Some characteristics of high strength fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete

The effect of polypropylene and steel fibers on high strength lightweight aggregate concrete is investigated. Sintered fly ash aggregates were used in the lightweight concrete; the fines were partially replaced by fly ash. The effects on compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, stress–strain relationship and compression toughness are reported. Compared to plain sintered fly ash lightweight aggregate concrete, polypropylene fiber addition at 0.56% by volume of the concrete, caused a 90% increase in the indirect tensile strength and a 20% increase in the modulus of rupture. Polypropylene fiber addition did not significantly affect the other mechanical properties that were investigated. Steel fibers at 1.7% by volume of the concrete caused an increase in the indirect tensile strength by about 118% and an increase in the modulus of rupture by about 80%. Steel fiber reinforcement also caused a small decrease in the modulus of elasticity and changed the shape of the stress–strain relationship to become more curvilinear. A large increase in the compression toughness was recorded. This indicated a significant gain in ductility when steel fiber reinforcement is used.     

钢筋活性粉末混凝土简支梁受弯力学性能试验与计算

活性粉末混凝土(RPC)与普通混凝土(OC)相比,具有超高的强度、高韧性和优异的耐久性,其构件承载力与刚度计算方法必然不同于普通混凝土构件。该文对4根钢筋活性粉末混凝土简支梁开展受弯性能足尺试验,获得了梁的开裂弯矩、极限弯矩及荷载-跨中位移曲线,揭示了RPC简支梁受弯变形特征与破坏模式,推导了钢筋RPC简支梁的开裂弯矩与正截面受弯承载力计算公式。结果表明:钢纤维RPC极限压应变为4394με～5200με,开裂应变为690με～820με,均远大于普通混凝土;由于添加了钢纤维,公式推导时必须考虑RPC拉区拉应力的影响,推导所得开裂弯矩、正截面受弯承载力及刚度公式计算值与试验值吻合较好,计算公式具有较高的精度,可用于钢筋RPC梁的设计计算。     

同时确定钢纤维高强混凝土的断裂韧度及拉伸强度

考虑钢纤维高强混凝土试件细观非均质性对宏观断裂的影响机制,将钢纤维掺量、长度、直径及钢纤维抗拉强度等细观层面的钢纤维特征参数,引入钢纤维高强混凝土宏观断裂模型的虚拟裂缝扩展量的具体计算公式,从而发展了考虑钢纤维特性的可同时确定钢纤维高强混凝土的断裂韧度与拉伸强度的模型及方法。采用变化参数为钢纤维掺量和混凝土水灰比的三点弯曲试件,基于所提模型,同时确定了钢纤维高强混凝土的断裂韧度与拉伸强度,确定值与试验拉伸强度值以及尺寸效应模型计算的断裂韧度吻合良好。基于测试数据离散性为钢纤维高强混凝土固有属性的事实,采用确定的断裂韧度及拉伸强度,建立起钢纤维高强混凝土塑性——准脆性——线弹性不同结构断裂模式的±20%全曲线,其可涵盖实验室条件下的所有试验数据。该文所提模型及方法适用于钢纤维高强混凝土及高强混凝土,可为钢纤维高强混凝土等复合材料真实断裂韧度与拉伸强度的确定,及个性化结构断裂破坏的预测等关键科技问题提供依据。     

Compressive stress–strain behavior of steel fiber reinforced-recycled aggregate concrete

The use of recycled aggregate from construction and demolition waste (CDW) as replacement of fine and coarse natural aggregate has increased in recent years in order to reduce the high consumption of natural resources by the civil construction sector. In this work, an experimental investigation was carried out to investigate the influence of steel fiber reinforcement on the stress–strain behavior of concrete made with CDW aggregates. In addition, the flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of the mixtures were also determined. Natural coarse and fine aggregates were replaced by recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and recycled fine aggregate (RFA) at two levels, 0% and 25%, by volume. Hooked end steel fibers with 35 mm of length and aspect ratio of 65 were used as reinforcement in a volume fraction of 0.75%. The research results show that the addition of steel fiber and recycled aggregate increased the mechanical strength and modified the fracture process relative to that of the reference concrete. The stress–strain behavior of recycled aggregate concrete was affected by the recycled aggregate and presented a more brittle behavior than the reference one. With the addition of steel fiber the toughness, measured by the slope of the descending branch of the stress–strain curve, of the recycled concretes was increased and their behavior under compression becomes similar to that of the fiber-reinforced natural aggregate concrete.     

