Computer simulation of urban garden landscape design based on FPGA and neural network

Digital Landscape is a combination of the system and the computer software and hardware system of a high simulation model. The author analyzes the application of computer simulation in landscape design and value analysis of a city garden. In the computer-aided design, the importance of digitizing information in the landscape design process, mainly human and the interaction of computer, is reflected in the digital model's creation and multimedia performance, becoming more and more evident. To form a two-dimensional or three-dimensional spatial data, to realize real-time, statistical Analysis, using the human living environment, multi-dimensional, efficient, and humane, and environmental landscape plan to more rational and practical, used the computer simulation techniques. Effective use of urban rainwater, to reduce the flooding of urban areas, it is possible to alleviate the water crisis, the organic combination of rainwater can be used in the course of the construction of the urban landscape as well as make-up landscape, visual beautification has optimized the ecosystem, and from many rainwater utilization functions; These functions in landscape design, rainwater garden, It can be realized the rooftop garden, and the city's green. The construction and sustainable economy and the promotion of the ecological park's social development will positively sign. Suitable for rainwater regulation, water (recovery) is stored—Computer-Aided Design (CAD) green space. Technical measures save of suggestions for practical application of the square: innovation and new of space design, new artificial wetland system, and garden rainwater in the application of the regulation (population) storage system design of the water-saving of these to the sustainable development of such new square of rainwater adjustment (group) storage system design and urban landscape environment. It is useful for the application of technology.     

利用混合像元分解结合SVM提取城市绿地

从遥感图像提取城市绿地是准确获取城市绿地空间分布的基础。然而由于混合像元的存在,导致城市遥感分类精度不高。因此,利用混合像元分解结合SVM（支持向量机）法提取北京市TM图像城市绿地,并与决策树法比较,研究提高遥感提取城市绿地精度的方法。结果表明,该方法较适合复杂高维空间,对样本选取的准确性没有那么苛刻,可有效地处理城市遥感图像存在的混合像元问题,可较准确地提取城市绿地信息,其精度在92%以上,优于决策树法。     

Integrating an urban green space typology into procedural 3D visualization for collaborative planning

Urban green spaces offer multiple ecosystem services (ES), which provide a variety of benefits to human well-being. Yet in urban planning they are not taken into account systematically. Recently new tools have been developed integrating ES into procedural modeling and visualization to raise stakeholder awareness for the explicit ES trade-offs that have to be made. These tools yet do not allow fast and comprehensive integration of ES provision in urban environments. In this paper we show how urban green space typologies can be linked to ES provision for facilitating collaboration between stakeholders of different backgrounds. Based on a generic typology green spaces were mapped and linked with information on potentially provided ES and their parameters. Further, pattern designs of the green space types were described with a form-based code. Both the map of green space types and the pattern designs were integrated into the parametric modeling and visualization chain of Esri CityEngine resulting in 3D visualizations of the green space patterns and correlating ES indicators. The green space typology allows for integrating different kinds of knowledge from both science and practice communities. The procedural model enables rapid interactive visualization of urban patterns and calculation of simple indicator values on the provision of ES. The simple approach for mapping green space types with low data requirements and the generic green space design patterns allow for transferability to other places and application to large areas. The developed approach is simple and fast yet comprehensive to communicate the vital importance of all green space types within the urban environment.     

城市绿地多尺度分割提取及景观分析

探讨了利用多分辨率分割生成两种尺度的城市绿地景观。以50像元和300像元的目标分割值生成小尺度和大尺度的景观影像目标层,利用最近邻法分类两个目标层。从两个景观尺度的分类目标层中矢量化提取出绿地信息,计算分析城市绿地斑块形状与景观参数。表明基于分割产生多尺度景观的方法满足城市绿地景观研究的需求。     

Numerical modelling for analysis of the effect of different urban green spaces on urban heat load patterns in the present and in the future

This paper focuses on urban green spaces in terms of climate and human thermal comfort containing their effect on heat load mitigation. It incorporates a modelling study in which the role of green spaces was investigated in terms of heat stress modification by applying MUKLIMO_3 model. During the experiment, the thermal effects of dense trees, scattered trees, grasslands and mixed green infrastructure has been investigated in the case of Szeged (Hungary) and assessed using different climate indices. The investigations encompassed 3 climatological time periods (1981–2010, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100) and two emission scenarios for future climate (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). It was found that urban green spaces (e.g. parks) generally cool the environment, although, the cooling potential of the different green types differs. The highest reduction of heat load was found in the case of large urban parks comprising of dense trees near the downtown. The spatial extension of detected cooling was found small. However, it would increase during the future, especially in the case of grasslands. For urban planners, it is highly recommended to introduce new green sites within a city and to increase the spatial extension of the existing ones to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change in the urban environment.     

