纤维素/NMMO溶液及其薄膜的制备与性能研究

以水质量分数为13.3%的N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)为溶剂溶解棉浆粕,制备质量分数为5%～11%的纤维素/NMMO溶液。将所得溶液制备纤维素薄膜,考察了纤维素/NMMO溶液的稳定性,研究了凝固浴温度和组成对纤维素薄膜的成膜性、断面形态及力学性能的影响。结果表明:纤维素/NMMO溶液随着浓度增大,其粘度先增大后减小,再急剧上升;纤维素/NMMO溶液在玻璃介质中稳定性较好,微量Cu~(2+),Fe~(3+)等杂质存在时,其稳定性显著下降;纤维素薄膜随凝固浴温度升高,其透明性、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均下降;相对于水,含有乙醇和NMMO的凝固浴能减缓双扩散的速度,使纤维素薄膜的拉伸强度略有提高,断裂伸长率出现不同程度下降。     

PMMA/棉花纤维素复合薄膜的制备及性能

为改善聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的热性能和力学性能,以经过预处理的棉花纤维素为增强体,将PMMA与棉花纤维素溶液按不同比例混合,利用溶液浇铸法制备PMMA/棉花纤维素复合薄膜,并利用热重分析、透光性分析以及拉伸性能测试研究了不同棉花纤维素含量的PMMA/棉花纤维素复合薄膜的性能。结果表明,与PMMA薄膜相比,PMMA/纤维素复合薄膜的热稳定性和力学性能均有所提升,PMMA/纤维素复合薄膜的热分解温度提高8.3%;随着棉花纤维素含量从0增加到15%,拉伸强度从10.53 MPa提升到55.95 MPa,最高提升了431%。此外,复合薄膜的光透过率随着棉花纤维素含量的增加而降低。当棉花纤维素含量为7.5%时,复合薄膜不仅具有良好的力学性能,而且具有较高的透光率,综合性能较好。     

拉伸工艺对聚苯硫醚薄膜结构与性能的影响

采用哈克挤出机制备了聚苯硫醚片材,并通过自制拉膜机单轴拉伸制备聚苯硫醚薄膜。通过对拉伸工艺进行探讨,确定了聚苯硫醚薄膜最佳拉伸温度在85~100 ℃。借助万能材料试验机、差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪等手段研究了拉伸速率对薄膜结构与性能的影响。结果表明,随着拉伸速率的增加,薄膜在相应方向上的取向度增加,结晶度、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均呈先增加后降低的趋势。     

聚醚醚酮薄膜的性能研究

采用挤出流延法制备了一系列聚醚醚酮（PEEK）薄膜，通过拉力机、差示扫描量热仪、紫外分光光度计、透光率雾度仪等对PEEK薄膜的基本性质、光学性能、力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，PEEK薄膜的透光率随结晶度的升高而降低；拉伸速率对拉伸强度、断裂伸长率的影响不大，拉伸速率快，屈服强度明显提高；拉伸强度随流延辊速度的增加而提高；双向拉伸的方法可使薄膜拉伸强度达到203 MPa；增加薄膜厚度、提高结晶度的方法可以提高薄膜的抗紫外性能。     

纤维素溶液吹膜过程中拉伸黏度的测定

通过非等温吹塑薄膜挤出实验研究了纤维素的NMMO(N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物，亦称N-甲基氧化吗啉)溶液在不同工艺条件下的拉伸流动行为。讨论和推导了挤出过程中的理论数学模型，测定了纤维素溶液在加工过程中膜泡半径和膜厚随加工方向的变化，并对沿加工方向上拉伸速率和表观拉伸黏度的变化进行了探讨。研究表明：质量份数为9％的纤维素溶液在加工过程中拉伸黏度受拉伸速率与温度的综合影响，沿加工方向呈现先微降，再渐升的趋势；在加工过程中随着牵引速度和膜泡内外压力差(△P)的增大，膜泡的厚度变小，拉伸速率变大，拉伸黏度变小。     

