Mineral oil hydrocarbons in food: a review

Work on mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) contaminating food is reviewed up to about 2010, when the subject received broad publicity. It covers the period of the main discoveries and elimination or reduction of the dominant sources: release agents used in industrial bakeries, spraying of rice, additions to animal feed, contamination of edible oils from various sources and migration from paperboard packaging. In most cases, highly refined (‘white’) oils were involved, but also technical oils, e.g. from the environment, and more or less crude oil fractions from jute and sisal bags. There were numerous unexpected sources, and there might still be more of those. The exposure of the consumers to MOH must have been markedly reduced in the meantime. Environmental influx may have become dominant, particularly when taking into account that these MOH go through several degradation processes which might enrich the species resisting metabolic elimination. Major gaps are in the systematic investigation of sources and the largely unavoidable levels from environmental contamination, but also in the toxicological evaluation of the various types of hydrocarbons. A regulation is overdue that avoids the present discrepancy between the low tolerance to MOH perceived as contaminants and the very high legal limits for some applications – the MOH are largely the same.     

European survey of contamination of homogenized baby food by epoxidized soybean oil migration from plasticized PVC gaskets

The results are reported of a European survey of the contamination of baby food with epoxidized soyabean oil (ESBO). Fat from the sample was extracted, transmethylated and derivatized for analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analysis was carried out of 248 samples of various types of foodstuffs from the 15 European Union Member States as well as Switzerland. ESBO was found in 95 of 248 samples analysed at levels from 1.5 to 135.2 mg kg^-1. The highest concentrations were found in main dish mixed foods such as vegetables and meat or carbohydrate- and vegetable-based mixes. Levels exceeded 30 mg kg^-1 in 15% of the samples, and 4% exceeded the overall migration limit fixed for plastics in the European Union of 60 mg kg^-1. This level of contamination is significant, confirming results from previous surveys and indicating a risk for the tolerable daily intake to be exceeded. These results suggest that an emphasis must be placed for more systematic research with a focus on the parameters for migration.     

Role of dietary patterns for dioxin and PCB exposure

Dietary patterns were related to intake and blood concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs), dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl‐PCBs) and selected non‐dioxin‐like‐PCBs (ndl‐PCBs). Intake calculations were based on an extensive food frequency questionnaire and a congener‐specific database on concentrations in Norwegian foods. The study (2003) applied a two‐step inclusion strategy recruiting representative (n=73) and high consumers (n=111) of seafood and game. Estimated median intakes of sum PCDD/PCDFs and dl‐PCBs of the representative and high consumers were 0.78 and 1.25 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg bw/day, respectively. Estimated median intakes of ndl‐PCBs (sum chlorinated biphenyl (CB)‐28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) were 4.26 and 6.40 ng/kg bw/day. The median blood concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs/dl‐PCBs were 28.7 and 35.1 pg TEQ/g lipid, and ndl‐PCBs (sum of CB‐101, 138, 153 and 180) 252 and 299 ng/g lipid. The Spearman correlations between dietary intake and serum concentration were r=0.34 (p=0.017) for dl‐compounds and r=0.37 (p<0.001) for ndl‐PCBs. Oily fish was the major source of dl‐compounds and ndl‐PCBs in high and representative consumers. Four dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. Two were related to high intakes, one dominated by oily fish ((Ω‐3)), the other by fish liver and seagull eggs (“northern coastal”). Only the latter was closely associated with high blood concentrations of dioxins and PCBs.     

食品中烃类矿物油的污染情况及迁移研究进展

烃类矿物油是石油原油经精馏纯化形成的复杂烃类混合物,食品加工过程中、环境污染以及食品接触材料的迁移等都会导致烃类矿物油进入食品。虽然不同类型矿物油成分对人体的毒性目前还没有统一的界定,但其潜在的危害性已经引起广泛的关注。文中综述了国内外对于烃类矿物油的毒理学特性、食品中烃类矿物油的来源、污染现状及食品接触材料迁移等方面的最新研究进展,总结了目前研究中存在的问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

市售食品中丙烯酰胺污染现状风险分析

目的:研究各类食品中丙烯酰胺的污染状况,把控潜在的食品安全风险.方法:实验室靶向性采集610份可能含有丙烯酰胺的食品样品,涉及糕点、饼干、薯类食品、膨化食品等8类食品,依据GB 5009.204-2014《食品安全国家标准食品中丙烯酰胺的测定》进行检验.结果:有73个样品检出丙烯酰胺,检出率达12.0％,其中薯类食品、...     

