棉色素变化机理探讨及其应用研究

概述天然彩色棉的生态特性及其纤维结构，从其天然色素的湿热反应特性和化学反应特性，探讨其色素变化机理及其相关应用研究，为其产品的固色方法提供理论参考，以促进天然彩色棉产业的健康发展。     

食用天然色素超临界二氧化碳提取的研究

本文着重研究食用天然色素在液体和超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度，通过使用不同的夹带剂，在不同的提取压力和温度及色素浓度下，观察其变化情况。在液体二氧化碳中，某些食用天然色素由于含有疏水基团不能溶解，而类胡萝卜素和一些油溶性色素则具有一定的溶解性。姜黄色素和叶绿素均为大分子物质，尽管不溶于液体二氧化碳，但能溶于超临界二氧化碳中，尤其在有夹带剂存在的情况下。基于天然食用色素在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解性，采用小型超临界提取设备对青草和橙皮两种原料进行了提取试验。     

微波强化浸取天然色素的研究

以水为介质，对柚皮进行微波处理的结果表明，微波能有效地破坏柚皮的组织结构，有利于天然色素的浸出，提高了浸取效率，能获得纯度较高的天然色素产品。     

天然色素的研究

本文就食品加工中为什么要用天然色素进行了论述,并从天然色素的品种及食品种类两个不同角度阐述了一些最常用的天然色素在食品中应用的主要限制因素以及克服方法,最后提出这些天然色素的适用范围和参考用量。     

天然色素用于现代食品工业生产

<正> 从食物中,我们所能够获得的第一感觉,就是食物的色泽与外观,而这些是我们选择食物的先决条件;食物外观如果没有吸引力,就不能引起人们对它的兴趣。 合成色素与天然色素 色素加进食品和饮料中的目的,主要是使食品和饮料更为诱人。由于食品的色泽,会在加工过程中褪色,配合色素的使用则能将之恢复过来;与此同时,通过色     

桑椹色素提取工艺及应用研究现状

桑椹色素是从桑椹果实提取而得天然有色物质,具有多种功能,其作为天然色素在食品工业具有良好应用前景。该文简介桑椹色素组成及性质,并对桑椹色素提取工艺及应用研究现状进行综述。     

天然色素,着色性与功能性俱佳

食用色素与食品密不可分,它能够赋予食品诱人的色泽,为消费者带来强烈的购买欲。食用色素从来源上可分为天然色素和合成色素两大类。顾名思义,天然色素是指来源于天然植物的根、茎、花、叶、果实以及动物和微生物的一类色素的总称;合成色素是指通过人工合成方法制成的有机色素,主要以煤焦油中分离出的苯胺染料为原料制成。在很长一段时间内,     

鉴别红葡萄酒中添加人工色素或天然色素的简易方法

目的:鉴别红葡萄酒中是否添加合成人工色素以及天然色素(以葡萄皮红色素为例)。方法:对葡萄酒样品、人工色素模拟酒和天然色素模拟酒样品在碱性测试试纸上显示的颜色进行表征并对比。结果:当测试试纸显示的颜色为红色时,该红葡萄酒样品中含有人工色素;当测试试纸显示的颜色为蓝色,并在室温下暴露在空气中5min后不变色,则该红葡萄酒样品中添加天然色素,在5min内若由蓝色变为黄色,则说明该红葡萄酒样品中未添加天然色素,为全葡萄汁酿制而成。结论:该法简易快速,适合初步定性鉴别红葡萄酒中是否掺杂色素使用。      

食用天然色素的精制简介

<正> 食用天然色素许多都是由人们食用多年的果蔬食品提取而得的,因而具有安全性高的优点,受到消费者的欢迎。近二十年来它的用量和品种在美国、日本及欧洲许多国家已经远远超过了允许使用的食用合成色素。有的北欧国家已禁止使用食用合成色素,但对EEC颁布的食用天然色素大部分均可按实际需要量添加于任何食品之中。但由于食用天然色素是由天然有机物提取的,原料中成分十分复杂,除含量很低的发色物质外,还有胶质、淀粉、糖     

Natural Pigments: Stabilization Methods of Anthocyanins for Food Applications

The production of natural food pigments continues to grow worldwide. The global market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 6.22%, by revenue, over the period 2015 to 2019. Pigments such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, betalains, and chlorophylls have been used to color foods. However, there are challenges related to color losses during food processing, storage, and commercialization due to a low stability of natural pigments compared to synthetic colorants. This review summarizes the most recent studies and patents aimed at enhancing anthocyanin stability in food systems. The stabilizing methods include additions of copigment compounds, such as polymers, phenolic compounds, and metals. In addition, the exclusion of O₂ during processing and storage, hard‐panned candy coating methods for blue, green, and brown colors, and various encapsulation techniques were considered. Combining strategies and evaluating new materials capable of stabilizing anthocyanins will enhance their potential for use as value‐added natural food pigments.     