营造城市景观的第五空间——建筑屋顶花园绿化设计

随着城市化的进程不断加快,当一栋栋钢筋水泥的建筑挤满了我们周围每一寸土地时,我们才真正感受到我们生活的环境中城市绿地越来越少。城市居民对绿地的向往和对舒适优美环境中户外生活的渴望,促使屋顶绿化迅速发展,利用平屋顶造园或进行环境绿化。屋顶绿化是现在最为常用的建筑绿化的设计手法,随着城市的发展,立体绿化将会成为建筑绿化的趋势。     

面向GF-2遥感影像的U-Net城市绿地分类

目的 高分2号卫星（GF-2）是首颗民用高空间分辨率光学卫星，具有亚米级高空间分辨率与宽覆盖结合的显著特点，为城市绿地信息提取等多领域提供了重要的数据支撑。本文利用GF-2卫星多光谱遥感影像，将一种改进的U-Net卷积神经网络首次应用于城市绿地分类，提出一种面向高分遥感影像的城市绿地自动分类提取技术。方法 先针对小样本训练集容易产生的过拟合问题对U-Net网络进行改进，添加批标准化（batch normalization，BN）和dropout层获得U-Net+模型；再采用随机裁剪和随机数据增强的方式扩充数据集，使得在充分利用影像信息的同时保证样本随机性，增强模型稳定性。结果 将U-Net+模型与最大似然法（maximum likelihood estimation，MLE）、神经网络（neural networks，NNs）和支持向量机（support vector machine，SVM）3种传统分类方法以及U-Net、SegNet和DeepLabv3+这3种深度学习语义分割模型进行分类结果精度对比。改进后的U-Net+模型能有效防止过拟合，模型总体分类精度比改进前提高了1.06%。基于改进的U-Net+模型的城市绿地总体分类精度为92.73%，平均F₁分数为91.85%。各分类方法按照总体分类精度从大到小依次为U-Net+（92.73%）、U-Net （91.67%）、SegNet （88.98%）、DeepLabv3+（87.41%）、SVM （81.32%）、NNs （79.92%）和MLE （77.21%）。深度学习城市绿地分类方法能充分挖掘数据的光谱、纹理及潜在特征信息，有效降低分类过程中产生的"椒盐噪声"，具有较好的样本容错能力，比传统遥感分类方法更适用于城市绿地信息提取。结论 改进后的U-Net+卷积神经网络模型能够有效提升高分遥感影像城市绿地自动分类提取精度，为城市绿地分类提供了一种新的智能解译方法。     

近70年内蒙古呼和浩特城市演化的形态特征及影响因素剖析

城市演化的形态特征及其影响因素分析对于城市生态环境治理及国土空间管控具有重要的应用价值。然而,目前对城市形态特征演化过程的长期识别,尤其对北疆地区及少数民族地区的研究仍显不足。以呼和浩特市为例,基于遥感影像、土地利用/覆盖数据集和城市不透水面与绿地空间组分数据集等信息,利用地理统计方法,分析了1949～2018年城市扩展时空特征以及21世纪以来的城市土地覆盖变化,揭示了城市演化的影响因素,进一步探讨了城市规划在城市演化过程中的作用。研究表明：70年间,呼和浩特市区城市土地面积以“减速—保持—加速”的扩展特征增长了67.62倍,在形态上呈现“填充式—圈层式—单轴线外延—双轴线外延”模式。2000年以来,呼和浩特市区城市不透水面比例呈“先上升后下降”的趋势,城市绿地空间比例则呈现“波动上升”的趋势。国家西部大开发战略、城市总体规划等相关规划政策,以及经济因素是影响呼和浩特市城市演化的重要因素。本研究可为呼和浩特市以及北疆少数民族地区的城市可持续发展提供重要的参考。     

我国城市公共照明系统的可持续发展浅析

本文通过分析我国城市公共照明系统存在的不足之处,提出了建立可持续发展的城市照明系统应遵循的几个原则,实现"高效节能,绿色照明",在视觉功效上强调舒适安全、减少光污染体现人性化,在实施手段上强调节能减排体现绿色环保理念,实现我国城市公共照明系统的可持续发展。     