The analysis risk of contamination microorganism food products

Analytical review presents the specific issues of the analysis (AMR as concept) and an microbiological risk assessment (MRA as process). The AMR structure as a whole, its role and advantages in system of a current food safety assessment system, and also existing problems of accu mulation of the risk-oriented information are covered. The methodology of MRA is described, the characteristic of its subelements, the primary goals and means of their performance at each stage of process is given. Article is illustrated by own examples of the determination of the numbers/quantities of coliforms and E. coli ingested by the consumers weith large consumption products and also of the modular process risk modelfor VT-E. coli in semifinished meat.     

2009—2013年广州市市售粮油食品黄曲霉毒素B1调查

目的了解2009—2013年广州市市售食品中黄曲霉毒素B1污染水平,为广州市开展居民膳食中黄曲霉毒素B1风险评估提供基础数据。方法在广州市10个区的农贸市场、超市、批发市场、餐饮单位、加工场以及零售店等随机采集米及米制品(大米及米粉)、面及面制品(小麦粉及面包)、植物油(花生油、玉米油)、花生(熟制及生花生)、玉米粉(渣、碎)、油炸食品以及大豆共7类食品,采用国家标准测定方法(ELISA)进行黄曲霉毒素B1的含量测定。结果 820份样品中共260份被检出黄曲霉毒素B1,检出率为31.71%,检出值范围为0.012~39.300μg/kg,均值为2.675μg/kg,中位数为2.5μg/kg,食品总体合格率为98.66%。结论广州市市售粮油食品黄曲霉毒素B1总体污染水平不高,但植物油(花生、玉米)检出率较高。     

黄曲霉毒素与食品污染

食品污染包括很多,黄曲霉毒素的污染是其中比较突出的一种。就黄曲霉毒素在中国食品的污染和监测情况,及有关黄曲霉毒素预防控制措施进行简要评述。     

发酵食品中氨基甲酸乙酯污染状况调查与分析

采用液液萃取和基质固相分散的样品前处理技术,应用气相色谱-串联质谱的检测方法对发酵食品中氨基甲酸乙酯(ethyl carbamate,EC)的污染状况进行调查和分析,共检测发酵食品437批次,其中EC阳性样品343批次,阳性率为78.49%,阳性率最高的是果酒100%,其次是酱油98.17%、醋86.67%和黄酒78.38%,最低的是啤酒,为未检出。饮料酒中EC平均值最高的是黄酒90.4μg/L,其次为保健酒62.9μg/L,最低为葡萄酒,为7.6μg/L,调味品中酱油和醋EC平均值分别为84.1μg/kg和76.2μg/kg,焙烤食品中面包EC平均值24.3μg/kg。研究结果表明,黄酒、酱油和醋中EC的阳性率、平均值相对较高,在今后的研究和监测中需要重点关注。     

乌鲁木齐市部分餐饮企业冬夏季餐饮微生物污染情况调查分析

目的对冬夏两季乌鲁木齐市部分餐饮企业在食品生产中的微生物污染进行检测并分析餐饮的污染原因。方法通过对冬夏两季乌鲁木齐市150家餐饮中小企业生产餐饮共372份样品进行随机抽样,检测和分析样品中的菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌和霉菌(糕点类),与国家标准进行比较。结果冬夏两季采集的样品总合格率为分别为70.5%和47.7%,夏季样品合格率明显低于冬季(P0.05),不同样品间比较发现,熟肉制品合格率最低。结论乌鲁木齐市部分餐饮企业餐饮微生物污染情况严重,尤其是夏季熟肉制品、饮品的微生物不合格率明显高于冬季,这表明相关餐饮企业在加工和保存过程中存在不符合相关卫生标准的操作,需要相关部门采取更多的措施以保障食品安全。     

食用油中塑化剂的污染途径及分析方法的研究进展

塑化剂主要是指邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs),其广泛应用于工业各个领域.研究表明,PAEs的急毒性作用虽不明显,但可引起肝、肾、肺及心脏、生殖等多组织系统的中毒,其中以雄性生殖系统损害最为明显.因此,美国、日本、中国先后将PAEs列入优先控制污染物的黑名单.为了对PAEs有更深入的了解,对塑化剂的理化性质、食用油中塑化剂污染途径及食用油中塑化剂检测方法的研究状况等进行了综述,以期为塑化剂的深入研究提供帮助.     