Dietary polyglycosylated anthocyanins,the smart option? A comprehensive review on their health benefits and technological applications

Over the years, anthocyanins have emerged as one of the most enthralling groups of natural phenolic compounds and more than 700 distinct structures have already been identified, illustrating the exceptional variety spread in nature. The interest raised around anthocyanins goes way beyond their visually appealing colors and their acknowledged structural and biological properties have fueled intensive research toward their application in different contexts. However, the high susceptibility of monoglycosylated anthocyanins to degradation under certain external conditions might compromise their application. In that regard, polyglycosylated anthocyanins (PGA) might offer an alternative to overcome this issue, owing to their peculiar structure and consequent less predisposition to degradation. The most recent scientific and technological findings concerning PGA and their food sources are thoroughly described and discussed in this comprehensive review. Different issues, including their physical–chemical characteristics, consumption, bioavailability, and biological relevance in the context of different pathologies, are covered in detail, along with the most relevant prospective technological applications. Due to their complex structure and acyl groups, most of the PGA exhibit an overall higher stability than the monoglycosylated ones. Their versatility allows them to act in a wide range of pathologies, either by acting directly in molecular pathways or by modulating the disease environment attributing an added value to their food sources. Their recent usage for technological applications has also been particularly successful in different industry fields including food and smart packaging or in solar energy production systems. Altogether, this review aims to put into perspective the current state and future research on PGA and their food sources.     

Natural pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains--characteristics, biosynthesis, processing, and stability

Pigments are present in all living matter and provide attractive colors and play basic roles in the development of organisms. Human beings, like most animals, come in contact with their surroundings through color, and things can or cannot be acceptable based on their color characteristics. This review presents the basic information about pigments focusing attention on the natural ones; it emphasizes the principal plant pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains. Special considerations are given to their salient characteristics; to their biosynthesis, taking into account the biochemical and molecular biology information generated in their elucidation; and to the processing and stability properties of these compounds as food colorants.     

Food colors: Existing and emerging food safety concerns

Food colors are added to different types of commodities to increase their visual attractiveness or to compensate for natural color variations. The use of these additives is strictly regulated in the European Union, the United States, and many other countries worldwide. There is a growing concern about the safety of some commonly used legal food colorants and there is a trend to replace the synthetic forms with natural products. Additionally, a number of dyes with known or suspected genotoxic or carcinogenic properties have been shown to be added illegally to foods. Robust monitoring programs based on reliable detection methods are required to assure the food is free from harmful colors. The aim of this review is to present an up to date status of the various concerns arising from use of color additives in food. The most important food safety concerns in the field of food colors are lack of uniform regulation concerning legal food colors worldwide, possible link of artificial colors to hyperactive behavior, replacement of synthetic colors with natural ones, and the presence of harmful illegal dyes—both known but also new, emerging ones in food. The legal status of food color additives in the EU, United States, and worldwide is summarized. The reported negative health effects of both legal and illegal colors are presented. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed notifications and US import alerts concerning food colors are analyzed and trends in fraudulent use of color additives identified. The detection methods for synthetic colors are also reviewed.     

花色苷基于分子辅色机制的稳态化制备与应用技术研究进展

源于天然植物的花色苷是集着色、增香和保健作用于一体的新一代功能性食品配料,但在食品加工过程中易受多种外界因素的影响而发生水解或去糖基开环反应,导致产品褪色、风味品质劣变及生物活性丧失。而研究发现在自然生化条件下,植物花色苷通过其内部的多种化学成分(多酚、生物碱、核苷酸和金属离子等)的分子辅色作用而维持稳定性,从而实现花色苷食品的色泽、风味和营养的稳态化。目前通过模拟植物花色苷的分子辅色作用也成为研究功能性色素的重要内容之一。本文在分析花色苷分子辅色作用机制基础上,重点综述了近年来的天然植物花色苷基于分子辅色技术的稳态化制备工艺及相关应用技术取得的最新进展,为植物花色苷食品的稳态化加工技术研究提供依据和参考。     

Cancer cell antiproliferation activity and metabolism of black carrot anthocyanins

