Plasma amino acids determined by liquid chromatography within 17 minutes

We present an HPLC method for the determination of amino acids in plasma. The method is based on automated precolumn derivatization of amino acids with o-phthalaldehyde, separation of the derivatives by reversed-phase chromatography, and quantification by fluorescence detection. Complete separation was achieved within 12 min. Total analysis time, including derivatization, chromatography, and reequilibration of the column, was 17 min. The assay was linear from 5 to 800 mumol/L for all amino acids. Recovery of amino acids added to plasma samples was 96-106%, except for tryptophan (89%). Within-run precision (CV) was 1.8-6.4%, and between-run precision was 2.1-7.2%. The method can be used for determining primary amino acids in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The simple sample preparation and short analysis time make the method particularly suitable for routine analysis of large series of samples.     

Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay method for pharmacokinetic evaluation of busulfan

The development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for determination of busulfan concentrations in human plasma for pharmacokinetic studies is described. Plasma samples containing busulfan and 1,6-bis(methanesulfonyloxy)hexane, and internal standard, were prepared by derivatization with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) followed by addition of methanol and extraction with ethyl acetate. The extract was dried under nitrogen and the samples reconstituted with 100 microl of methanol prior to HPLC determination. Chromatography was accomplished using a Waters NovaPak octadecylsilyl (ODS) (150 x 3.9 mm I.D.) analytical column, NovaPak ODS guard column, and mobile phase of methanol-water (80:20, v/v) at a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min with UV detection at 251 nm. The limit of detection was 0.0200 microg/ml (signal-to-noise ratio of 6) with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.0600 microg/ml for busulfan in plasma. Calibration curves were linear from 0.0600 to 3.00 microg/ml in plasma (500 microl) using a 1/y weighting scheme. Precision of the assay, as represented by C.V. of the observed peak area ratio values, ranged from 4.41 to 13.5% (13.5% at LOQ). No day-to-day variability was observed in predicted concentration values and the bias was low for all concentrations evaluated (bias: 0 to 4.76%; LOQ: 2.91%). The mean derivatization and extraction yield observed for busulfan in plasma at 0.200, 1.20 and 2.00 microg/ml was 98.5% (range 93.4 to 107%). Plasma samples containing potential busulfan metabolites and co-administered drugs, which may be present in clinical samples, provided no response indicating this assay procedure is selective for busulfan. This method was used to analyze plasma concentrations following administration of a 1 mg/kg oral busulfan dose.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定地质样品中铌和钽的探讨

采用粉末压片制样,利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)对地质样品中铌、钽的X射线荧光强度与含量关系进行了讨论。对低含量铌、钽的测量条件进行了优化,铌的检出限为1.0 μg/g,钽的检出限为3.1 μg/g;对水系沉积物标准样品GBW07311进行精密度考察, 铌、钽测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)小于2.0%;对地质样品进行分析,测定值与电感耦合等离子体质谱法的结果相一致。当地质样品中铌含量高时,铌的谱线强度在峰值处下降,呈凹状,这是因为铌的含量过高使光管计数率达到上限溢出,从而引起元素本身出现自吸现象。实验通过选择低管电压和管电流(40 kV-40 mA)解决了自吸现象,此条件适用于大批样品的测试;而使用常规管电压和管电流(50 kV-60 mA),以Nb-Kβ作为分析线,则适用于少量样品的多种元素同时测定;对高含量铌、钽样品进行分析,测定值与重量法测定值一致。实验方法满足了地质样品中不同含量铌、钽的测试要求。     

激发室空气吸附对火花放电原子发射光谱法 测定汽车板钢氧含量精密度的影响

针对采用火花放电原子发射光谱法(SDOES)测定氧时检出限较高的问题,实验探讨了激发室空气吸附对SDOES测定汽车板钢中氧精密度的影响。研究发现,由于伯努利效应,空气被吸入激发室而产生吸附,吸入的氧气、水蒸气不能被放电前的预冲氩完全除去,导致氧分析精密度变差。采取在不分析样品时将用的密封块把激发孔盖上,此外分析时注意将试样加工平整、保持样品与激发平台弥合、减少大气吸入等隔离空气的措施后,O 130.1nm谱线的背景波动得到有效控制,氧测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)由密封前的14.2%降低至密封后的5.5%。用低合金钢标准样品绘制氧校准曲线的相关系数(r)为0.9902,测定下限降至0.00096%。对氧质量分数分别为0.0037%和0.0011%的样品进行精密度考察,结果的RSD分别为7.5%和9.8%。汽车板试样的实验方法分析结果与国家标准脉冲加热惰气熔融-红外线吸收法分析结果之差小于GB/T 11261—2006临界差(CD_0.95)。在实验条件下,批量分析氧试样时工作效率优于红外法。     

