我国磷矿供需形势分析及对策建议

磷矿是制取磷肥的主要基础原料。根据国家化肥网测试化肥增产作用的结果,我国粮食产量约40％是由施用化肥获得的。研究分析磷矿资源的供需形势,对保证我国农业发展,确保国家粮食安全和化工行业等基础工业可持续发展,参与国际竞争,将资源优势转化为经济优势,具有重要意义。     

2015年世界磷矿资源现状及开发利用

截至2015年,全球探明磷矿石储量683.13亿t,磷标矿产量为2.6亿t,比上年增长10.69％.世界磷肥消费量连续3年下降,全球湿法磷酸产量约为P2O54450万t,较上年增长3％.全球加工磷酸盐贸易量增长8.7％.中国磷肥产量升至1 795万t,比上年增长5％.美国进口磷矿石平均价格降至80美元/t,同比下降11.1％,中国磷矿石出口平均价为126.72美元/t,同比降低5.9％.预计2016年世界磷肥需求P2O54 160万t,较上年增长2％,供应增速将达3％,供应将过剩更多.     

磷矿资源的大量开发给我国磷矿资源的未来带来隐忧

多年以来,我国磷矿产量统计数字一直处于世界第一或第二的位置,据国际肥料协会资料显示,2004年我国磷矿产量为2 617.4万t,位居世界第三位(见表1)。表1 2002~2004年世界磷矿产量统计国家磷矿产量/万t2002年2003年2004年美国3 620.0 3 406.5 3 532.8摩洛哥2 302.8 2 333.8 2 667.5中国2 300.6 2 447.0 2 617.4俄罗斯1 076.3 1 105.0 1 134.6突尼斯756.6 789.0 805.0约旦717.9 676.3 622.3巴西502.7 525.2 568.9以色列346.8 320.8 294.7叙利亚248.3 241.4 288.3南非291.3 291.9 285.6其它国家1 439.2 1 510.8 1 541.1总计13 602.5 13 647.7 14 …     

世界磷矿生产消费格局及其变化

介绍世界磷矿资源分布、生产消费格局及其变化。世界磷矿资源分布比较集中,其中以摩洛哥储量最多;世界磷矿石主要用于磷肥生产,其消费量呈增长趋势,其中美国磷矿石消费量下降、中国磷矿石消费量增长,磷矿石价格波动下降;世界磷酸盐产能、产量均增长,磷肥供应持续过剩,预测磷肥供应格局将向中东、北非地区转移。     

我国磷矿资源分析与开发利用

概述了我国磷矿资源及开发利用现状,即资源不丰富、分布集中、富矿少、贫矿多、难选矿多、开采难度大。对未来磷矿资源的开发利用趋势进行了分析预测,对转变磷矿资源开发利用方式提出了相关建议和意见。     

我国磷矿资源形势与可持续供应的对策建议

磷矿石是生产磷肥的重要原料 ,作为世界上重要的磷矿生产国和消费国 ,我国磷矿储量虽然总量不少但质量不好 ,高品位富矿仅占 8%左右 ,仅能满足国内至 2 0 15年的需求 ,而且集中在交通不便的西南地区。为实现磷矿资源可持续供应 ,促进我国磷肥工业可持续发展 ,必须采取措施加强磷矿资源保护与合理利用。     

宜昌磷矿资源开采政策收紧

2008年湖北宜昌市通过对磷矿开采实行总量控制。探索矿肥、矿化一体化产业发展路子，使磷矿开发由单一卖矿、简单加工发展为精细化系列大产业。年产值超过100亿。     

世界磷矿工业回顾与展望

世界磷酸盐需求近年呈下降趋势，磷矿石产量与贸易量连续下降。分析了原因以及几个主要生产国的近期状况，今后发展预测。估计短期内世界贸易量变化不大，预测到２０００年世界磷矿需求将达到１．６２亿ｔ。     

中国磷矿资源和磷肥生产与消费

介绍了中国磷矿资源特点、磷矿开采状况以及磷肥生产、消费情况,并就目前磷矿开采中存在的问题进行了讨论,对中国磷肥工业的持续发展提出了相应的对策和建议.     

强化矿山开采技术提高磷矿资源回收率

介绍了贵州省磷矿资源概况,瓮安磷矿采矿生产现状和发展特点,并就如何提高矿山开采技术水平,发挥矿产资源优势,着力打造强有力的原料基地,促进贵州经济的可持续发展进行了论述.     

