氧化纤维对纳米纤维素气凝胶微球的影响

采用TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO体系氧化全漂硫酸盐针叶浆制备纳米纤维素,并以纳米纤维素为基体制备纳米纤维素气凝胶微球。研究了纤维尺寸及纤维羧基含量大小对纳米纤维素气凝胶微球的影响。结果表明:羧基含量相同时,随着超声波处理氧化纤维的时间增加,纤维尺寸越小,制备得到的纳米纤维素气凝胶微球粒径越小;羧基含量不同时,羧基含量越高,纤维越容易被解离,且在相同的超声波处理时间条件下,得到的纤维尺寸较小,气凝胶微球颗粒越小。     

超声处理对芳纶Ⅲ性能的影响研究

为了改善芳纶Ⅲ的表面状态,以二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为超声介质,对纤维进行超声处理,研究了超声处理速率和超声波功率对纤维性能的影响。结果表明:超声处理后,纤维的强度和模量随着超声波功率的增大而下降;超声波处理速率越慢,处理时间越长,纤维的强度和模量下降越明显,纤维表面沟壑越深,比表面积明显增大;纤维拔出强度随超声波功率和超声处理速率的增大而先增大再减小。     

应用ZnCl_2制备高得率纤维素纳米纤维的研究

采用ZnCl2水溶液处理漂白针叶浆的方法制备纤维素纳米纤维(NFs)。利用单因素实验分析了纳米纤维制备过程中预处理时间、纤维浓度、机械处理时间对纳米纤维得率的影响。确定了纳米纤维制备的最佳工艺条件为纤维浓度1.5%、ZnCl2溶解预处理时间为2.5 h、机械处理时间为25 min,得率达到75%。通过X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变化红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电镜(TEM)分析,比较ZnCl2溶液处理对制备的纳米纤维结构和性能影响,ZnCl2溶液预处理方法制备纳米纤维的过程中,纤维晶型由纤维素Ⅰ型转化为纤维素Ⅱ型,同时官能团结构未发生明显变化,纳米纤维的平均直径约为10 nm。     

球磨和PFI磨预处理对纸浆纤维结构及形态的影响

纤维素的结晶结构阻碍了其各种化学和生物反应进行的程度。对纸浆纤维进行物理、化学和生物预处理是提高纤维素反应可及性的重要方法。其中,机械预处理是通过对纸浆纤维产生揉搓、挤压和切断等作用来破坏纸浆纤维的结晶度和聚合度,以提高纤维后续反应的可及性。纤维素在绝干和润湿条件下受到机械挤压、摩擦和切断等作用后结晶结构和纤维形态发生变化。利用X射线衍射图谱、纤维聚合度测试以及显微镜观察纤维形态等方法研究了球磨时间和PFI时间对纤维预处理的影响,结果表明PFI磨对纸浆纤维主要起到揉搓作用,其纸浆纤维表面发生高度分丝帚化,纤维润胀程度加大,纤维有轴向解离的趋势。球磨对纸浆纤维主要起到切断的作用,聚合度和结晶度下降迅速,当球磨时间超过15min时,纤维主要呈现无定形态。     

空气等离子体处理芳纶纤维及其与天然橡胶/乳聚丁苯橡胶的黏合性能

考察了空气等离子体处理对芳纶纤维表面结构形态的影响,研究了空气等离子体和间苯二酚-甲醛-胶乳(RFL)浸胶处理芳纶纤维与天然橡胶(NR)/乳聚丁苯橡胶(ESBR)的黏合性能,并对经处理的芳纶纤维与NR/ESBR体系的界面层作了动态力学分析。结果表明,芳纶纤维经空气等离子体处理后,表面粗糙度增大,表面积增加,结晶度减小,但处理功率过大、处理时间过长时,芳纶纤维的表面又变得比较光滑、结晶度又呈增大趋势。随着等离子体处理时间的延长,芳纶纤维与NR/ESBR的黏合性能增强,但处理时间过长时,芳纶纤维与NR/ESBR的黏合性能下降;等离子体处理芳纶纤维经RFL进一步浸胶处理后,芳纶纤维与NR/ESBR的黏合性能大幅度提高。芳纶纤维与NR/ESBR的界面存在介于高模量芳纶纤维和低模量橡胶之间的过渡层。     