Mechanical properties of steel fibre reinforced lightweight concrete with pumice stone or expanded clay aggregates

This paper presents basic information on the mechanical properties of steel fibre-reinforced light-weight concrete, manufactured using pumice stone or expanded clay aggregates. Results are presented for standard compressive tests and indirect tensile tests (splitting tests on cylinder specimens and flexure tests on prismatic beams using a three-point loading arrangement) under monotonically increasing or cyclically varying loads. The influence of steel fibres and aggregate types on modulus of elasticity, compressive and tensile strength and post-peak behaviour is evaluated. Test results show that compressive strength does not change for pumice stone aggregates, while an increase is observed for expanded clay; tensile strength and fracture toughness are significantly improved for both pumice stone and expanded clay. The results also show that with both expanded clay and pumice stone lightweight aggregates a suitable content of fibres allows one to obtain performances comparable with those expected from normal weight concrete, the important advantage of lower structural weight being maintained.     

火灾下型钢混凝土梁力学性能的研究

采用纤维模型法和有限元软件ABAQUS计算了火灾下型钢混凝土梁的变形以及耐火极限,初步了解了型钢混凝土梁的高温力学性能。在此基础上,利用纤维模型法分析了截面尺寸、截面含钢率、受拉钢筋配筋率、型钢屈服强度、钢筋屈服强度、混凝土强度、截面高宽比和钢筋的混凝土保护层厚度等参数对火灾下构件承载力的影响规律,最后提出了型钢混凝土梁耐火极限的实用计算公式。     

活性粉末混凝土高温后冲击力学性能研究

摘　要：利用分离式Hopkinson压杆系统,采用铅片作为整形器,分别对常温下、400℃、600℃及800℃高温过火后的RPC试样进行单轴冲击压缩实验。研究高温后钢纤维对RPC材料动态力学性能及吸能特性的影响规律。结果表明,高温过火前后钢纤维对RPC均有增强和增韧的作用。高温后因RPC塑性流动性能的增强,导致钢纤维的增韧作用减弱。RPC动态抗压强度高温后损失的速率高于韧性指标。分析RPC材料冲击压缩过程的能量机制,发现钢纤维提高了RPC的能量吸收率,因此能量吸收能力也得到了增强。利用SEM扫描电镜,从RPC材料微观结构变化的角度分析了其高温后宏观力学性能降低的原因。     

Flexural strength of reinforced concrete T-beams with steel fibers

The ultimate strength of reinforced concrete T-beams reinforced with conventional steel bars and short discontinuous steel fibers are studied. It is found that the presence of steel fibers reduced effectively the deflection, width of cracks and also improved the ductility and flexural rigidity of the concrete beams. Hence, an appreciable increase to the ultimate compressive strain is observed as well as the increase in the ultimate compressive strength. These are reflected by an increase in the value of the compressive block parameters. In addition, an increase in tensile strength is achieved and a rectangular tensile stress distribution is proposed. It was found that a negligible difference in moment capacity between overreinforced and underreinforced concrete beams. Therefore, it may be economical to use more amount of tension reinforcement than that allowed by the codes. Theoretical equations are developed to calculate the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete T-beams taking into account the effect of amount of compression reinforcement and amount of steel fibers. Theoretical equations show good agreement when compared with experimental results.     

活性粉末混凝土高温后冲击压缩特性研究

利用分离式霍普金森压杆系统,分别对常温下、400℃、600℃及800℃高温过火后的RPC试样进行单轴冲击压缩实验.研究混杂纤维对高温过火后RPC材料抗冲击性能的影响规律.结果表明:常温下混杂纤维对RPC材料动态抗压强度和韧性均产生负混杂效应,但韧性指标降低幅度没有动态抗压强度明显.高温过火后,混杂纤维RPC 材料出现了塑性强化现象,动态抗压强度和韧性增加明显,抗冲击性能及材料完整性均优于单掺钢纤维RPC材料,出现正混杂效应.在研究范围内纤维最优体积掺量为:钢纤维2.0%、PVA 纤维0.1%.     