基于多源时空信息的西宁和拉萨近70年来城市扩展过程重现及地表覆盖变化分析

西宁和拉萨城市作为青藏高原人类活动的热点地区,其发展历程对青藏高原社会经济发展具有重要影响。研究基于遥感影像、城市规划图和历史地图等资料重建了西宁和拉萨城市1949基准年、1978基准年、1990年、2000年、2010年和2018年城市扩展及2000年以来城市不透水层和绿地空间组分数据,分析了1949基准年以来西宁和拉萨主城区城市扩展的时空特征,揭示了社会经济因素和政策因素对城市土地利用/覆盖变化的影响。研究结果表明：(1)新中国成立以来,西宁和拉萨主城区持续扩展,均呈现非线性的增长态势,城市土地面积分别从1949基准年的1.98 km²和1.10 km²增长到2018年的75.65 km²和76.04 km²;西宁主城区城市扩展呈现十字状的扩展态势,拉萨呈现出圈层外延式的扩展模式;(2)自2000年来,西宁和拉萨城市绿化水平显著提升。2000～2018年,西宁和拉萨城市不透水层面积分别从36.91 km²和21.56 km²增加到55.34 km     

城市公共绿地中的生态设计探析

现代生态环境是我国未来城市住宅乃至公共绿地建设的发展趋势,但是城市、地域的不同,经济发展的不平衡,也使城市住宅建设的生态课题实践呈现出多元化,多层次现象。以下分析是对城市公共绿地中生态设计的初步探讨,关注环境,关注使用者,关注景观的功能和经济性,应该是未来城市环境景观设计的目标。     

基于混合光谱分解的兰州城市热岛与下垫面空间关系分析

利用Landsat ETM+数据,采用混合像元线性光谱分解方法提取的城市植被覆盖度与不透水面表征城市下垫面,通过单窗算法反演地表真实温度,对兰州市中心城区的夏季城市热岛强度与城市下垫面的空间分布关系进行相关分析。结果显示,利用中等分辨率ETM+影像对兰州中心城区不透水面和植被盖度分布提取,其成本较低,精度令人满意;兰州城区植被覆盖、不透水面与热岛强度的分布呈空间正自相关,地表温度的空间依赖性极强,与植被盖度和不透水面在空间方向上的相关性差异较大。     

作者简介: 孙小芳(1973- ) , 女, 博士生, 现主要从事遥感图像处理及应用方面的研究。 Extraction of Green Space in Urban High Resolution Remote Sensing Image

探讨应用高分辨率遥感影像提取城市地区绿地信息。利用自相关函数计算30 个绿地样区, 结果表明在影像位移2 像元时, 自相关系数还能达到0. 95, 从而确定纹理窗口大小为53 5。纹理值计算是在全色影像灰度共生矩阵的基础上, 方向取45°、135°、225°、315°4 个方向的平均值, 计算5 个纹理参数:Mean、variance、homogeneity、contrast、secondmomen t。对全色影像和5 个纹理影像进行多分辨率分割, 对分割所形成的目标根据绿地5 个纹理特征设定阈值, 提取出绿地信息, 通过精度评定正确率达92. 8%。结果表明所采取的方法在高分辨率遥感影像的城市绿地信息的提取上具有很好的应用性。     

Remote Sensing Monitoring and Spatiotemporal Pattern of Land Use/Cover Change in Built-up Area of Tianjin in the Past 70 Years

Urban land use/cover changes have an important impact on urban ecosystem services functions and the environmental quality of human settlements. This study mapped urban expansion process using the historical data, remote sensing images and urban planning maps, and acquired the urban impervious surface and green space fraction based on big data platform. We analyzed the process of Tianjin urban expansion rate, intensity and urban land cover change since 1949, and revealed the driving factors in the process of urban expansion with social economic and policy factors. The results showed that the built-up area increased from 49.15 km² in 1949 to 663.39 km² in 2015. The expansion has undergone four stages of "acceleration – deceleration – acceleration - deceleration"; the urban expansion mode presents the filled with built-up area and along with the neighboring transportation trunk lines. The proportion of green space in the built-up area is increasing, indicating that the urban ecological greening in the main urban area of Tianjin has been improved.     