NMMO法棉纤维素薄膜的制备及性能分析

以棉浆粕/NMMO·H_2O溶液为制膜液,制备出棉纤维素膜,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和强度分析对棉纤维素膜进行表征研究。结果表明,纤维素膜的结晶形态由棉浆粕原料的纤维素Ⅰ型转化为纤维素Ⅱ型,晶粒尺寸减小,结晶度下降,而膜的官能团结构未发生改变;在一定范围内,随纤维素用量的增加,膜的断裂强度增大断裂伸长率下降,棉纤维素用量8%、凝固浴温度38℃时,制得膜的断裂强度6.163 MPa,断裂伸长率22.64%。膜的表面和内部有大量微孔存在。     

吹膜法Lyocell工艺纤维素薄膜的研制

总结了传统的粘胶工艺和铜氨工艺的缺点,介绍了绿色Lyocell工艺纤维素薄膜的优点和国内外发展情况.采用绿色Lyocell工艺及独特的吹膜法制备了双向拉伸的纤维素薄膜.研究了浆粕浓度、拉伸比和吹胀比对拉伸强度的影响,发现纵横向拉伸强度均随着浆粕浓度和拉伸比的增加而增加,而吹胀比的增加只增加薄膜的横向强度,纵向强度却减小,并在此基础上进一步探讨了薄膜的结晶和取向结构与薄膜力学性能之间的关系.     

耐水性聚乙烯醇薄膜的制备及性能

通过对聚乙烯醇薄膜进行交联改性,提高耐水性,确定涂膜液的配方及工艺条件,测试改性PVA膜的性质,如吸水率、结晶度、断裂伸长率、拉伸强度.得到一种耐水性与纯PVA膜相比明显提高的改性PVA膜.最后讨论增塑剂加入对改性膜断裂伸长率和拉伸强度的影响.     

双向同步拉伸工艺对PET聚酯薄膜性能的影响

为阐明双向同步拉伸工艺对聚酯薄膜性能的影响，利用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)聚酯切片进行挤出铸片，并在不同拉伸温度、拉伸倍率和拉伸速度下进行双向同步拉伸制膜，研究了拉伸工艺对聚酯薄膜的拉伸行为、拉伸取向和结晶行为的影响。研究表明，随拉伸温度的提高，聚酯在拉伸过程中的拉伸应力减小，聚酯薄膜取向度降低，结晶度降低，但晶粒尺寸增加，薄膜雾度升高；随拉伸倍率的提高，拉伸应力增大，取向度升高，结晶度升高；随拉伸速度的提高，拉伸应力增大，取向度升高，结晶度升高，但晶粒尺寸变化不大，薄膜雾度相当。     

浅议蒙脱土对低溶剂残留BOPP薄膜改性的机理研究

BOPP印刷膜易溶剂残留与BOPP薄膜的亚微观结构有关。本文从溶剂在薄膜中吸附-扩散与聚合物微观结构的关系、纳米有机改性蒙脱土对聚合物结晶性能、溶度参数和拉伸强度和透明性等方面的影响进行了综述,结果表明采用纳米有机改性蒙脱土可以增加BOPP的结晶度、提高BOPP的溶度参数,并能提高BOPP薄膜的拉伸性和透明性,为研制低溶剂残留的BOPP提供了改性依据。     

Preparation of Porous Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐Silk Fibroin (PVA/SF) Blend Membranes

The relation of PVA/SF blending ratio and freezing temperature with the morphology, fine structure and properties of porous PVA/SF blend membranes prepared by means of freeze drying was investigated. It was indicated that the pore diameter of the blend membranes remarkably decreased and the pore density obviously increased with increasing proportion of PVA or decreasing freezing temperature. With increasing proportion of PVA, the crystallinity of the blend membrane increased. When the blend ratio of PVA/SF was larger than 25/75 or 50/50, the strength, the elongation and the initial tensile modulus of the blend membrane increased somewhat and the compressibility decreased a little with increasing proportion of PVA or decreasing freezing temperature. Therefore, by increasing the proportion of PVA or decreasing the freezing temperature, porous SF/PVA blend membranes could be prepared which had smaller pore diameter, larger pore density, higher crystallinity, strength and elongation.     

