水翼非定常空化流场的数值模拟

采用修正的RNGk-ε湍流模型对8°攻角NACA0015水翼的非定常二维空化流场进行数值模拟,分析当空化数分别为1和1.5,对应雷诺数为3×105时绕翼型的非定常流动,得到不同空化数下的非定常空化流场结构及其演化过程的流动特性.计算结果表明,回射流在空泡的形成和发展过程中起着重要的作用.空泡首先出现于水翼的前缘,在其产生的位置形成一个顺时针的漩涡,漩涡沿水翼上表面向下游移动.空泡逐渐长大并脱落,在不同空化数下,空泡脱落的位置不同.空泡形成和发展过程中均伴有压力的波动,大空化数流场的压力波动幅度和频率都明显高于小空化数流场.     

通气对超空泡航行体自由运动的弹道特性影响试验研究

为了探究超空泡航行体自由运动过程的弹道特性,开展了无动力航行体在通气和不通气情况下的试验。发射装置使用高压气体将航行体发射出管。利用高速摄像机记录自由航行的空泡形态,同时由内测系统记录运动参数和空泡内压力变化。详细分析了通气和不通气下的试验结果,阐述了通气对航行体运动的影响。试验结果表明:通气情况下,在航行速度和通气率共同影响下,空化数保持在某值附近波动变化,航行体以超空泡状态稳定航行;不通气时,航行体依次以超空泡和闭合于圆柱段的双空泡状态稳定航行,当空泡闭合于航行体肩部时运动失稳。因此,采取通气方式降低空化数有助于维持航行体运动的稳定性。     

尾翼楔角对通气超空泡特性影响试验研究

为优化通气超空泡航行体流体动力布局,通过水洞试验,研究了航行体尾翼对通气超空泡航行体流体动力的影响.细致分析了通气超空泡的生成和发展过程,给出了尾翼、尾翼楔角对通气超空泡航行体流体动力的影响规律.试验结果表明:航行体尾翼增大了通气超空泡航行体阻力系数与升力系数.通气超空泡航行体阻力系数与升力系数分别随自然空化数减小而减小.通气超空泡航行体阻力系数与升力系数随通气率增大先小幅增加后减小.尾翼楔角越大,通气超空泡航行体升力系数越大.     

超空化航行体前部外径对空泡影响的研究

文章基于CFD技术和水洞试验,对超空化航行体通气装置外径尺寸对空化流场的影响进行了研究.数值计算结果表明:航行体的前部外径对航行体超空泡的生成和形态有重要影响,若Rw取值偏大将会使空化流场出现空化不连续现象,甚至改变超空泡的脱体边界.文中以数值计算结果为依据,建立了航行体超空泡可以正常生成的航行体前部外径最大临界值公式.同时设计了三个航行体头部模型在水洞实验室进行了实验研究,实验结果验证了所建立公式的正确性,文中结论为进一步研究人工通气超空化奠定了基础.     

水下通气空泡航行体结构模态及冲击响应研究

将航行体水下通气空泡简化为空气弹簧,并基于结构水下附加质量与空气弹簧作用原理,推导了水下通气空泡航行体在局部通气空泡包裹下的流固耦合振动方程.基于该振动方程,对通气空泡航行体在不同空泡长度包裹下的模态频率以及冲击载荷作用下的结构响应进行了分析,并将结果与将通气空泡简化为真空情况的计算结果进行对比.研究结果表明,结构的模态频率随通气空泡长度的增大而波动增大;通气空泡刚度对结构模态频率的影响随模态阶数的增大而减小;在冲击载荷作用下,通气空泡长度越大,响应幅值越小、响应频率越高.     

