Cooperative Communications for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio is an exciting emerging technology that has the potential of dealing with the stringent requirement and scarcity of the radio spectrum. Such revolutionary and transforming technology represents a paradigm shift in the design of wireless systems, as it will allow the agile and efficient utilization of the radio spectrum by offering distributed terminals or radio cells the ability of radio sensing, self-adaptation, and dynamic spectrum sharing. Cooperative communications and networking is another new communication technology paradigm that allows distributed terminals in a wireless network to collaborate through some distributed transmission or signal processing so as to realize a new form of space diversity to combat the detrimental effects of fading channels. In this paper, we consider the application of these technologies to spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing. One of the most important challenges for cognitive radio systems is to identify the presence of primary (licensed) users over a wide range of spectrum at a particular time and specific geographic location. We consider the use of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems to enhance the reliability of detecting primary users. We shall describe spectrum sensing for cognitive radios and propose robust cooperative spectrum sensing techniques for a practical framework employing cognitive radios. We also investigate cooperative communications for spectrum sharing in a cognitive wireless relay network. To exploit the maximum spectrum opportunities, we present a cognitive space–time–frequency coding technique that can opportunistically adjust its coding structure by adapting itself to the dynamic spectrum environment.      

Energy Harvesting for Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - In this paper, we analyze the performance of cooperative cognitive radio networks where the secondary nodes harvest energy from radio frequency signals. Our...     

Signal Detection in Cognitive Radio Networks over AWGN and Fading Channels

In this paper, we consider the problem of spectrum sensing based on energy detection method in cognitive radio over wireless communication channels when users experiences fading and nonfading effects. The closed-form analytical expressions for the detection probability are derived over nonfading additive white Gaussian noise channel, Rayleigh, Rician and Nakagami-m fading channels. The detection probability involving Marcum-Q function is replaced by closed-form expression. The probability distribution function of fading channels is used to obtain the expressions for detection probability. The new derived numerical results are simulated under various parameters.     

认知无线电网络的一种协作频谱感知方案

认知无线电技术能够让非授权用户利用已经分配给授权用户的频段.为了不对首要用户的工作造成干扰,认知用户需要对频谱进行不间断的监测来判断首要用户是否存在.因此,频谱的感知是认知无线电技术的关键.协作频谱感知能够充分的利用网络资源,提高网络中的认知用户的检测概率.文中笔者简单地介绍了一种协作频谱感知的方案.仿真结果表明,通过该方法能够提高网络中认知用户的检测概率,提高网络的检测灵敏度.     

基于OFDM-IM的认知无线电协作中继性能分析

该文针对协作认知无线电网络场景,提出一种基于索引调制正交频分复用(OFDM-IM)的新型协作中继设计方法。该方法将OFDM-IM技术应用于从用户发送端,将从用户的传输空间划分为信号空间和索引空间。从用户在其信号空间上转发主用户的信息,同时在索引空间传输从用户信息。通过这种方式,主、从用户之间不存在相互干扰。针对此模型,该文分析了主、从用户的误码率,理论推导了相关表达式,并讨论了从用户的位置对主、从用户性能的影响。仿真结果表明,该文所提设计方法能够同时提升主、从用户的误码率性能,且均优于传统的基于OFDM的协作中继方式。     

认知无线电中衰落环境下的能量检测性能分析

鉴于能量检测对信道环境的敏感性,采用理论推导加数值实验的方法,研究认知无线电中衰落环境下的能量检测性能.首先,在等效低通数字域上通过严格的数学推导,给出能量检测的虚警和漏检概率解析式,然后在统计意义上给出了能量检测在瑞利衰落和阴影衰落环境下的检测性能表达式.此外,还在统计意义上,在大信噪比和小信噪比两种条件下对能量检测器的检测概率与观测点数或检测器抽样速率之间的关系进行了分析.最后,在Matlab环境下进行了数值实验,结果表明:在瑞利衰落环境下能量检测器的检测性能明显下降;在阴影衰落环境下能量检测器的检测性能进一步恶化;能量检测器可以通过适当增加观测点数或提高抽样频率来补偿信噪比的下降.     

