烧成温度和保温时间对红柱石基材料烧结性能的影响

以高纯度南非红柱石(有4～1mm、<1mm和<0.088mm三种粒级,且4～1mm的颗粒料为1500℃3h煅烧过的熟料)和活性氧化铝细粉(粒度<0.044mm)为原料,经配料、混练、成型、干燥后,将一部分试样分别在1300℃、1400℃、1500℃和1600℃下保温3h煅烧;另一部分试样在1600℃下分别保温1h、3h、6h和9h煅烧,待试样随炉冷却至常温后,检测其体积密度、显气孔率、耐压强度和烧成线变化率等,并采用XRD、SEM等手段分析各试样的物相组成和显微结构,以研究烧成温度及保温时间对高纯度红柱石的莫来石化程度及对红柱石基材料烧结性能的影响。结果表明:提高烧成温度对促进高纯红柱石的莫来石化十分有效,延长保温时间对于促进制品的烧结作用很大;高纯红柱石基材料需在1600℃下保温3h烧成,才能使红柱石完全莫来石化;欲使材料烧结良好且玻璃相含量低,物相较纯,则保温时间要达到6h左右。     

蓝晶石粒度对刚玉-莫来石材料性能的影响

以粒度为2～1mm和1～0.5mm的M60莫来石为骨料,以电熔白刚玉粉以及粒度分别为0.8～0.355mm、0.355～0.088mm和<0.088mm的蓝晶石为基质料,以少量二氧化硅微粉和苏州土为结合剂,制成36mm×36mm的试样,在110℃干燥24h后,分别在1200℃、1300℃、1400℃和1500℃保温3h煅烧,然后测定烧后试样的线变化率、显气孔率、体积密度和耐压强度。结果表明:(1)对于在各温度下煅烧后的试样,添加粒度<0.088mm蓝晶石的试样烧后线变化率和显气孔率较添加粒度>0.088mm蓝晶石的小,体积密度和耐压强度较添加粒度>0.088mm蓝晶石的大;(2)当添加粒度<0.088mm的蓝晶石时,随着煅烧温度的升高,试样的烧后线变化率、显气孔率、体积密度和耐压强度变化较小;当添加粒度>0.088mm的蓝晶石时,随着煅烧温度的升高,试样的烧后线变化率和显气孔率迅速增大,体积密度和耐压强度迅速减小。     

水泥窑用低导热多层复合砖的研究(Ⅱ):原料对工作层硅莫砖性能的影响

为了克服非均质天然铝矾土熟料给低导热多层复合砖工作层用硅莫砖性能带来的波动,以粒度均为5~3、3~1和1 mm的M60或M70矾土基烧结莫来石为骨料,以粒度均0.074 mm的M60莫来石、M70莫来石、80均化料、85均化料为细粉,掺入碳化硅、红柱石、白泥等原料,在1 490℃保温3 h制备了硅莫砖试样,并研究了各原料对试样显气孔率、体积密度、烧后线变化率、常温耐压强度、抗热震性、荷重软化温度等性能的影响。结果表明:采用M60或M70矾土基烧结莫来石为骨料,分别以M60、M70、80均化料、85均化料为细粉,掺入碳化硅和红柱石的试样性能比较稳定,可以避免以天然矾土为原料引起的试样高温性能波动的问题;以M70为骨料,80均化料为细粉,加入12%(w)的碳化硅细粉,加入10%~12%(w)的红柱石细粉的试样经高温煅烧后的主晶相为莫来石和碳化硅,莫来石柱状晶粒发育完好,且形成了网络交错的微观结构,碳化硅和玻璃相均匀分布在莫来石晶粒周围,具有良好的力学性能和较高的荷重软化温度。     

Al2O3微粉和SiO2微粉对刚玉-莫来石材料性能的影响

在板状刚玉细粉中添加粘土或Al2O3微粉和不同种类的SiO2微粉制成刚玉-莫来石试样,分别于1200℃、1400℃和1600℃保温5 h烧成后,测定试样的体积密度、显气孔率和烧后线收缩率,利用XRD分析了试样在不同温度段的莫来石生成量,研究了添加Al2O3微粉和不同种类的SiO2微粉对材料的烧结性能和莫来石化的影响,并利用SEM观察了试样的显微结构.结果表明(1)加入Al2O3微粉和SiO2微粉均有利于材料的烧结;加入SiO2微粉的纯度和晶形不同,对试样莫来石化的影响也不同,无定形态SiO2微粉(即硅灰)的纯度越高,试样的莫来石生成量也越高.(2)加粘土的试样,其显微结构中柱状莫来石的晶体特征比较明显;而加入SiO2微粉的试样,其莫来石晶体和刚玉晶体相互交错,晶粒较小.     