铁矿石矿物组分的X射线粉晶衍射半定量分析

为了确定大台沟铁矿含铁矿物种类与含量,在大台沟超深铁矿采集29件铁矿石样品,利用X射线粉晶衍射物相分析方法对铁矿矿物组分进行检测。物相分析结果表明,大台沟铁矿中可作为炼铁原料的含铁矿物组分为磁铁矿、赤铁矿和菱铁矿,不能作为炼铁原料的含铁矿物组分为滑石、角闪石、绿泥石和黄铁矿;结合全谱拟合半定量矿物分析技术,计算出各矿物组分的半定量结果,从而查清了大台沟铁矿含铁矿物的种类与含量。为了考察分析方法的精密度,在相同条件下对同一铁矿石样品进行X射线粉晶衍射半定量分析,样品中石英质量分数在59.0%～60.7%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.0%;磁铁矿质量分数在27.8%～29.5%之间,RSD为2.1%;滑石质量分数在9.6%～10.3%之间,RSD为2.9%;白云石质量分数在1.2%～1.6%之间,RSD为11.3%。为了考察分析方法的准确度,按不同比例配制4个标准样品,每个标样平行测定5次,计算出铁矿物参考值10%、30%、50%、70%的相对偏差分别不大于12.8%、4.7%、2.8%、2.5%。精密度及准确度的考察结果显示,方法基本满足X射线粉晶衍射矿物半定量分析的质量要求。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铀铌铅矿重选流程样品中铀

采用HCl、HNO_3、HF和HClO_4溶解铀铌铅矿,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICPMS)测定了铀铌铅矿重选流程样品(原矿、精矿、中矿和尾矿)中铀(U)。通过选择合适的同位素238 U避免了质谱干扰,通过稀释基体质量浓度不大于0.30mg/mL和选择45ng/mL185 Re为内标相结合的方法消除了非质谱干扰。实验表明,在选定的实验条件下,U质谱强度与ρ(U)在5~60ng/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,校准曲线相关系数r为0.999 2,方法检出限为0.000 4ng/mL。将实验方法应用于铀铌铅矿重选流程中的原矿、精矿、中矿和尾矿实际样品中U的测定,所得结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.80%~3.9%,加标回收率为102%~106%。采用实验方法对铀铌铅矿重选流程样品(原矿、精矿、中矿和尾矿)中任意3个流程样品中的U含量进行测定,将其测定值代入质量守恒定律计算得到第4个流程样品中U含量的计算值,由实验方法对第4个流程样品中U含量的测定值与其计算值相比可计算得到第4个流程样品中U的回算率,实验表明,U的回算率为98%~106%。     

乙酸乙酯萃取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定宽范围纯度足金中的铜银铅镉

足金样品的检测有着广泛市场需求,但常用的火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对于铅、镉质量分数均小于0.0001%的足金样品无能为力,而电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)标准加入校正-内标法不能用于银、铜含量高(质量分数均大于0.001%)的足金样品检测。采用王水溶解样品后直接用乙酸乙酯萃取,以2%~5%(体积分数)硝酸为测定介质,建立了ICP-MS测定纯度为99.9%~99.999%足金中铜、银、铅、镉4种主要杂质元素的方法。干扰试验表明,足金中高含量银对测定铜、铅、镉没有干扰。在选定的实验条件下,各元素校准曲线的相关系数不小于0.9994,方法测定下限为0.01~0.19μg/g。将实验方法应用于足金实际样品分析,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.3%~2.6%,加标回收率为99%~105%。采用实验方法对3种纯度(99.9%、99.99%、99.999%)足金样品中的铜、银、铅和镉进行测定,测得结果分别与原子吸收光谱法(AAS)或ICP-MS标准加入校正-内标法基本一致。方法可实现纯度为99.9%~99.999%足金中银、铜、铅、镉的测定。     

碱熔-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定富铟烟灰中铟

富铟烟灰样品种类较多,此类样品使用常规的酸不能完全溶解,需要使用强碱在高温条件下熔样.实验采用过氧化钠熔解试样,盐酸浸取,能使样品溶解完全.试液分取后使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定铟.铟的质量浓度为1.00～20.00 μg/mL时,校准曲线的线性相关系数r为0.9999,检出限为0.001％...     