超声波处理对纤维素碱脲体系溶解性能的影响

采用碱／尿素／水体系、碱／尿素／硫脲／水体系分别制备纤维素溶液,在溶解的不同阶段用超声波进行处理,并利用光学显微镜、偏光显微镜和X射线衍射对溶解效果进行表征。研究结果表明：溶解之前对纤维素原料的超声波处理主要是对纤维形态结构和超分子结构的破坏,略微增大溶解度;溶解过程中对纤维素溶液超声波处理则可以强化润胀,促进分散,显著增大纤维素的溶解度;在碱／尿素／水体系中超声波对溶解的促进作用强于在碱／尿素／硫脲,水体系中。     

再生纤维素纤维原纤化测试方法的建立与应用

Lyocell纤维原纤化测试方法中,超声波振荡法设备简单、条件易于控制。在已有的超声波振荡法基础上,通过研究影响原纤化产生的因素,获得具有重复性的稳定处理条件,即超声波功率为500 W,超声振荡处理时间为30 min,探头离试样瓶底高度为10 mm,纤维样品量为1 mg时,可以获得清晰的原纤化效果图,纤维样品之间的原纤化程度容易区分辨识,并可进行原纤化指数的定量计算。应用此条件对不同来源的再生纤维素纤维进行处理,能够通过原纤化程度明显区分常规Lyocell纤维、抗原纤化Lyocell纤维、普通黏胶纤维和Modal纤维,说明优化的超声波振荡条件可以作为建立Lyocell纤维原纤化测试标准的依据。     

PA6/EHDPET共混纤维的碱水解行为

将PA6和易水解聚酯 (EHDPET)以适当比例混合 ,可制得以EHDPET为分散相的共混纤维。研究了碱处理条件及共混纤维的超分子结构对碱减量率及水解后纤维形态结构的影响 ,结果表明 :碱浓度对碱减量率的影响较大 ,渗透剂浓度对碱减量率的影响不大 ;随碱处理时间的延长 ,碱减量率增大 ,依碱浓度的不同 ,在 1～ 2h达到碱水解平衡 ,纤维表面呈现不同程度的沟槽形态 ;共混纤维的超分子结构对碱减量率及碱处理后纤维形态结构影响较大。     

PVC/木纤维微孔发泡技术的研究

国外实验研究已经证明,利用PVC/纤维素纤维复合材料能够产生微孔发泡结构,但发泡率较低.多种因素如PVC、纤维素纤维的改性处理、加工条件等都将影响泡孔形态与制品的物理机械性能.本文针对PVC/木纤维复合材料,研究材料中增塑剂含量、表面改性处理、发泡时间、发泡温度等条件对发泡率、泡孔形态及制品物理机械性能的影响,以建立加工条件、泡孔形态、制品性能之间的关系.     

蒸汽爆破预处理对沙柳组成及纤维结构性能影响研究

研究了蒸汽爆破维压时间对沙柳茎杆化学组成和酶解糖化率的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪和红外光谱(IR)对沙柳纤维物理形态、结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明蒸汽爆破处理对纤维素、木质素含量影响小显著,而半纤维素含量人幅度降低.蒸汽爆破预处理后沙柳纤维表面和细胞壁受到不同程度的破裂,蒸汽爆破纤维素表观结晶度比原料纤维素有所提高,但其绝埘结晶度降低.酶解糖化反应温度46℃、反应时问72 h、酶用最20 FPU/(g纤维素)和底物浓度为2.0%时,沙柳攀杆原料酶解糖化率为14.5%,蒸汽爆破维压4 min处理的沙柳物料糖化率达到69.81%,纤维素糖化率提高4.4倍,蒸汽爆破是一种有效的木质纤维预处理方法.     

A novel process to isolate fibrils from cellulose fibers by high‐intensity ultrasonication,Part 1: Process optimization

Cellulose fibrils of microscale and nanoscale sizes have great strength and hence furnish the possibility of reinforcing polymers. Fibrils can be isolated from natural cellulose fibers by chemical or mechanical methods. However, the existing procedures either produce low yields or severely degrade the cellulose and, moreover, are not environment friendly or energy efficient. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel process that uses high‐intensity ultrasonication (HIUS) to isolate fibrils from several cellulose resources. Six factors that may affect the efficiency of fibrillation, including power, temperature, time, concentration, size, and distance, have been considered and discussed. HIUS treatment can produce very strong mechanical oscillating power; therefore, the separation of cellulose fibrils from its biomass is possible by the action of hydrodynamic forces of the ultrasound. Water‐retention value and volume change were used to evaluate and optimize the process parameters. The degree of fibrillation of the cellulose fibers treated by HIUS was significantly increased. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Dry-jet wet electrospinning of native cellulose microfibers with macroporous structures from ionic liquids