Response of high performance concrete plates to impact of non-deforming projectiles

The relatively recent technology, which enables the production of high strength concrete (HSC), makes HSC a prospective material for the construction of impact-resisting barriers. However, current penetration formulae are based on test data of normal strength concrete (NSC) and their extrapolation to higher concrete strengths is unsafe. The response of 80×80 cm high performance concrete (HPC) plate specimens to an impact of non-deforming steel projectiles was examined in an experimental study. The tests were planned with an aim to observe the influence of the concrete mix ingredients and amount and type of reinforcement on the performance of HSC under this type of loading. The variants that were examined were the aggregates (different types and maximum size), addition of micro-silica (MS) and steel fibers, and reinforcement details. The main findings show that design of HPC barriers to withstand impact loads involves several aspects. These are aimed at achieving enhanced properties of the structural element, where only one of which is the concrete's compressive strength.     

钢管活性粉末混凝土界面粘结强度计算方法研究

为研究钢管活性粉末混凝土(RPC)的粘结滑移机理,对10个钢管约束RPC试件进行单轴推出试验,分析了试件的破坏特征、荷载-滑移曲线和钢管应变,探讨了长径比、径厚比以及RPC强度的影响规律,结果表明:套箍系数较小时,荷载-滑移曲线有明显的下降段,较大时未出现下降;粘结强度总体随径厚比的减小和长径比的增大而提高,RPC强度的影响不明显;当粘结应力达到粘结强度时,钢管的横向变形系数超过泊松比,其约束作用开始发挥。在此基础上,建立了钢管内压力与粘结应力的关系,并通过试验数据回归提出了钢管约束RPC粘结强度计算模型,公式计算与试验结果符合较好。     

Velocity Constants for Ultrasonic Stress Measurement in Prestressing Tendons

There is currently widespread use of high-strength steel tendons for prestressing and post-tensioning of concrete structures and as suspension cables for long-span bridges. Tendons normally consist of one or more seven-wire, helically wound steel strands or solid rods. There are more than 130,000 prestressed bridges in the United States that contain these tendons, and approximately 3,000 new bridges are constructed each year. The prestressing tendons are critical structural elements because the forces in the tendons counteract tensile stresses in the concrete that result from loads acting on a bridge. The tendons are frequently inaccessible for visual inspections and there is currently no accepted nondestructive evaluation technique to assess the condition of these tendons. The goal of this research is to examine ultrasonic stress measurement techniques for the condition assessment of prestressing tendons. This information could be used to compare the actual force in the tendon with its design values to determine if the tendon is performing below expectations. The focus of this paper is the characterization of the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and stress level in prestressing tendons. Measurements were made to determine constants that relate the change in ultrasonic velocity to the change in stress. The effects of dispersion in prestressing tendons, which act as circular waveguides for ultrasonic waves, are evaluated.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

正交异性钢桥面疲劳开裂研究

正交异性钢桥面板的钢结构桥梁在车辆荷载作用下易出现疲劳开裂,为了解决这一问题,该文采用在正交异性钢桥面板上设置薄层RPC(Reactive-Powder-Concrete)超高性能混凝土层,将钢桥面转变成组合桥面,从而提高了桥面刚度,能有效改善结构受力状态,且不会增加桥梁上恒载重量。通过对某大桥的计算分析表明:采用组合桥面后,车辆荷载作用下的钢桥面应力大幅度下降。钢桥面疲劳敏感点处的拉应力降幅达到71.32%~72.39%,大幅度的提高了钢桥面的抗疲劳寿命;薄层RPC面板的高强度和高韧性,完全能满足组合桥面的最大拉应力10.08MPa的强度要求,成为钢桥面上的永久结构层,可以大幅度降低钢桥面板的开裂风险。     

Bond strength of reinforcing steel embedded in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is an emerging construction material that uses a by-product material such as fly ash as a complete substitute for cement. This paper evaluates the bond strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with reinforcing steel. Pull-out test in accordance with the ASTM A944 Standard was carried out on 24 geopolymer concrete and 24 ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete beam-end specimens, and the bond strengths of the two types of concrete were compared. The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete varied from 25 to 39 MPa. The other test parameters were concrete cover and bar diameter. The reinforcing steel was 20 mm and 24 mm diameter 500 MPa steel deformed bars. The concrete cover to bar diameter ratio varied from 1.71 to 3.62. Failure occurred with the splitting of concrete in the region bonded with the steel bar, in both geopolymer and OPC concrete specimens. Comparison of the test results shows that geopolymer concrete has higher bond strength than OPC concrete. This is because of the higher splitting tensile strength of geopolymer concrete than of OPC concrete of the same compressive strength. A comparison between the splitting tensile strengths of OPC and geopolymer concrete of compressive strengths ranging from 25 to 89 MPa shows that geopolymer concrete has higher splitting tensile strength than OPC concrete. This suggests that the existing analytical expressions for bond strength of OPC concrete can be conservatively used for calculation of bond strength of geopolymer concrete with reinforcing steel.     