溶样方法对电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铝土矿中稀土元素的影响

对电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定痕量稀土元素的条件进行了优化,并讨论了敞开式混合酸多次分解法、封闭溶样法、碱熔法3种溶样方法对ICP-MS测定铝土矿中稀土元素的影响。结果表明:采用敞开式混合酸多次分解法和碱熔法溶解样品后,均可实现ICP-MS对铝土矿样品中稀土元素的测定;敞开式混合酸多次分解法与ICP-MS相结合测定稀土元素的方法检出限为0.003～0.028 μg/g,较碱熔法0.010～0.066 μg/g低;敞开式混合酸多次分解法与ICP-MS相结合测定稀土元素的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.1%～2.8%,碱熔法为2.8%～5.6%,这说明敞开式混合酸多次分解法与ICP-MS相结合方法的测定精密度较高。敞开式混合酸多次分解法具有操作简便,对仪器污染小的优点,但对于个别类型铝土矿样品(如一水硬铝石型铝土矿)不能够完全溶解,从而导致ICP-MS对个别铝土矿样品中稀土元素的测定结果偏低;碱熔法能将所有类型铝土矿样品全部溶解,因此碱熔法与ICP-MS相结合可测定所有类型铝土矿样品中的稀土元素,但该法溶样时试剂用量大、流程复杂,易带来大量的基体,会给仪器带来污染。因此采用ICP-MS对铝土矿中稀土元素进行测定时,建议先采用敞开式混合酸多次分解法进行溶样,如果能将样品溶解完全,则直接采用ICP-MS进行测定,如不能,则需要重新采用碱熔法对样品进行处理后再采用ICP-MS进行测定。将混合酸多次分解法和碱熔法2种溶样方法分别与ICP-MS结合应用于铝土矿实际样品中稀土元素的测定,加标回收率分别为92%～110%、90%～103%。     

X射线荧光光谱无标定量测定稀土矿石中五氧化二磷

利用粉末压片法制备样品,通过在Omnian无标定量分析软件中添加与待测组分相似样品来建立标签,可校正粉末样品可能存在的矿物效应、颗粒效应及制样引进的误差,从而实现X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)对稀土矿物中P2O5的准确测定。通过试验确定了压片制样的最佳制样条件为:样品粒度小于0.074mm、压力为40t、称样量为6.00g和保压时间为30s。对含不同梯度含量P2O5的稀土矿石进行正确度考察,发现以Omnian软件未添加标签而直接测定的P2O5结果差值较大,而Omnian添加标签的分析结果与国家标准方法的分析结果基本吻合;精密度试验表明,P2O5测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)小于3%。无需大量的标样建立校准曲线,能满足稀土矿石含磷量的精确分析要求。     

高频红外吸收法快速测定硫精矿中高含量硫

采用硫铁矿标准样品绘制硫的校准曲线,并用内控管理样品对曲线进行校准,建立了快速测定硫精矿中高含量硫的高频红外吸收法。对样品的粒度、称样量、燃烧时间和助熔剂的选择进行了研究。结果表明,以约0.400 g铁屑和约1.500 g钨粒作为助熔剂,0.100 0 g样品在高频感应条件下燃烧45 s,然后在选定的仪器工作参数下测定,硫的测定结果与空气燃烧中和滴定法的测定结果相符。对一硫精矿样品进行精密度试验,硫的11次测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.39% 。方法可以用于硫精矿中质量分数为40%～50%硫的快速测定。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定冰铜中钴