In this study, we have provided a review of electrospun cellulose micro/nanofibers from ionic liquids (ILs) and cosolvents from which we identify a lack of previous studies focusing on the structural morphology of the dry-jet wet electrospun native cellulose fibers from ILs. We have therefore aimed to investigate factors influencing the structural morphology of cellulose/IL electrospun fibers and investigate the coagulation parameters on this morphology. The electrospinning of 10% w/v cellulose/([C2MIM][OAc]/MIM) (1/1, v/v) solution was shown to produce macroporous fibers with average diameters of 2.8 ± 1.4 μm with pore sizes from 100 to 200 nm. We have found that coagulation bath type and immersion time affect the morphological structure of the electrospun fibers. The fiber spinnability, formation, and morphological structure are mainly dependent on the method used to collect and coagulate/solidify the fibers. The physical properties of the dissolved cellulose were measured and these are discussed in terms of the solution spinnability. The structural morphology of the electrospun cellulose fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and finally the extraction of IL from the fiber body was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The electrospun cellulose fibers morphology shows the formation of both micron and nanometer sized fibers with different morphological “macroporous” structures. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47153.     

Extraction and characterization of rice straw cellulose nanofibers by an optimized chemomechanical method

In this study, a chemomechanical method was performed to extract nanofibers from rice straw. This procedure included swelling, acid hydrolysis, alkali treatment, bleaching, and sonication. X‐ray diffractometer was employed to investigate the effect of acid hydrolysis conditions and other chemical treatments on the chemical structure of the extracted cellulose fibers. It was concluded that by increasing the acid concentration and hydrolysis time, the crystallinity of the extracted fibers was increased. The optimum acid hydrolysis conditions were found to be 2M and 2 h for the acid concentration and hydrolysis time, respectively. The chemical compositions of fibers including cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and silica were determined by different examinations. It was noticed that almost all the silica content of fibers was solubilized in the swelling step. Moreover, the achieved results showed that the cellulose content of the alkali treated fibers was increased around 71% compared to the raw materials. ATR‐FTIR was applied out to compare the chemical structure of untreated and bleached fibers. The dimensions and morphology of the chemically and mechanically extracted nanofibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results of the image analyzer showed that almost 50% of fibers have a diameter within a range of 70–90 nm and length of several micrometers. The thermal gravimetric analyses were performed on the untreated and bleached fibers. It was demonstrated that the degradation temperature was increased around 19% for the purified fibers compared to raw materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40063.     

剑麻纤维的改性方法对其形态结构和力学性能的影响

通过碱处理和烷基化处理改性剑麻纤维,研究剑麻纤维改性前后表面形态和力学性能的变化,并分析不同改性方法对加工过程中纤维断裂方式的影响.结果表明:碱处理和烷基化处理刻蚀了剑麻纤维表面;烷基化处理使纤维的断裂方式发生改变,导致纤维原纤化;剑麻纤维经改性处理后,拉伸强度分别提高9%和21%,断裂伸长率分别提高63.4%和122.2%.     

竹纳米纤维素晶须的制备

利用硫酸水解竹浆纤维制备纳米纤维素晶须。通过原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线衍射对纳米纤维素晶须的形貌、结构进行分析和表征,研究不同酸水解时间对纳米纤维素晶须结构的影响。结果表明,用竹浆制备的纳米纤维素晶须为长棒状结构。随着酸水解时间的延长,其长度和直径逐渐减小;在酸水解时间为20 min时无定形区逐渐被降解,其长径比最大,结晶度最高。     

Use of Ultrasound in the Washing Process of Titania Pigment Production: Water Saving and Process Optimization

Washing of metatitanic acid (H₂TiO₃) consumes a large amount of water during the production of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) by the sulfate process. In this work, ultrasound technology is used for the pretreatment of a metatitanic acid slurry before washing. The water consumptions of washing process are compared in the absence and presence of ultrasound treatment. The effects of wash liquor properties, ultrasound time, and ultrasound power on removal of iron impurities are investigated. The washed product was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and particle size distribution. The effects of ultrasound on the crystal structure of TiO₂ and the mechanism of water saving are discussed. The results show that better removal of iron impurities from metatitanic acid is achieved using ultrasound. The saving wash liquor when using ultrasound was 93 mL for washing a 100 mL metatitanic acid slurry when using a pH 2 wash liquor, ultrasonic time of 30 min, and 185 W ultrasonic power. The average particle size was reduced from 2.11 to 1.02 µm, which improves washing performance. The crystal lattice parameters of TiO₂ exhibited no effect on rutile type or quality of product.     