超空泡航行体前部线型对空泡生成速度影响实验研究

基于航行体超空泡理论和格兰威尔线型设计方法,设计了3种具有不同前部线型的航行体模型。并针对所设计的3种模型和具有锥形前部外型的航行体模型在西北工业大学水洞进行了超空泡生成速度的实验研究。结果表明:①航行体前部线型对超空泡生成速度的影响程度与航行体的轴向压力分布和斜率分布有关,模型表面的压力和斜率轴向分布曲线越平坦或变化率越小,越有利于提高航行体超空泡生成速度;②航行体超空泡生成速度与通气流量有关,增大通气流量可以减小航行体超空泡生成时间。文中结果为提高航行体超空泡生成速度提供一条技术途径和研究方法。     

带空化器回转体空化流场研究

为深入研究绕带空化器回转体的空化流场结构,采用试验和数值模拟的方法对带不同尺度空化器回转体的空化流动进行了研究。运用高速全流场流动显示技术获得了不同空化数下绕回转体的空泡形态,运用粒子图像测速技术(DPIV)测量了相应工况下流场的时均速度和时均涡量分布。研究结果表明:空化器尺度对绕回转体空化流动有重要影响,对于自然空化,不同尺度空化器初生空化数不同,空化器越大越有利于空化的产生,并有利于空泡的发展;对于通气空化,在相同通气率下,绕小尺度空化器回转体产生的空泡长度大于绕大尺度空化器回转体的泡长,且绕小尺度空化器回转体容易达到稳定的超空泡状态。这是由于在大空化器后部流动分离明显,存在更加复杂的漩涡运动,从而不容易产生稳定的空泡。在相同通气率和傅汝德数下,绕带不同空化器的回转体形成的空泡形态不同,空泡的脱落方式和周期也不同。     

基于SST湍流模型的圆盘空化器超空泡特性仿真分析

基于全空化模型和SST k-ω湍流模型,对圆盘空化器的空化流动进行了仿真。首先,分析了平头回转体表面的压力分布,所得结果与Rouse和Mc Nown的试验结果符合良好,验证了文中数值方法的有效性。其次,计算得到了不同空化数下无攻角圆盘空化器的超空泡形态特性和阻力特性,并与经验公式进行比较,二者具有良好的一致性。最后,对带攻角圆盘空化器进行了仿真,分析了攻角对超空泡形态特性和流体动力特性的影响。研究表明空化数和攻角都对超空泡的主要尺寸有影响,而攻角还会对超空泡的对称性和回射流现象产生显著的影响,此外攻角对圆盘空化器的流体动力特性也有比较大的影响,尤其是对升力系数有着直接的影响。研究结果为圆盘空化器在水下航行体上的应用提供了参考。     

通气流量对超空泡外形特征影响实验研究

通气超空泡技术是提高水下航行体速度的一种重要方式,生成稳定的空泡形态是该技术的重要环节。在高速水洞实验室中进行了超空泡的生成和形态稳定性实验研究,获得了大量通气超空泡的记录。通过对空泡的外形进行量化处理,获得了通气流量以及空化数对细长体超空泡长度和直径等几何特征量的影响规律,同时对实验结果进行了定性和定量分析。实验证实了通气流量率是影响超空泡尺度的最重要因素,对二者关系进行了拟合并与同类文献进行了比较,提出了实现超空泡外形调控的通气规律。     

潜射航行体肩部通气流体动力特性数值研究

为研究潜射航行体肩部通气空泡流对其表面流体动力特性的影响,基于均质多相流理论、标准RNG k-ε模型、Singhal空化模型以及重叠网格技术,建立三维潜射航行体肩部通气模型,开展通气非定常空泡流演变过程数值模拟研究,对比了不同通气量下空泡流形态演化、表面压力分布以及阻力特性.结果表明:当通气量增加到一定值后,通气空泡流...     

Validation of dynamic cavitation model for unsteady cavitating flow on NACA66

Unsteady cavitating flow is extremely complicated and brings more serious damages and unignorable problems compared with steady cavitating flow.CFD has become a practical way to model cavitation;however,the popularly used full cavitation model cannot reflect the pressure-change that the bubble experiences during its life path in the highly unsteady flow like cloud cavitating.Thus a dynamic cavitation model(DCM)is proposed and it has been considered to have not only the first-order pressure effects but also zero-order effect and can provide greater insight into the physical process of bubble producing,developing and collapsing compared to the traditional cavitation model.DCM has already been validated for steady cavitating flow,and the results were reported.Furthermore,DCM is designed and supposed to be more accurate and efficient in modeling unsteady cavitating flow,which is also the purpose of this paper.The basic characteristic of the unsteady cavitating flow,such as the vapor volume fraction distribution and the evolution of pressure amplitude and frequency at different locations of the hydrofoil,are carefully studied to validate DCM.It is found that not only these characteristics mentioned above accord well with the experimental results,but also some detailed transient flow information is depicted,including the re-entrant jet flow that caused the shedding of the cavity,and the phenomenon of two-peak pressure fluctuation in the vicinity of the cavity closure in a cycle.The numerical results validate the capability of DCM for the application of modeling the complicated unsteady cavitating flow.     