NMMO工艺纤维素膜成膜性能的研究

主要研究了NMMO工艺纤维素膜的成膜特性及不同因素对该工艺纤维素膜的物理和机械性能的影响。结果表明,纤维素浓度为4%～8%(W/W)时易于成膜,且随着浆粕聚合度的增大、纤维素浓度的增加、凝固浴温度的降低,制成的膜的力学性能较好。     

Ionic conductivity and related properties of crosslinked chitosan membranes

Crosslinked chitosan membranes were prepared with a relatively low degree of crosslinking with epichlorohydrin and glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agents under heterogeneous and homogeneous conditions, respectively. The tensile properties, crystallinity, swelling index, and ionic conductivity of the crosslinked membranes were investigated. A significant decrease in the crystallinity and a large change in the swelling ratio of the crosslinked membrane were observed. In comparison with the uncrosslinked chitosan membrane, when the chitosan membrane was crosslinked with an appropriate degree of crosslinking under homogeneous conditions, its ionic conductivity after hydration for 1 h at room temperature increased by about one order of magnitude. In addition, with a lower concentration of the crosslinking agent, the tensile strength and breaking elongation of the crosslinked membrane were almost unchanged. Moreover, up to a critical value, the tensile strength of the membrane increased gradually, and the breaking elongation decreased slowly. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 306–317, 2003     

Preparation and characterization of acrylic acid‐treated bacterial cellulose cation‐exchange membrane

The feasibility of using bacterial cellulose as a source for environmentally compatible ion‐exchange membranes (IEM) was studied. Bacterial cellulose was modified with cation‐exchangeable acrylic acid (AAc) by UV‐graft polymerization to prepare membranes having ion‐exchange capacity (IEC) and greater structural density. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that acrylic acids were successfully bound to bacterial cellulose. Morphological changes of acrylic acid‐treated bacterial cellulose were examined through scanning electron microscopy. A dense structure of the membrane increased with increasing UV‐irradiation time. Acrylic‐modified bacterial cellulose membrane showed reasonable mechanical properties, such as tensile strength of 12 MPa and elongation of 6.0%. Also the prepared membranes were comparable to the commercial membrane CMX in terms of the electrochemical properties, ie IEC of 2.5 meq g^?1‐dry mem, membrane electric resistance of 3 ohm cm², and transport number of 0.89. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

纳米微晶纤维素增强羟丙基纤维素复合膜的力学性能和透光度的研究

采用酸碱处理竹原纤维并辅以超声分散制备纳米微晶纤维素（NCC）,采用溶液浇铸/水分挥发的成型方法制备了纳米微晶纤维素增强羟丙基纤维素（HPC）全纤维素纳米复合膜.研究了NCC/HPC复合膜的力学性能、透光度以及热稳定性.随着纳米微晶纤维素含量的增加,复合膜的拉伸强度、拉伸模量、储能模量和热稳定性逐渐增大,与纯羟丙基纤维素膜相比,当纳米微晶纤维素质量分数为60％时,纳米复合膜的拉伸强度提高了8.5倍,拉伸模量提高了3.9倍,储能模量提高了3.7倍,而NCC/HPC复合膜的透光度没有出现明显的下降.     

聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜的耐辐射性能研究

研究了较低剂量的γ辐射对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜的结构与性能的影响。在试验中,选用44.57 Gy/min的剂量率,分别采用2,4,6,10 kGy剂量对浸泡在pH=10的氢氧化钠溶液中的中空纤维膜进行辐照。对辐照前后的样品作相关的性能测试,结果表明:随着辐射剂量的增加,透水通量先增大后减小,最大孔径持续减小,最大幅度至14.9%,分离性能增强。在≤10 kGy的剂量内,断裂强力呈现增大趋势,断裂伸长率呈现下降趋势,爆破强度先增大后减小。工艺优化的剂量为2 kGy。微观形貌和红外分析表明,辐射对膜的外表面化学基团及内表面的形貌产生一定的影响。热分析表明,辐照使膜的结晶度有所提高。     

Regenerated cellulose membrane prepared with ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride as solvent using wheat straw