The antiproliferation activity of a black carrot anthocyanin-rich extract (BC-ARE) on human cancer cells (HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma and HL-60 promyelocytic leukaemia) and metabolism of its characteristic anthocyanins (acylated and nonacylated forms) in humans were investigated. Cancer cells were exposed for 24 h to 0.0–2.0 mg/mL of BC-ARE. Anthocyanin-rich extract inhibited proliferation of both types of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. After ingestion of a black carrot concentrate, three acylated and two nonacylated anthocyanins were excreted in the volunteers (n = 4) urine (0.048% of the administered dose). The anthocyanins were characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Urine recovery of nonacylated anthocyanins was 8-fold higher than that of acylated anthocyanins.Industrial relevanceNatural pigments have achieved commercial significance as food colorants due to the fact that consumers perceive them as safe additives. At present extracts rich in acylated anthocyanins, which are known for their outstanding stability, serve as a major source of natural food colours for the food colorant industry with purple sweetpotato, red cabbage and black carrot being the major sources. Beside aesthetic values, anthocyanins possess enhanced physiological activity due to their potent antioxidant properties and enhance the health-promoting qualities of foods. Our findings on cancer cell antiproliferation activity of an anthocyanin-rich black carrot extract as well as information about the bioavailability of black carrot anthocyanins could lead to an increased application of these natural food colorants by the food industry.     

The properties and stability of anthocyanins in mulberry fruits

Mulberry fruit is well known as a good source of anthocyanins with many biological activities. However, there are several colors of mulberry fruits, even from the same species, which may generate different amounts of anthocyanins. This study investigates anthocyanin content and antioxidant levels as well as tyrosinase inhibition activity in the extract from various colors of mulberry fruit, Morus alba. The effects of heat and light, which the extract may be exposed to during food processing, on anthocyanin and antioxidant activities are also evaluated. Our results show that purple-colored mulberry fruit extract contains the highest levels of anthocyanin and strongest antioxidant as well as anti-tyrosinase properties compared with other colors mulberry fruit extracts. Light or heat exposure by incubation of the mulberry fruit extract at 70 °C for 10 h significantly deteriorated total anthocyanin and ascorbic acid content and led to a corresponding increase of the IC₅₀ values.     

天然着色剂在食品中的应用

<正> 美食强调的是色、香、味,而“色”即其外观,是食品的重要属性,与食品的风味和品质同样重要。我们看到黄色会想到柠檬,看到绿色则想到青柠,看到红色或许会想起草莓。颜色同样也会影响食品的甜味感,据报导,草莓饮料颜色在2～12％变化时,     

Protein-binding approaches for improving bioaccessibility and bioavailability of anthocyanins

Color is an important characteristic of food. Over the last 15 years, more attention has been paid to natural colorants because of the rising demand for clean-label food products. Anthocyanins, which are a group of phytochemicals responsible for the purple, blue or red hues of many plants, offer a market advantage. In addition, anthocyanin-rich foods are associated with protection against cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, diabetes, cancer, microbial-based disorders, neurological disorders, and vision ailments. However, the real health value of anthocyanins, whether as a natural colorant or a functional ingredient, is dependent on the ultimate bioaccessibility and bioavailability in the human body. Many animal and human clinical studies revealed that, after intake of anthocyanin-rich foods or anthocyanin extracts, only trace amounts (< 1% of ingested content) of anthocyanins or their predicted metabolites were detected in plasma after a standard blood draw, which was indicative of low bioavailability of anthocyanins. Protein binding to anthocyanins is a strategy that has recently been reported to enhance the ultimate bioactivity, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of anthocyanins as compared to anthocyanins delivered without a protein carrier. Therefore, in this review, we address anthocyanin properties in food processing and digestion, anthocyanin-protein complexes used in food matrices, and changes in the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of anthocyanins when bound into anthocyanin-protein complexes in foods. Finally, we summarize the challenges and prospects of this delivery system for anthocyanin pigments.     

The Case for Anthocyanin Consumption to Promote Human Health: A Review

Anthocyanins belong to the flavonoid group of polyphenolic compounds, which are responsible for the red and blue colors of plant organs such as fruits, flowers, and leaves. Due to their frequent presence in plants, particularly berry fruits, vegetables, and grapes, they are key components of the human diet. Interest in anthocyanins has increased widely during the past decade. Numerous studies have suggested that anthocyanins have a wide range of health‐promoting properties. These compounds are therefore considered to be a functional food factor, which may have important implications in the prevention of chronic diseases. The aim of this body of work is to investigate and review the current literature on anthocyanins, and particularly their pharmacokinetics and any health‐promoting properties, in order to summarize existing knowledge and highlight any aspects that require further study and analysis.