Polymer-grafted cellulose fibers. II. Polymer localization and induced alterations in fiber morphology

In methyl acrylate- or acrylonitrile-grafted northern softwood Kraft or southern softwood Kraft pulp fibers, polymer grafts are present almost homogeneously throughout the fiber wall, although some surface enhancement is observed. On unhydrolyzed fiber surfaces, acrylonitrile grafts protrude in clumps of tangled polymer tufts whereas methyl acrylate grafts form a more uniform, sometimes knobby surface coating. Grafting followed by hydrolysis causes extensive lengthwise splits in the S1 layer, which pulls away from the S2 layer. In the hydrolyzed solvent-dried fiber, the internal grafted polymer/cellulose domains create a unique filamentous and lamellar periodic substructure in the S2 wall. Coexisting with this substructure are numerous microvoids and occasional large pores. We believe that the enhanced absorbency of these fibers can be attributed to the S1 layer disruption, the presence of osmotically active polymer (sodium polyacrylate) incorporated extensively within the S2 wall, and the presence of a drastically altered, more accessible S2 wall substructure. Analytical electron microscopy is shown to be a useful technique for investigating polymer grafts in cellulose fibers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:1471–1485, 1997     

纤维素壳聚糖抗菌材料的制备

以制浆造纸中的木浆为原料,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,将木浆中的纤维素与壳聚糖进行接枝共聚,在可控制的条件下,合成具有抗菌性能的纤维素材料,并研究了合成时的接枝条件及其对接枝率、接枝效率的影响。研究结果表明,影响壳聚糖和纤维素的接枝共聚反应的主要因素包括K2S2O8浓度、预处理时间、预处理温度、反应温度、反应时间、壳聚糖浓度、交联剂用量等。用红外光谱技术分析了产物的结构。综合考虑应用效果和成本,确定了壳聚糖和纤维素的接枝共聚反应的最佳条件。     

Preparation and characterization of chitosan coatings onto regular cellulose fibers with ultrasound technique

Regenerated cellulose fibers—viscose fibers—were coated with chitosan using an ultrasound technique to improve their accessibility, reactivity and sorption properties. The main purpose of our research was to study the modification of viscose fibers and to determine the effect of the application of chitosan onto viscose fibers. Samples were obtained by treating the fibers with chitosan in a dilute acetic acid solution in an ultrasonic bath. The influences of the chitosan coating on the changes in morphology, supramolecular structure, sorption and tensile properties were studied. The spectra (FTIR analysis) of the treated viscose fibers showed changes and new absorption bands that revealed the existence of the chemical interactions with the chitosan. The scanning electron microscope images confirmed that the surface of the fibers was covered with the chitosan. A decrease in the water retention value and increase in the absorption and moisture content with an increasing concentration of chitosan was noted. Furthermore, the differences in tensile behavior were analyzed using an Instron tensile testing machine. The chitosan coating had no effect on the tensile strength of the viscose fibers, but influenced the tensile strain. Some changes, though not significant, were noted in the structure (crystallinity, orientation) of the treated viscose fibers.     

Isolation of cellulose nanofibers from para rubberwood and their reinforcing effect in poly(vinyl alcohol) composites

In this article, we present an efficient method for isolating cellulose nanofibers from para rubberwood sawdust with a combination of chemical, mechanical, and ultrasonic treatments. The effects of the alkali concentration and treatment pathway on the cellulose structure and properties are discussed. The reinforcing efficiency of the resulting fibers on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composites was characterized. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy results revealed a well-organized network of the nanofibers with diameters in the range 20–80 nm and lengths of micrometer-scale dimensions. Fibers with a high crystallinity of 83% having a cellulose I structure were prepared by an isolation process involving a mild alkali solution and delignification before acid hydrolysis. Clear composite films with significant improvements in their modulus (by 100%) and strength (by 80%) were obtained by the addition of 7 wt % fiber. Strong interaction between the fibers and PVA was evident from dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012