在体积分数为5%的盐酸介质中,使用空气-乙炔火焰,以240.7nm为测定波长,建立了火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定冰铜中钴的方法。溶样试验表明,采用 20mL王水、1mL氢氟酸和2mL高氯酸溶样后加入10mL盐酸(1+1)溶解盐类,大多数情况下可将试样溶解完全;如果试样溶解不完全,需要补加5mL硝酸,继续加热至棕红色烟雾消失,再加入2mL高氯酸加热至白烟冒尽可将试样溶解完全。在选定的仪器条件下,钴的质量浓度与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9992,方法检出限为0.0075μg/mL。干扰试验表明,试样中的共存元素不干扰钴的测定。将实验方法应用于4个冰铜样品中钴的测定,对测定结果进行格拉布斯(Grubbs)检验,结果表明11次平行测定的结果无异常值,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在1.7%~8.5%之间。采用实验方法对2个不同钴含量阶梯的冰铜试样进行测定,测得结果与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)基本一致,加标回收率在90%~105%之间。分别在6家实验室采用实验方法进行冰铜试样的测定,方法的重复性限为r=0.0006+0.0429m;再现性限为R=0.0046+0.0647m。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定钢中痕量酸溶铝

采用硝酸溶解样品,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定钢中痕量酸溶铝(Als)的方法,并对其测定条件进行了优化。实验表明:采用纯化后硝酸溶解样品可以降低对检测结果的影响;高纯铁基体效应对测定的影响不可忽略,故采用待测样品作为基体的标准加入法绘制校准曲线以消除该影响;采用石英烧杯进行样品溶解,测定结果比玻璃烧杯更稳定;采用塑料容量瓶对硅钢标准样品溶液定容,测定结果相对于玻璃容量瓶更接近认定值;对样品前处理的条件进行了优化,最终选择硝酸用量为5mL,溶解时间为10min;选择⁴⁵Sc作为内标对硅钢标准样品进行测定,结果较选用⁸⁹Y为内标更接近认定值;采用2%(体积分数)硝酸冲洗管路8s,可基本消除记忆效应。以²⁷Al质量浓度为横坐标,²⁷Al与内标元素响应值的比值为纵坐标绘制标准加入法校准曲线,校准曲线方程的相关系数为0.9998;方法对样品的测定下限为0.00006%。采用实验方法对5个钢标准样品和2个合金钢实际样品进行测定,测定值与认定值基本一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)在1.6%~4.5%之间。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定煤矸石中镉铬铅

以氢氟酸,硝酸和过氧化氢作为消解试剂,采用逐步升温消解程序,建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定煤矸石中镉、铬、铅的方法。选择10 μg/L的Rh溶液作为内标溶液,以²⁰⁸Pb 、⁵²Cr和¹¹⁴Cd分别作为铅、铬、镉的测定同位素,在选定的仪器工作参数下,应用建立的方法对不同地区的煤矸石样品进行测定,测定值与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)的测定值一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)均小于7%。方法检出限分别为:0.013 μg/g(镉)、2.00 μg/g(铬)、0.20 μg/g(铅)。     

小铅试金富集——电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地球化学样品中的铂钯

建立了小铅试金富集—电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地球化学样品中铂、钯的方法,样品处理采用小铅试金富集方法(试金扣7～11 g)代替了经典的铅试金法(试金扣40 g),碱式碳酸铅代替剧毒羰基镍,加入硝酸银保护剂,使铅扣灰吹后待测元素没有损失地进入银合粒中,干扰元素得到进一步分离,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定铂、钯。该方法测定铂和钯的检出限分别为0.10 ng/g和0.12 ng/g,加入标准物质回收率为92.50%~106.75%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.35%~6.44%,其精密度和准确度满足要求。该方法灵敏度高、操作简便、结果准确度高,适合大批量地球化学样品的分析,在痕量贵金属的检测方面具有显著优势。     

扫描电镜/能谱仪用于变质岩中榍石的鉴定

因榍石在变质岩中含量太少,晶体光学特征不明显,利用偏光显微镜及X射线衍射(XRD)等鉴定技术不易确定。实验利用扫描电镜/能谱仪检测矿物所含元素的种类,确定各元素的大致含量,根据定性分析结果,调用相应的标准样品数据文件,建立所测样品的文件清单。运用Casino程序和Quanta程序,据所测元素的强度值计算出样品中各元素的质量分数,依据矿物化学式中阴阳离子电价平衡的配比规律,计算出所测样品的化学组成。分析结果表明,所测8个样品中SiO₂质量分数在33.36%～34.10%之间,CaO质量分数在25.85%～27.00%之间,(TiO₂+Fe₂O₃+Al₂O₃+CrO₂) 质量分数在39.31%～40.45%之间,与榍石主要化学成分基本一致。实验表明,同一件榍石样品平行测定10次,O、Si、Ca、Ti、Fe元素测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)依次为0.23%、0.30%、0.28%、0.26%、1.6%,精密度符合要求;经验证,实验方法的测定结果与电子探针波谱法测定结果相符。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硫化矿中金

