粗皮桉AS-AQ浆氧脱木素后的过氧化氢漂白

研究粗皮桉AS-AQ浆氧脱木素后的过氧化氢漂白工艺,并对漂前预处理进行了探讨。结果表明:粗皮桉AS-AQ氧漂浆在进行过氧化氢漂白前采用高锰酸钾进行预处理,预处理条件为高锰酸钾用量0.6%,温度25℃,时间20 min,硫酸3%,浆浓5%,可以有效地提高纸浆的白度,降低卡伯值,同时纸浆黏度下降比例不大。使用柠檬酸钠取代硅酸钠和硫酸镁作为过氧化氢漂白的稳定剂是可行的,添加2%的柠檬酸钠作稳定剂可以达到添加3%的硅酸钠作稳定剂的效果。过氧化氢漂白的最佳工艺条件为:过氧化氢用量3%,温度90℃,时间120 min,氢氧化钠用量1.5%,柠檬酸钠2%,浆浓10%。在最优条件下,纸浆白度可以达到80.8%ISO。     

二氰二胺用于马尾松硫酸盐浆的漂白

通过正交试验研究二氰二胺在马尾松硫酸盐浆漂白中的应用。结果表明:在过氧化氢漂白段影响纸浆白度的主要因素是二氰二胺用量,其次是漂白时间和氢氧化钠用量,而温度对漂白的效果影响最小。过氧化氢漂白段的适宜工艺条件为:过氧化氢用量3%,浆浓10%,二氰二胺用量1.6%,漂白时间60min,氢氧化钠用量3%,漂白温度70℃,硫酸镁用量0.5%,硅酸钠用量3%。在上述适宜条件下,漂后纸浆白度可达90.57%ISO,较未添加二氰二胺的漂后纸浆白度提高5.57%ISO。     

过氧化氢漂白稳定剂对漂后蔗渣浆性能的影响

研究了非硅过氧化氢漂白稳定剂（PP-1＋PP-2）对蔗渣压力过氧化氢漂白浆强度性能和纤维形态的影响。研究结果表明：添加0．1％PP-1＋0．5％PP-2的稳定剂后,蔗渣压力过氧化氢漂白浆的白度达到85．0％ISO。与使用硅酸钠的漂后浆相比,非硅稳定剂（PP-1＋PP-2）漂后浆的抗张指数提高了2．6N．m／g,撕裂指数和耐破指数基本相当。（PP-1＋PP-2）作为稳定剂的蔗渣漂后浆的纤维长度、宽度和粗度与Na2SiO3漂后浆的相当,但纤维卷曲指数和细小纤维的含量低于Na2SiO3漂后的蔗渣浆。（P-1＋PP-2）漂后的蔗渣浆与Na2SiO3的漂后浆相比,纸浆的表面电荷和羧基含量较高,而Z电位较低。     

非硅过氧化氢漂白稳定剂

介绍了一种非硅过氧化氢漂白稳定剂,并优化了脱墨过程中各主要化学品的用量。结果表明,在适宜的用量下,采用非硅过氧化氢漂白稳定剂时脱墨浆白度为57.2%ISO,比单独使用硅酸钠时脱墨浆的白度(56.7%ISO)高。     

麦草乙醇浆臭氧漂白后过氧化氢补充漂白

麦草浆常规漂白工艺污染较大,故采用QZP短序TCF工艺漂白乙醇麦草浆。本文对麦草乙醇浆臭氧漂白后H2O2补充漂白进行了研究。高锰酸钾值18.2,白度26.4%ISO,黏度1135mL.g-1。经臭氧漂白后(臭氧用量为1.2%时),麦草乙醇浆高锰酸钾值4.0,白度增加到60%ISO,黏度为966mL.g-1。研究结果表明,在纸浆浓度12%,柠檬酸三钠用量1.0%情况下,H2O2补充漂白最佳条件为:H2O2用量3.0%,NaOH用量1.8%,漂白温度70℃,漂白时间120min,漂后浆的高锰酸钾值2.0,白度84%ISO,黏度908mL.g-1。     