Impingement capability of high-pressure submerged water jet: Numerical prediction and experimental verification

At jet pressures ranging from 80 to 120 MPa, submerged water jets are investigated by numerical simulation and experiment. Numerical simulation enables a systematic analysis of major flow parameters such as jet velocity, turbulent kinetic energy as well as void fraction of cavitation. Experiments facilitate an objective assessment of surface morphology, micro hardness and surface roughness of the impinged samples. A comparison is implemented between submerged and non-submerged water jets. The results show that submerged water jet is characterized by low velocity magnitudes relative to non-submerged water jet at the same jet pressure. Shear effect serves as a key factor underlying the inception of cavitation in submerged water jet stream. Predicted annular shape of cavity zone is substantiated by local height distributions associated with experimentally obtained footprints. As jet pressure increases, joint contribution of jet kinetic energy and cavitation is demonstrated. While for non-submerged water jet, impingement force stems exclusively from flow velocity.     

球体入水空泡动态特性

为研究球体低速入水的空泡特性以及空泡的形成对球体运动特性的影响,基于独立膨胀原理对充分发展后的空泡形态建立了理论模型,采用高速相机对不同速度的球体入水过程进行拍摄,观察球体入水从没有空泡到空泡充分发展的过程,分析了空泡的形成对球体后方射流的影响以及空泡对球体的运动特性的影响,研究了空泡的动态特性.结果表明,在球体入水没有形成空泡时,球体后方的射流以水柱的形式向上溅射;在形成稳定的空泡后,在空泡表面闭合前射流向四周溅射,空泡表面闭合后射流主要向上溅射.由于球体入水速度的变化、入水空泡的形成以及入水撞击时冲击力的影响,球体的加速度变化比较复杂,球体的阻力系数受到入水空泡的影响而明显减小.用建立的空泡形态理论模型得到了入水空泡截面积随时间的变化,并与实验结果进行了对比,对比结果显示了较好的一致性,分析表明不同深度处空泡从发展到破灭的时间大致相同,深度较小处的空泡截面积较大.     

自然超空泡航行体弹道稳定性分析

针对空化数实时变化的自然超空泡航行体的弹道稳定性问题,建立了纵平面内的简化运动方程,完成了弹道仿真程序的改进和完善,并仿真分析了其在110 m/s速度下的弹道特性.仿真结果表明,由于空化数变化使航行体受力失衡,航行体的姿态与受力互相影响,使航行体在超空泡壁面附近做规律性的振荡.     

Computational modeling of cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen by an extended transport-based cavitation model

Developing a robust computational strategy to address the rich physical characteristic involved in the thermodynamic effects on the cryogenic cavitation remains a challenge in research. The objective of the present study is to focus on developing modelling strategy to simulate cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen. For this purpose, numerical simulation over a 2D quarter caliber hydrofoil is investigated by calibrating cavitation model parameters and implementing the thermodynamic effects to the Zwart cavitation model. Experimental measurements of pressure and temperature are utilized to validate the extensional Zwart cavitation model. The results show that the cavitation dynamics characteristic under the cryogenic environment are different from that under the isothermal conditions: the cryogenic case yields a substantially shorter cavity around the hydrofoil, and the predicted pressure and temperature inside the cavity are steeper under the cryogenic conditions. Compared with the experimental data, the computational predictions with the modified evaporation and condensation parameters display better results than the default parameters from the room temperature liquids. Based on a wide range of computations and comparisons, the extensional Zwart cavitation model may predict more accurately the quasi-steady cavitation over a hydrofoil in liquid nitrogen by primarily altering the evaporation rate near the leading edge and the condensation rate in the cavity closure region.     