BACKGROUND: Currently, cellulose membranes are prepared by cellulose acetate hydrolysis or chemical derivatization dissolution and regeneration using cotton pulp or wood pulp. In this study, the concept ‘lignocelluloses biorefinery’ was used, and good quality long fiber was fractionated from wheat straw using clean technologies. The objective of this study is to develop wheat straw cellulose to prepare regenerated cellulose membrane with ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) as solvent. RESULTS: Wheat straw cellulose (WSC) fractionated from wheat straw contained 93.6% α‐cellulose and the degree of polymerization (DP) was 580. WSC was dissolved directly without derivatization in [BMIM]Cl. With increase in dissolving temperature, the DP of the regenerated cellulose dropped, which resulted in a decrease in the intensity of regenerated cellulose membrane. After regeneration in [BMIM]Cl, the WSC transformed from cellulose I to cellulose II, and the crystallinity of the regenerated cellulose was lower than the original cellulose. The regenerated WSC membrane had good mechanical performance and permeability, the tensile strength and breaking elongation were 170 MPa and 6.4%, respectively, the pure water flux was 238.9 L m^?2 h^?1 at 0.3 MPa pressure, and the rejection of BSA was stabilized at about 97%. CONCLUSION: Wheat straw cellulose fractionated from wheat straw satisfied the requirement to prepare regenerated cellulose membrane using ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl as solvent. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Perfluorosulfonated ionomers membranes: Melt‐processing and characterization for ion exchange applications

Perflurosulfonated ionomers membranes with different ionic‐exchange capacity were successfully fabricated via melt‐extruding and casting of their –SO₂F precursors. A systematical investigation of the thermal stability, crystallinity, and rheological properties of the precursors was performed to secure their optimized processing conditions. The tensile properties of acid‐form membranes are found to increase with base‐hydrolysis time, where a tensile strength of 38.2 MPa is readily obtained after 24 h's base‐hydrolysis. The content of –SO₂F or –SO₃H containing side‐chains plays an important role in the thermal stability, rheological, and mechanical properties of the precursor or the acid‐form membranes. The strong ionic interactions, attributed to the –SO₃H groups, lead to decreased crystallinity and tensile strength for different IEC membranes. The acid‐form membranes exhibit good proton conductivity and low methanol crossover in comparison with reference Nafion membrane. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39944.     

Influence of Radiation‐Induced Grafting Process on Mechanical Properties of ETFE‐Based Membranes for Fuel Cells

The mechanical stability is, in addition to thermal and chemical stability, a primary requirement of polymer electrolyte membranes in fuel cells. In this study, the impact of grafting parameters and preparation steps on stress–strain properties of ETFE‐based proton conducting membranes, prepared by radiation‐induced grafting and subsequent sulphonation, was studied. No significant change in the mechanical properties of the ETFE base film was observed below an irradiation dose of 50 kGy. It was shown that the elongation at break decreases with increasing both the crosslinker concentration and graft level (GL). However, the tensile strength was positively affected by the crosslinker concentration. Yield strength and modulus of elasticity are almost unaffected by the introduction of crosslinker. Interestingly, yield strength and modulus of elasticity increase gradually with GL without noticeable change of the inherent crystallinity of grafted films. The most brittle membranes are obtained via the combination of high GL and crosslinker concentration. The optimised ETFE‐based membrane (GL of ∼25%, 5% DVB v/v), shows mechanical properties superior to those of Nafion® 112 membrane. The obtained results were correlated qualitatively to the other ex situ properties, including crystallinity, thermal properties and water uptake of the grafted membranes.     

Characterization and Properties of Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Regenerated Cellulose Biocomposite Films with Butyl Methacrylate Using Ionic Liquid

Regenerated cellulose biocomposite films from oil palm empty fruit bunch and microcrystalline cellulose were prepared using N,N-dimethylacetamide and lithium chloride. The effects of oil palm empty fruit bunch contents and butyl methacrylate on properties of regenerated cellulose biocomposite films were investigated. At 2?wt% of untreated oil palm empty fruit bunch content showed highest crystallinity index, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and thermal stability but lower elongation at break than other oil palm empty fruit bunch content. The treated regenerated cellulose biocomposite films with butyl methacrylate showed better tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, thermal stability, and crystallinity index while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study showed interaction between cellulose and butyl methacrylate.