红柱石对莫来石-高硅氧玻璃材料性能的影响

以莫来石M40(3~1 mm、≤1 mm和≤0.088 mm)和红柱石(1~0.5 mm、≤1 mm和≤0.074 mm)为原料,固定骨料和基质质量分数分别为70%和30%,调整红柱石的加入量(≤0.088 mm的加入量分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%)和粒度(3种粒度分别添加10%),外加5%的硅溶胶结合剂,经混合、成型和烘干后,于1 200~1 600℃的空气气氛中保温3 h煅烧,测定烧后试样的线变化率、显气孔率、体积密度、耐压强度、荷重软化温度和抗热震性,并用SEM观察热震前后试样的显微结构。结果表明:(1)在相同煅烧温度下,随红柱石粉(≤0.088 mm)含量的增加,试样的线收缩率减小,显气孔率增大,体积密度下降或基本保持不变,耐压强度总体上逐渐增大;(2)在红柱石粉添加量相同的情况下,随煅烧温度的提高,试样线收缩率增大,显气孔率下降,体积密度增大,耐压强度升高;(3)加入不同粒度的红柱石均有利于提高材料的荷重软化温度,且采用1~0.5 mm的红柱石和提高烧成温度更加有效;加入不同粒度红柱石的试样,抗热震性均不是很好,其中以加入≤1 mm红柱石的试样抗热震性最好,加入1~0.5 mm的次之,加入≤0.074 mm的最差。     

以托帕石为原料的莫来石耐火骨料的制备及其烧结机理

以澳大利亚托帕石精矿为原料,经湿法球磨、烘干后以150MPa压力压制成20×20mm的试样,再分别经1 300、1 400、1 500、1 600、1 700和1 750℃煅烧3h,通过测试试样煅烧后的线变化率、显气孔率、体积密度、吸水率和常温耐压强度,研究了煅烧温度对试样烧结性能的影响,分析了烧结机理。结果表明,试样经1 300℃煅烧3h后,托帕石完全转化为柱状莫来石晶须。随煅烧温度升高,莫来石晶须逐渐烧结;试样经1 750℃煅烧3h后,显气孔率为1.4%,体积密度为2.89g/cm3,常温耐压强度为648MPa。烧结机理分析表明:试样在1 300~1 500℃为固相烧结,烧结传质方式为体积扩散;当煅烧温度高于1 600℃时,试样中生成少量的液相,液相的存在起到烧结助剂作用,使试样致密化过程明显加快,晶粒尺寸显著增大。     

亚白刚玉对红柱石细粉烧结性能的影响

为了考察亚白刚玉对红柱石基耐火材料烧结性能的影响,以南非红柱石细粉和亚白刚玉细粉为原料,研究了亚白刚玉加入量(加入质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%和35%)对红柱石细粉在不同温度(1 150、1 200、1 250、1 300、1 350、1 400、1 450、1 500和1 600℃)煅烧后莫来石化和烧结性能的影响。结果表明,引入亚白刚玉后,红柱石细粉的烧结性能受控于原生莫来石化反应和二次莫来石化反应的膨胀效应,以及高温液相促进烧结的综合作用。低于1 350℃时,系统中发生的主要是原生莫来石化反应,系统的烧结行为主要受原生莫来石化反应的膨胀效应影响,亚白刚玉加入量对红柱石细粉的烧结性能影响不大。高于1 400℃时,系统中将产生二次莫来石化反应并主导系统的烧结行为,二次莫来石化反应的程度随着亚白刚玉加入量的增加而增大,红柱石细粉的烧结性能也随之恶化。可见,以亚白刚玉作为添加剂来提高红柱石基耐火材料的莫来石含量,进而改善其高温性能时,应该根据制品的性能指标要求,合理确定最佳亚白刚玉加入量和煅烧温度。     

莫来石轻质骨料的制备及性能研究

以蓝晶石细粉为原料，核桃壳粉为造孔剂，硅溶胶为结合剂，制备了莫来石轻质骨料。研究了煅烧温度(分别为1 300、1 400、1 500、1 600℃,保温时间均为180 min)和保温时间(分别为60、120、180 min,煅烧温度均为1 500℃)对莫来石轻质骨料体积密度、显气孔率、烧后线变化率、物相组成和显微结构的影响。结果表明，在1 500℃保温60 min所得莫来石轻质骨料的综合性能最优，其体积密度为1.18 g·cm^-3,显气孔率为59.8%,烧后线变化率为2.58%,莫来石相含量为86%(w)。     

红柱石及其引入方式对铝硅质浇注料性能的影响

为充分发挥红柱石在铝硅质浇注料中的优异性能,分别以特级矾土、棕刚玉为主要原料配以红柱石制备铝硅质浇注料.检测试样在不同温度下的抗折强度及体积密度、显气孔率及线膨胀率,并对烧后试样的物相组成及显微结构进行表征,以研究红柱石及其引入方式对不同配置的铝硅质浇注料性能的影响.研究结果表明:红柱石以细粉形式引入的铝硅质浇注料,在高温下莫来石反应及二次莫来石化较为充分,试样体积密度、高温抗折强度相对较高,线膨胀率相对较低;相比棕刚玉配置的浇注料,红柱石对矾土配置浇注料性能的改善更为明显,红柱石分解及二次莫来石化相对较为容易,产生的莫来石将矾土熟料紧密连接,有效改善试样的物理性能.     

煅烧制度对合成轻质微孔莫来石骨料性能的影响

以工业氧化铝、硅石粉为主要原料,采用加入可燃物的方法制备莫来石轻质合成料。根据坯体料的DSC-TG和大试样热重分析设置了不同的煅烧制度,比较了两种煅烧制度:一种为单调升温,然后保温;另一种为在高低两个温度分段保温。研究了两种煅烧制度对合成轻质微孔莫来石骨料莫来石化率及体积密度、气孔率性能的影响。结果表明,无烟煤约在600℃烧失,坯体料自1200℃开始发生莫来石化反应,试样经1350℃×6h热处理后的孔径分布3￣7μm左右,莫来石转化率60%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。