认知无线电的合作频谱检测分析

认知用户需要持续快速地检测主用户的出现,对基于认知无线电的合作频谱检测机制进行了分析。在理想的两用户网络中,认知用户采用合作机制可以提高系统的平均侦测时间。在多认知用户网络中,参与合作的用户越多,单个认知用户对主用户的侦测概率越高。对于多用户网络,还考虑了整体的实现。     

A Survey of Cooperative Games for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cooperative cognitive radio networks are new cognitive radio paradigm. Cooperative communication approaches, such as cooperative spectrum sensing and cooperative spectrum sharing, are playing key roles in the development of cognitive radio networks. To achieve the high performance, a cooperative cognitive communication framework is often used to model various cooperative spectrum sensing or sharing scenarios. However, its implementation faces numerous challenges due to the complexity of mobility and traffic models, the needs of dynamic spectrum access, the heterogeneous requirements from different users, and the distributed structure of the network. Fortunately, cooperative game theory can be used to formulate and model the interactions among licensed and unlicensed users for spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing to efficiently allocate spectrum resource in the highly dynamic and distributed radio environment. In this paper, we first present the cooperative communication technologies and describe their existing challenges, then introduce different game solutions, after that, we discuss several cooperative game strategies, and analyze the associated their applications in cognitive radio networks, at final, some open directions for future research on economic strategies in cooperative communication in cognitive radio networks are proposed.     

Fault-Tolerant Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme for Cognitive Radio Networks

In order to solve the uncertainty resulting from shadowing effect and resist the attack from malicious cognitive radio (CR) users, we propose a fault-tolerant cooperative spectrum sensing scheme for CR networks, where an energy detection-based local spectrum sensing is performed at each CR user, a coefficient is used to weight each CR user’s sensing result, a linear weighted fusion process is performed at the fusion center (FC) to combine received sensing results. For a fault-tolerant cooperative spectrum sensing scheme, the most important issue is to distinguish whether the CR user is reliable or not. In this paper, a reputation-based cooperative mechanism is presented to alleviate the influence of the unreliable sensing results from CR users suffering shadowing and the false sensing data from malicious CR users on the detection result at the FC. In proposed fault-tolerant cooperative scheme, each cooperative CR user has a reputation degree which is initialized and adjusted by the FC and used to weight the sensing result from the corresponding user in the fusion process at the FC. And then, two reputation degree adjusting methods are presented to manage the reputation degree of each CR user. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can not only weaken the harmful influence caused by malicious CR users, but also alleviate the corrupted detection problem resulting from destructive channel condition between the primary transmitter and the CR user. Moreover, the detection performance of the fault-tolerant cooperative scheme, which has a feasible computational complexity and needs no instantaneous SNRs, is close to that of the optimal scheme.     

认知无线电网络中基于合作的频谱检测研究

在认知无线电技术的实际应用场景中,针对单认知用户本地检测的局限性,以提高认知无线电网络的检测性能和缩短检测时间为目标,分别从分布式多用户和协作分集两种合作检测方式出发,对认知无线电网络中的合作检测算法和机制进行了分析及讨论,并在此基础上进一步提出了认知无线电合作检测的未来研究方向及难点问题.     

基于认知无线电网络的用户合作频谱检测

介绍认知网络中认知用户合作检测算法在降低检测时间以及提高检测灵敏度的优势,构建认知网络中简单的两用户合作协议和非合作协议下的检测系统模型,在此基础上时多认知用户合作情况进行了分析比较.最后对认知网络环境中不同概率参数以及不同数目合作节点的检测性能进行了仿真研究.结果表明,当虚警概率α很小时,采用认知用户的合作感知方法可得到高检测概率,且能降低将近35%的检测时间,有效提高检测主用户的灵敏度.     

认知无线电中的协作频谱检测技术

频谱检测技术是认知无线电中极其重要的环节,而协作式的频谱检测由于其良好的检测性能日益受到人们的关注。基于能量检测,协作频谱检测的算法主要有：与（AND）算法、或（OR）算法、计数算法、分区算法、似然比算法、线性加权算法和分布式无线通信系统（DWCS）算法。分析表明,这些协作检测算法能够改善系统的检测性能、减低干扰冲突、提高频谱利用率。     

Outage Performance and Cooperative Diversity Under Amplify and Forward Relaying in Cognitive Radio Networks

This paper investigates the outage and diversity performance in a cognitive radio (CR) network, in which data are transmitted through amplify-and-forward protocol. A fixed CR node is selected as relay to combat fading effect. The CR user transmits or relays data when the result of cooperative spectrum sensing indicates that primary user (PU) channel is free and the relay node stops performing the protocol as soon as the PU is detected to be active. A closed-form expression of outage probability for the CR network is calculated based on which diversity order is derived. The results show that the proposed scheme suffers a loss in diversity order. To compensate for this loss, a repetition-based scheme is proposed in a delay-insensitive system at the cost of the challenge in implementation. In this case, we evaluate the outage performance and the average transmit duration and then compare them with the ones in the delay-sensitive system. Asymptotic analysis is also presented to show the outage performance advantage of using a relay over the one without using it. The numerical results presented in the paper verify our analysis.     