定量分析食品中的矿物油污染物

矿物油是碳数为10~50的直链、支链和烷基取代的环状饱和烷烃与芳香烃的混合物,其化学组成非常复杂。近年来,食品中的矿油油污染问题受到持续关注,主要原因是食品包装涉及使用回收纸和再生纸,其残留印刷油墨中的大量工业级矿物油造成与其接触食品的污染。调查显示:几乎所有食品中都或多或少含有矿物油。目前,国内对于食品中矿物油的分析方法还仅局限于定性鉴别。欧洲对矿物油的定量研究较多,陆续开发出在线联用的高效液相色谱-气相色谱-氢火焰离子化器检测法(HPLC-GC-FID)、离线固相萃取法(SPE-GC-FID)以及二维气相色谱法(GC×GC)等定量分析方法。本文综述了食品中矿物油污染物的最新分析技术、操作步骤以及定量结果的数据处理方法,目的是通过借鉴,研发出适用于我国食品中矿物油的定量分析方法,开展市售食品调查,保障食品安全。     

Mineral oil migration from paper-based packaging into food,investigated by means of food simulants and model substances

ABSTRACT

Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are known to be mixtures of non-identified substances, which can migrate from, inter alia, recycled food packaging into food products. Such substances may have carcinogenic potential, which leads to a need to avoid their migration into food. In this article, we investigate the possible use of food simulants and model substances to simplify migration approaches. Tenax and Sorb-Star were chosen as simulant media. To stage the action of known components as a replacement for the migration of MOH, 16 single substances, including n-alkanes and aromatic compounds, were used. Kinetic studies were carried out at a maximum of 60°C with contact times of up to 14 days in touching contact with a medium or in gas-phase transfer to it. The results demonstrated that migration was predominantly a function of temperature, time and contact type, but it was also dependant on the molecular weight and polarity of the substances. Due to their low polarity, alkanes showed higher migration to the lipophilic food simulants than did pure aromatics without alkylation. Additionally, alkylated aromatics represent mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) more realistically. In contrast to Tenax in the gas-phase transition, Tenax in touching contact may lead to overestimated values at higher temperatures. Migration values for Sorb-Star are in similar regions for both contact types. However, the values of the touching contact experiments were slightly higher than those of the gas-phase transfer. The results for Sorb-Star and Tenax with transport solely over the gas phase are also in good agreement. Sorb-Star generally represents an optimal simulant for chunky foods, whereas Tenax seems a good simulant for food types with a high contact surface. Temperatures up to 40°C are appropriate for most types of migration experiments, whereas 60°C should only be used as an option for experiments with Sorb-Star.     

煎炸食物中油脂极性组分的提取及分析

以油炸花生、油条、麻花3种中式煎炸食物为研究对象,选取10种溶剂配方提取其内含油脂,基于制备型快速柱层析和高效体积排阻色谱,深入分析煎炸食物内油脂极性组分的构成比例。结果表明:在提取煎炸食物中油脂极性组分时,石油醚对油炸花生和麻花的提取结果最高,正己烷-异丙醇(体积比4∶1)对油条的提取结果最高,与石油醚的无显著性差异。在测定煎炸食物中油脂极性组分时,可选用石油醚作为提取溶剂。石油醚提取所得油炸花生油脂中极性组分含量为4.5%,主要为氧化甘油三酯单体类和甘油二酯类,油条油脂中极性组分含量为28.8%,主要为甘油三酯聚合物类,麻花油脂中极性组分含量为8.0%,主要为甘油三酯聚合物类、氧化甘油三酯单体类和甘油二酯类。     