云南省磷矿资源开发面临的问题及建议

云南省乡镇和个体小矿泛滥 ,资源浪费大 ,环境破坏严重 ,磷矿石市场混乱。建议走可持续发展之路 ,建立健全综合管理体系 ,加大探矿找矿力度 ,加强中低品位磷矿石的选矿研究 ,全面推进矿山化工。     

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer form on the plant availability of phosphate from soil,phosphate rock and mono-calcium phosphate

A glasshouse trial using lettuce as the test crop, and laboratory incubations were used to evaluate the influence of various nitrogen fertilizers on the availability of phosphate from an unfertilized loamy sand soil and from the same soil fertilized with Sechura phosphate rock or monocalcium phosphate. The order in which nitrogen fertilizer form increased plant yield and P uptake from soil alone and from soil fertilized with the rock was ammonium sulphate > sulphurised urea > ammonium nitrate > urea > potassium nitrate. For each rock application (both 30 and 60 mg/pot) and for soil alone, increased P uptake by the plant correlated well with decreased soil pH. In soil fertilized with the soluble P form, monocalcium phosphate, the form of the nitrogen fertilizer had little effect on plant P uptake. Subsequent laboratory incubation studies showed that increased dissolution of soil-P or Sechura phosphate rock did not occur until acidity, generated by nitrification or sulphur oxidation of the fertilizer materials, had lowered soil pH to below 5.5. A sequential phosphate fractionation procedure was used to show that in soils treated with the acidifying nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium sulphate and urea, there was considerable release of Sechura phosphate rock P to the soil, amounting to 42% and 27% of the original rock P added, respectively.     

矿种多变条件下过磷酸钙的工艺控制

分析过磷酸钙生产质量、消耗波动的原因,研究矿源频繁波动下生产中的对策,提出稳定质量,降低消耗的办法.     

Induced phosphorus fixation and the effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers derived from Sukulu Hills phosphate rock

A greenhouse study was conducted with two surface, acidic soils (a Hiwassee loam and a Marvyn loamy sand) to measure the effect of increasing P-fixation capacity, on the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of phosphate fertilizers derived from Sukulu Hills phosphate rock (PR) from Uganda. Prior to fertilizer application, Fe-gel was added to increase P-fixation capacity from 4.4 to 14.3% for the Marvyn soil and from 37.0 to 61.5% for the Hiwassee soil. Phosphate materials included compacted Sukulu Hills concentrate PR + Triple superphosphate (CTSP) at a total P ratio of PR:TSP = 50:50; 50% partially acidulated PR (CPAPR) from Sukulu Hills concentrate PR made with H₂SO₄; and Sukulu Hills concentrate PR (PRC) made by magnetically removing iron oxide from raw PR ore. Triple superphosphate (TSP) was used as a reference fertilizer. After adjusting soil pH to approximately 6, P sources were applied at rates of 0, 50, 150, and 300 mg total P kg^–1 soil. Two successive crops of 5 week old corn seedlings (Zea mays L.) were grown. The results show that the RAE of the phosphate materials measured using dry-matter yield or P uptake generally decreased as P-fixation capacity was increased for both soils. CTSP was more effective in increasing dry-matter yield and P uptake than CPAPR. PRC alone was an ineffective P source. Soil chemical analysis showed that Bray 1 and Mehlich 1 extractants were ineffective on the high P-fixation capacity Fe-gel amended Hiwassee soil. Mehlich 1 was unsuitable for soils treated with PRC since it apparently solubilizes unreactive PR. When all of the soils and P sources were considered together, Pi paper was the most reliable test for estimating plant available P.     

Partial acidulation of an ‘unground’ phosphate rock: II. Plant availability of phosphate

Four greenhouse experiments were conducted using three soils to determine the availability to plants of P from unground North Carolina phosphate rock (PR) treated with 20% to 50% of the H₃PO₄ required for complete acidulation. The influences of soil P retention, P status, the method of preparation of partially acidulated phosphate rocks (PAPRs) and the granule size of the products were investigated. Perennial ryegrass was grown as the test plant for up to 8 months. Triple superphosphate (TSP) was used as the standard fertilizer and unground North Carolina rock was included for comparison.The dry matter yield and P uptake response curves showed that in all experiments PAPRs were markedly superior to the PR. P status of soils appeared to influence the effectiveness of PAPRs to a greater extent than P retention. In soils of low P status the degree of acidulation required for PAPR to be nearly or as effective as TSP was 50% whereas in a soil of high P status even 30% PAPR applied as a maintenance fertilizer was effective. There was a significant positive correlation between water soluble P of fertilizers and P uptake by ryegrass. However, in general PAPRs were more effective per unit of water soluble P than TSP. Granule size (< 1 mm and 1–2 mm) and method of preparation of PAPRs did not alter the effectiveness of PAPRs.     

国际磷矿工业发展趋势

本文从磷矿资源、磷矿生产、磷矿石的进出口以及世界磷矿石和磷肥的贸易角度,阐明目前磷矿工业的矿肥结合发展方向,提出中国的对策应是限制并停止磷矿石的出口,就地发展自己的磷肥工业,以减少高价的高浓度磷复肥的进口。     

我国磷资源合理开发利用的分析与建议

在介绍我国磷矿资源开发利用现状的基础上,对我国当前磷矿资源开发利用中存在的主要问题进行了分析,并对我国磷矿工业的可持续发展提出了一些合理化建议。