A Distributed Message-passing Approach for Clustering Cognitive Radio Networks

Forming collaborative wireless network clusters in dynamically changing environments is essential for cognitive radios to achieve such desired objectives as interference resilience and low communications overhead. In this paper, a novel approach to form efficient node clusters in an ad hoc cognitive radio network (CRN) is introduced based on the affinity propagation (AP) message-passing technique. With this approach, nodes exchange messages containing local network information with their direct neighbours until a high quality set of clusterheads and an efficient cluster structure emerges. The groupings are based on measures of similarity between the network nodes, which are selected based on application requirements. As an initial application, we show how the AP technique can be used to distributively determine cluster assignments and elect a small number of clusterheads that cover a CRN. Such an objective is commonly used to reduce communication overhead in key network functions such as resource management and routing table maintenance. To demonstrate the merits of the proposed approach, the clustering efficiency of the AP technique is evaluated on randomly generated open spectrum access scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach provides a smaller number of clusters than a standard technique based on approximating the minimum dominating sets of the corresponding ad hoc network graphs.     

Enhancing the Spectrum Sensing Performance of Cluster-Based Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks via Sequential Multiple Reporting Channels

In cluster-based cooperative cognitive radio networks (CCRNs), spectrum sensing and decision making processes to determine whether the primary user (PU) signal is present or absent in the network are very important and vital issues to the utilisation of the idle spectrum. The reporting time delay is a very important matter to make quick and effective global decisions for the fusion center (FC) in a cluster-based CCRNs. In this paper, we propose the concept of multiple reporting channels (MRC) for cluster-based CCRNs to better utilize the reporting time slot by extending the sensing time of secondary users (SUs). A multiple reporting channels concept is proposed based on frequency division multiple access to enhance the spectrum sensing performance and reduce the reporting time delay of all cluster heads (CHs). In this approach, we assign an individual reporting channel to each cluster for reporting purposes. All the SUs in each cluster sequentially pass their sensing results to the corresponding cluster head (CH) via the assigned single reporting channel, which extends the sensing time duration of SUs. Each CH uses the dedicated reporting channel to forward the cluster decision to the FC that makes a final decision by using the “K-out-of-N” rule to identify the presence of the PU signal. This approach significantly enhances the sensing time for all SUs than the non-sequential as well as minimize the reporting time delay of all CHs than sequential single channel reporting approach. These two features of our proposed approach increase the decision accuracy of the FC more than the conventional approach. Simulation results prove that our proposed approach significantly enhances the sensing accuracy and mitigate the reporting time delay of CH compared to the conventional approach.

     

Power Control for Cognitive Radio Networks: A Game Theoretic Approach

In communication industry one of the most rapidly growing area is wireless technology and its applications. The efficient access to radio spectrum is a requirement to make this communication feasible for the users that are running multimedia applications and establishing real-time connections on an already overcrowded spectrum. In recent times cognitive radios (CR) are becoming the prime candidates for improved utilization of available spectrum. The unlicensed secondary users share the spectrum with primary licensed user in such manners that the interference at the primary user does not increase from a predefined threshold. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to address the power control problem for CR networks. The proposed solution models the wireless system with a non-cooperative game, in which each player maximize its utility in a competitive environment. The simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm improves the performance of the network in terms of high SINR and low power consumption.

     

A Coalitional and Two-Level Game Based Approach for Spectrum Leasing in MIMO Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - In this work, we studied the resource allocation problem in a spectrum leasing scenario in MIMO cooperative cognitive radio networks (MIMO-CCRN) with multi...     

一种认知无线网络中的协作感知优化方法

认知无线电技术能够显著提高频谱资源的利用率,因此越来越受到学术界的关注。频谱感知是认知无线电的基础,一方面它要求能够快速找到可用频谱,另一方面当授权用户返回时又要求能够快速释放信道避免干扰。提出了一种认知无线网络中多用户协作感知分级方法,并通过数学推导给出最优的分级策略。仿真结果表明,采用所提出的协作频谱感知方法,能够提高认知无线网络的吞吐量。