2020年贵阳市城区部分集贸市场即食食品微生物污染情况调查

目的 了解集贸市场即食食品微生物污染情况,分析食源性沙门菌菌株生物学特征,评价食品卫生状况及致病风险。方法 随机选取人群消费较集中的5家大型集贸市场,按照国家食品安全标准对其售卖的即食食品进行食品微生物检测,同时对沙门菌血清型、抗生素耐药性及PFGE聚类进行分析。结果 131份即食食品中大肠菌群检出率62.59%（82/131）,并检出了沙门菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等致病微生物。沙门菌血清型多样,其PFGE图谱较分散,菌株出现多重耐药。结论 即食食品卫生状况普遍较差,生肉食品中检测出沙门菌,容易与即食食品发生交叉污染而引发食源性疾病,应加强即食食品及生肉制品的管理。     

新疆地区部分食品微生物污染检测结果分析

目的分析近两年新疆地区部分食品种类微生物检测结果,了解新疆地区食品的微生物污染状况,为食品安全监督管理部门提供科学依据。方法根据GB 4789系列标准方法的要求,对新疆地区抽送检的256批预包装熟肉制品、297批蜂蜜、89批饮料、42批发酵乳、93批糕点面包、96批冷冻饮品、37批速冻米面食品(包括10批生制品)进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7/NM、乳酸菌、霉菌和嗜渗酵母菌的微生物检测。结果 10批预包装熟肉制品、6批蜂蜜、9批冷冻饮品、6批饮料、1批速冻米面食品菌落总数超标;6批冷冻饮品和1批饮料大肠菌群超标;3批蜂蜜嗜渗酵母菌数超标;2批蜂蜜霉菌数超标;1批饮料酵母菌数超标;2批速冻米面食品(生制品)金黄色葡萄球菌超标;3批冷冻饮品检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌。除发酵乳对菌落总数没有明确要求和糕点面包菌落总数未超标外,其他产品均出现菌落总数超标问题,其中饮料、冷冻饮品合格率低于95%,应划类于高风险产品;冷冻饮品和饮料还存在大肠菌群超标问题;冷冻饮品检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌,速冻米面食品(生制品)检出金黄色葡萄球菌,说明这2类食品致病菌检出风险较高。结论建议食品企业加强卫生管理,查找超标原因,采取有效措施确保食品安全,建议监管部门对微生物污染率较高的产品继续加强监管力度,以保障食品安全。     

The dioxin contamination incident in Ireland, 2008: analytical results and congener patterns

A porcine fat sample taken as part of the national residues monitoring programme in 2008 led to the detection of a major feed contamination incidence in the Republic of Ireland. The source of the contamination was traced back to the use of contaminated oil in a direct-drying feed operation system. Congener profiles in animal fat and feed samples showed a high level of consistency and pinpointed the likely source of fuel contamination to be a highly chlorinated commercial PCB mixture.     

The dioxin contamination incident in Ireland, 2008: analytical results and congener patterns

A porcine fat sample taken as part of the national residues monitoring programme in 2008 led to the detection of a major feed contamination incidence in the Republic of Ireland. The source of the contamination was traced back to the use of contaminated oil in a direct-drying feed operation system. Congener profiles in animal fat and feed samples showed a high level of consistency and pinpointed the likely source of fuel contamination to be a highly chlorinated commercial PCB mixture.     

Comparison of dioxin and PCB concentrations in human breast milk samples from Hong Kong and the Netherlands

The adverse effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on human health are of increasing concern. These lipophilic compounds are concentrated through the food chain and are present in human milk. This study compares PCB levels in human milk samples from Hong Kong and Dutch mothers. Ten breast milk samples from Hong Kong and 10 from the Netherlands were collected during home visits between 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Total toxic equivalence (TEQ) of dioxin and PCBs were determined using the DR-CALUX® bioassay. The total dioxin and PCB levels in breast milk samples for Hong Kong ranged from 3.1 to 29.9 pg TEQ g^-1 lipid and for the Netherlands from 8.9 to 89.5 pg TEQ g^-1 lipid. Despite Hong Kong's high degree of industrialization, the levels of dioxin and PCBs were fourfold lower in the Hong Kong than in the Dutch samples. This may be due to a lower dietary intake of dioxins and PCBs in Hong Kong because of lower background levels of these contaminants or to different food habits.