漆酶-介体系统处理麦草化学浆全无氯漂白性能的研究

采用漂酶-介体系统对麦草化学浆进行预处理．研究了几种全无氯漂白(TCF漂白)[氧碱脱木质素配合两段过氧化氢漂白(OEPP)、两段过氧化氢漂白(QPP)和过乙酸配合一段过氧化氢漂白(PaP)]对漆酶处理后纸浆漂白性能的作用。结果表明：麦草浆经过漆酶预处理后．白度上升了12．9个白度单位(％．ISO)，漆酶处理浆氧碱脱木质素配合过氧化氢漂白后比原浆在相同条件下漂白后白度高14个白度单位以上．经两段过氧化氢漂白后白度比原浆在相同条件下(过氧化氢用量4％)漂白后白度高18．3个白度单位．经过乙酸过氧化氢漂白后比原浆在相同条件下漂白后白度高8．1个白度单位。漆酶处理浆漂白后强度比原浆漂白后低。但是其白度高．如漂至相同的白度可以节约大量漂剂，有利于改善浆的质量．降低漂白废水的污染负荷。     

AS-AQ麦草浆氧脱木素后的过氧化氢漂白

研究了氧脱木素后的AS-AQ麦草浆H2O2漂白工艺,并对漂前预处理进行了探讨。结果表明：采用预处理剂X对浆料进行H2O2漂前预处理能够显著提高漂浆白度;在提高H2O2漂白效率方面,预处理剂X预处理优于EDTA、DTPA等传统预处理方式;柠檬酸钠可以替代Na2SiO3用作H2O2漂白稳定剂。H2O2漂白最适宜的工艺条件为：浆浓12%,H2O23%,NaOH1.2%,柠檬酸钠1%,温度95℃,时间120min。在优化条件下,漂终白度达83.9%ISO。     

四乙酰乙二胺(TAED)对稻草高得率浆双氧水漂白的影响

研究了四乙酰乙二胺(TAED)作为活化剂对稻草高得率浆双氧水漂白的活化效果,并在TAED的作用下以漂后白度为指标考察不同条件对活化效果的影响,以此确定最佳漂白条件。结果表明:最佳漂白工艺为浆浓10%,时间30min,温度70℃,TAED与H2O2摩尔比0.5,NaOH用量4%,H2O2用量6%,Na2SiO3用量3%,MgSO4用量0.05%;在该条件下,漂后浆的白度值为52.4%ISO,比原浆白度增加值可达38.6%ISO,比单纯的H2O2漂白提高了7.8%ISO。     

速生杨NaOH-AQ浆短程序漂白

对速生杨NaOH-AQ浆进行了短程序漂白,并优化了漂白工艺条件.结果表明,HDD漂白程序在H段NaCIO用量6%,D1段CIO2用量0.8%,D2段CIO2用量0.6%时漂白浆白度达81.7%ISO.HDED漂白程序在H段NaCIO用量6%,D1段和D2段CIO2用量均为0.8%时漂白效果较好,漂白浆白度为85.5%1SO.H/DED漂白程序在H/D段NaCIO用量6%,CIO2用量0.6%,D段CIO2用量0.8%时可将速生杨NaOH-AQ浆漂至85.0%ISO以上.三种漂白程序CH/DED优于HDD和HDED漂序,优化的H/DEpD三段漂序漂白可获得87.0%ISO以上的高白度.     

祭祀纸生产用浆漂白工艺研究

通过单因素实验探讨了全竹浆生产祭祀纸的H2O2漂白的工艺参数,找出了H2O2漂白的适宜工艺条件。在H2O2用量9%,温度80℃,时间120min,浆浓10%,NaOH1.5%,Na2SiO33%,漂白助剂0.2%的条件下,漂后浆白度为29.1%ISO,比原浆白度提高了13.8%ISO。且原浆经过氧化氢—连二亚硫酸钠两段漂白后白度达到36.2%ISO,与原浆(白度15.3%ISO)相比白度提高了21个百分点,达到并超过生产厂家对漂白浆的要求。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.