液氢和液氮绕水翼空化流动特性分析

为分析液氢和液氮两种低温流体介质的空化特性,通过对CFX软件二次开发,将Schnerr-Sauer空化模型和液氮、液氢随温度变化的物性参数嵌入到CFX求解代码中,同时耦合求解考虑汽化潜热影响的能量方程,从而在考虑热力学效应条件下,开展了液氢和液氮绕水翼空化流动的三维数值模拟研究,并将计算结果与试验数据进行对比,验证了数值方法的有效性.计算结果表明,热力学效应对液氢空化区域压力和温度参数变化影响更显著,在液氮空化核心区域内液相体积分数比液氢中的更小,在空泡尾部闭合区域从汽相向液相转化迅速.汽-液两相间质量传输特性可作为评估空化区域内温度、压力以及相体积分数分布的有效依据.     

尾缘射流式垂直轴风力机气动特性数值分析

为抑制翼型表面流动分离并提高风力机叶片气动性能,将可靠性较高的吹气射流技术应用于垂直轴风力机叶片尾缘。采用数值模拟方法分析不同尾缘射流角度对垂直轴风力机风能利用系数、力矩系数及单叶压力与整机涡量的影响。模拟结果表明:在最佳尖速比(2.63)时,10°射流可以有效降低翼型尾缘脱落涡频率,有效控制叶片尾迹效应,整机效率及运行稳定性均优于0°尾缘射流式垂直轴风力机;在较低尖速比时,风力机单叶力矩峰值均集中在120°相位角,尾缘10°射流对整机力矩系数有显著提升效果;在较高尖速比时,单叶翼型压力面存在较大正压区,风能利用系数最大可提高11%左右,气动性能明显优于无射流垂直轴风力机。尾缘射流降低了风力机叶片所需承受的轴向载荷,提高了风力机输出功率。不同角度尾缘射流均能有效降低叶片表面流动损失进而延缓流动分离,数值结果为尾缘射流式垂直轴风力机的工程应用提供了部分参考价值。     

Experimental investigations on separation control and flow structure around a circular cylinder with synthetic jet

Circular cylinder separation control and flow structure influenced by the synthetic jet have been experimentally investigated in a water channel. The synthetic jet issues from a slot and ejects toward upstream from the front stagnation point of the cylinder. It has been found that, similar to the traditional synthetic jet which is positioned near the separation point or inside the separation region, the present synthetic jet arrangement constitutes an efficient way to control flow separation of the circular cylinder, but with a different control mechanism. The present synthetic jet leads to an upstream displacement of the front stagnation point and the formation of a vortex pair near both sides of the exit orifice. When Re _u based on the synthetic jet average exit orifice velocity is about lower than 43, a closed envelope forms in front of the windward side of the cylinder during the blowing cycle of synthetic jet, which acts as an apparent modification for the cylinder configuration. When Re _u is high enough, an open envelope forms upstream of the cylinder, and the flow around the cylinder becomes much energetic. Thus, regardless of Re _u, the present synthetic jet can improve separation for flow around a circular cylinder. With regard to the leeward side, as Re _u increases, the flow separation region behind the cylinder gradually disappears. The flow over cylinder may be fully attached when the open envelope forms upstream of the cylinder and Re _u is greater than 344. Then, the flow past the cylinder will converge near the back stagnation point of the cylinder, where a new vortex pair shedding periodically is generated due to the high shear layer. Recommended by Prof. DONG ZengNan, Member of Editorial Committee of Science in China, Series E: Technological Sciences Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10425207)     

Aerodynamic drag analysis of double-deck container vehicles with different structures

To study the aerodynamic performance of a new six-axis X2K double-deck container vehicle,numerical simulation was done based on three-dimensional,steady Navier-Stokes equations and k-ε turbulence model.The results show that the pressure on the front surface of vehicle is positive,and others are negative.The maximum negative one appears as a gate shape on front surfaces.The pressure on vehicle increases with train speed,and pressure on vehicles with cross-loaded structure is smaller than that without it.The ...