选取60 mL逆王水和60 mL王水溶解5～10 g样品,在基体浓度不大于5.0 mg/mL时,以1%王水做为测定介质、Rh为内标,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定硫化矿中金的方法。试样中基体共存元素和试样分解所引入的酸以及载气等形成的复合离子对测定无干扰。方法检出限为0.007 5 ng/mL,测定下限为0.025 ng/mL,回收率为98%~104%。方法应用于硫化矿实际样品分析,测得结果与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)在0.78%~3.2%之间。     

Low picogram determination of Ro 48-6791 and its major metabolite, Ro 48-6792, in plasma with column-switching microbore high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion spray tandem mass spectrometry

A coupled liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for simultaneous determination of Ro 48-6791 and its secondary amine metabolite in human plasma samples with a quantification limit for both compounds of 1 pg/mL using a 1 mL plasma aliquot. The method exploits the enhanced mass sensitivity of a microbore (300 microns i.d.) reversed-phase capillary column coupled to an ion spray probe combined with tandem mass spectrometry. A straightforward column-switching system was utilized to focus the analytes onto a microbore trapping column following solid-phase extraction of a 50 microL plasma sample extract from liquid/liquid extraction. Backflushing of the retained analytes from the trapping column onto the microbore capillary column provided the requisite high peak concentration for high sensitivity. The inter-assay precision and accuracy for Ro 48-6791 and its metabolite, at 10 pg/mL, were found to be 3.4%, and 105%, and 9.1%, and 99.9%, respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the range 1 to 1000 pg/mL. The method proved to be sufficiently rugged for analysis of samples.     

Evaluation of capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with direct injection of plasma for the determination of cefotaxime and its metabolite

Quantitative aspects of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) were investigated for the determination of cefotaxime (C) and its deacetyl metabolite (DA) in human plasma in a concentration range of therapeutic interest. For CZE, plasma samples spiked with C and DA were injected after deproteinization with acetonitrile, and analytes were separated in a fused silica capillary using a borate buffer at pH 9.2 as electrolyte; no suitable internal standard was found. For MECC, plasma samples spiked with C, DA, and theobromine as internal standard were directly injected after dilution with water and analyzed using a phosphate buffer, pH 8.00, containing 165 mM SDS as separation electrolyte and a fused silica capillary. Both methods gave satisfactory interday precision with respect to migration times (RSD < 1%) and gave linear responses over the concentration ranges investigated (5-100 mg L-1 C and 5-20 mg L-1 DA). For CZE, intraday RSD (n = 4 graphs) between the slopes of the calibration graphs was acceptable (5.7%) for C. The corresponding figures for interday precision (n = 4 days) were fair (16.1%) in comparison to those obtained with MECC, for which the RSD was 1.49% when theobromine was used as internal standard. A satisfactory interday precision between slopes was also obtained with MECC even without the use of an internal standard (RSD = 4.38%), which demonstrated the ruggedness of this method. Detection limits (S/N = 3) were about 2 mg L-1 (CZE) and 1 mg L-1 in plasma (MECC) for C and DA. MECC was shown to be superior with regard to simplicity, rapidity, precision, and sensitivity.     

过氧化钠熔融-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定锡矿石中锡

锡矿石中锡的测定主要采用碘量法(铝片还原),该方法操作相对繁琐,分析数据精密度较低。基于锡矿石具有不易溶于酸、易溶于碱的特点,实验采用过氧化钠熔融样品,盐酸提取,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定锡矿石中锡。研究了碱融熔剂用量、熔样时间、同位素选择、仪器工作参数等实验条件,确定了以过氧化钠作为熔剂、样品/熔剂质量比1∶6、15min熔解时间、40%盐酸提取酸度的最佳熔样条件。对所建立的分析方法进行了方法验证,确定方法检出限为13.87mg/kg,标准物质测定的相对误差均小于3%,12次平行测定的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)小于2%,对标准物质及实际样品的测定结果满足锡矿石中锡含量的测定要求。