Bond performance of reinforcing bars in inorganic polymer concrete (IPC)

The basic mechanical and chemical properties of fly-ash-based inorganic polymer concretes (IPC) have been studied widely, but, key engineering and structural properties of the material for instance modulus of elasticity, compressive, tensile, flexural strengths and bonding strength of the material to reinforcement have received little attention. Structural applications of reinforced IPC depend on the bond performance of the material to the reinforcement. Due to their difference with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) based concrete in terms of chemical reaction and matrix formation it is not known whether IPC exhibit different bonding performance with the reinforcement. Simply relying on compressive strength of the material and extrapolating models and equations meant for OPC based concrete may lead to unsafe design of structural members. To that end, 27 beam-end specimens, 58 cubic direct pullout type specimens and number of laboratory test specimens were tested to evaluate bonding performance of IPC with reinforcement. The results of beam-end specimens and direct pullout type specimens correlate favourably, although the results of direct pullout tests are in general more conservative than those of beam-end specimens. Overall, it can be concluded that bond performance of IPC mixes are comparable to OPC based concrete and therefore IPC and steel can be used as a composite material to resist tension in addition to compression.     

RPC力学参数及抗接触爆炸性能试验

为了得到新型材料钢纤维RPC遮弹板的力学参数及接触爆炸性能参数,测试了5%纤维含量的试件的抗压强度、抗剪强度及断裂韧度,得到了多组试验数据.并对钢纤维RPC抗接触爆炸性能进行了初步的模型试验研究,根据试验数据及理论研究得到了它的爆炸压缩半径系数.通过两类试验表明,所采用的钢纤维RPC度件具有很高的强度与断裂韧度,其抗接触爆炸能力是普通混凝土的3倍左右.     

钢纤维混凝土方形板的冲切强度统一解

该文基于统一强度理论对钢纤维混凝土方形板的冲切承载力进行了理论分析,推导了冲切破坏强度的计算公式。所得的解考虑了板的抗弯能力、纵向钢筋以及材料的中间主应力效应对冲切破坏强度的影响,可以灵活地应用于各种不同材料。将该文的理论计算值与试验值进行了比较,二者吻合较好。     

Velocity Constants for Ultrasonic Stress Measurement in Prestressing Tendons

Abstract

There is currently widespread use of high-strength steel tendons for prestressing and post-tensioning of concrete structures and as suspension cables for long-span bridges. Tendons normally consist of one or more seven-wire, helically wound steel strands or solid rods. There are more than 130,000 prestressed bridges in the United States that contain these tendons, and approximately 3,000 new bridges are constructed each year. The prestressing tendons are critical structural elements because the forces in the tendons counteract tensile stresses in the concrete that result from loads acting on a bridge. The tendons are frequently inaccessible for visual inspections and there is currently no accepted nondestructive evaluation technique to assess the condition of these tendons. The goal of this research is to examine ultrasonic stress measurement techniques for the condition assessment of prestressing tendons. This information could be used to compare the actual force in the tendon with its design values to determine if the tendon is performing below expectations. The focus of this paper is the characterization of the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and stress level in prestressing tendons. Measurements were made to determine constants that relate the change in ultrasonic velocity to the change in stress. The effects of dispersion in prestressing tendons, which act as circular waveguides for ultrasonic waves, are evaluated.     

Influence of concrete strength on crack development in SFRC members

Tension stiffening is still a matter of discussion into the scientific community; the study of this phenomenon is even more relevant in structural members where the total reinforcement consists of a proper combination of traditional rebars and steel fibers. In fact, fiber reinforced concrete is now a worldwide-used material characterized by an enhanced behavior at ultimate limit states as well as at serviceability limit states, thanks to its ability in providing a better crack control.This paper aims at investigating tension stiffening by discussing pure-tension tests on reinforced concrete prisms having different sizes, reinforcement ratios, amount of steel fibers and concrete strength. The latter two parameters are deeply studied in order to determine the influence of fibers on crack patterns as well as the significant effect of the concrete strength; both parameters determine narrower cracks characterized by a smaller crack width.