上海城市绿地对周边温度场影响范围的初步研究

采用遥感和地理信息系统相结合的方法，研究了上海市城区绿地和温度场分布现状，以及绿地对周边温度场的影响，指出了中巴资源一号卫星热红外通道的热场等值线图能精确细致地反映热场的分布状况。通过选取相对独立的绿地缓冲分析区域，研究温度场中低温百分比和绿地面积的关系，建立和给出绿地对温度场影响距离的拟合公式，从而初步得出绿地对温度场的影响规律。     

基于WebGIS的远程自动化灌溉系统研究

水是维持城市活动的重要基础，也是城市绿地的命脉。本文利用WebGIS技术、GSM技术和自动化技术研究开发了基于WebGIS的远程都市绿地节水灌溉自动化监控系统。本文主要介绍了该系统的组成和实现过程。最后给出了在北京植物园应用情况介绍，通过试验示范验证了该系统的可操作性。     

城市公共垃圾箱设计探析

从垃圾箱类型、设计要素、设计原则、发展方向等角度对城市公共垃圾箱设计做了详细地分析、梳理和归纳。围绕"科技、绿色环保、智能"主题,展望未来城市公共垃圾箱所具有的新功能、新概念,强调将城市公共垃圾箱设计成街道新景观,对居民和谐生活、城市和谐发展的积极意义。     

Study on the cooling effects of urban parks on surrounding environments using Landsat TM data: a case study in Guangzhou,southern China

The temperature cooling effects of ten urban parks on surrounding environments in Guangzhou, southern China, are analysed and quantified using Landsat Thematic Mapper data. The results show that there is a temperature rise (about 1.74°C) between green spaces of parks and bare-ground areas of the surroundings. For those parks whose green area percentage is more than 69% and length:width ratio is close to 1, the average temperature differences between boundaries and surrounding sites of parks have linear relationships with the green areas of parks (R ² > 0.82). Moreover, the nonlinear relationship between the average cooling distance of parks and green areas can be simulated very well using a logarithmic curve (R ² > 0.93). When the green areas of parks are smaller than 10 566 m², parks will have no temperature cooling effects on their surrounding environments. When the green areas of parks reach 740 000 m², the increase of temperature cooling distance is less than 1 m per 10 000 m² increase of the green area. The most appropriate size of green areas of urban parks should fall between 10 566 and 740 000 m². For those parks with water areas larger than 128 889 m², the temperature cooling effects are usually more remarkable. When the length:width ratios of the green areas of urban parks are more than or equal to 2, their temperature cooling distances are always larger than those with length:width ratios equal to 1 given similar green area. Parks with larger green areas (37 163 m²) or larger water areas (>128 889 m²) will have more significant temperature cooling effects in June than in October.     

城市路网交通分散协调控制

针对城市路网交通系统规模大和非线性、不确定性强等特点，利用模糊神经网络设计了一种新的实时分散协调控制算法．把城市区域和市内快速公路作为一个路网大系统，子系统为路网中的各个交叉口；每个子系统都有一个模糊神经网络控制器，该控制器根据它自己和相邻子系统的交通流信息来动态管理相序及绿灯时间．控制器由3个模块组成：相序选择模块、绿灯判断模块和相位切换模块．控制器的控制目标是保持快速公路主线密度均衡和区域内各车辆平均延误时间最短．仿真研究表明，该算法能有效处理各种路网交通环境．     

Research on economic benefits of multi-city logistics development based on data-driven analysis

This study aims to measure the logistics economic efficiency of major first-tier cities in China and propose the interactive development plan of the green logistics industry based on the division of the urban agglomeration. In this study, the evaluation system for the logistics input and economic output of urban agglomerations is firstly established based on data-driven analytics, and a green logistics economic efficiency model using the dataset from 2008 to 2017 is constructed to estimate the input–output efficiency, development trend, and spatial differentiation of urban agglomerations comprehensively. Finally, the Shapley value method is adopted to obtain the specific distribution plan of logistics investment. The results show that the logistics economic efficiency of the 9 major urban agglomerations is all greater than 1 under the constant returns-to-scale (CRS) hypothesis while the average logistics economic efficiency of Pearl River Delta region, Chengdu-Chongqing region, and Shandong Peninsula region is significantly less than 1 under the medium returns-to-scale (MRS) hypothesis. The comprehensive input–output efficiency of five out of 9 major Chinese urban agglomerations showed a downward trend, with the highest declining rate of 5.9% in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. The urban agglomeration with the highest increase rate in input–output efficiency from 2013 to 2017 is the Chengdu-Chongqing region, which reached 3.97%.