核电厂放射性废保温棉玻璃固化比较研究

为了验证所研发的等离子体系统对废物的适用性,利用等离子体炉熔融模拟核电厂废保温棉,得到了固化体。与实验室马弗炉制得的固化体相比,等离子体炉制得的固化体中同样无晶相结构,成分因炉膛耐火材料的熔蚀而出现差异,抗压强度则更优;二者的元素浸出实验结果相近;等离子体炉的出料实验证实,熔融体的高温黏度适合所选定的出料工艺。这些结果表明,利用所研发的等离子体系统可以得到性能与实验室相当的玻璃固化体,核电厂的废保温棉可以用于含硼浓缩液的玻璃固化。     

Characterization of Solidified Products Yielded by Plasma Melting Treatment of Simulated Non-Metallic Radioactive Wastes

As a part of an advanced volume reduction program for low level radioactive wastes in JAERI, melting tests of non-metallic solid wastes have been conducted with the aim of establishing the optimum melting condition for preparation of a stable solid that is suitable for disposal. Simulated non-metallic wastes containing ⁶⁰Co, ¹³⁷Cs and ¹⁵²Eu tracers were melted with a plasma torch of a non-transferred type, and the examination was carried out on chemical composition and physical properties of solidified products and the distribution of tracers in each product. The products were almost homogeneous and possessed satisfactory mechanical strength for disposal. The radioactive nuclides were almost uniformly distributed in the products. The amount of ¹³⁷Cs remaining in the products depended on the basicity of slag, while that of ⁶⁰Co was not. A small amount of fine metal particles containing ⁶⁰Co was observed in a slag. This was attributable to partial reduction of metal oxides under the relatively reductive atmosphere.     

模拟不可燃放射性废物等离子体熔融处理试验研究

在自制的等离子体熔融试验台架上对玻璃纤维、混凝土、土壤的单体玻璃固化配方及三元混合废物玻璃固化配方开展等离子体熔融处理和同位素示踪实验。四种样品在1 100~1 300 ℃条件下熔融1 h均可得到玻璃固化体,经检测,玻璃固化体的密度、抗浸出性能以及机械性能均满足放射性废物玻璃固化体性能要求。示踪实验结果表明,等离子体熔融系统对示踪元素Co、Cs和Sr有较高截留率,且玻璃固化体对Co和Sr的固化能力较高、对Cs固化能力相对较低。在工程应用中,建议在熔融炉系统前端增设造粒等预处理系统,减少物料直接进入烟气净化系统的比例,以提高物料固化效率。     

Theoretical studies of macroscopic erosion mechanisms of melt layers developed on plasma facing components

During plasma instabilities in tokamak devices, metallic plasma facing components (PFC) undergo surface vaporization and melting. Macroscopic losses of melt layers are of a serious concern to the lifetime of PFC, the damage of nearby components, and potential core plasma contamination. A normal or inclined plasma stream flowing at the melt layer surface of PFC at very high velocities (∼10⁵ m/s) can induce Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instabilities. We present an extensive linear stability theory and capillary droplet ejection model adapted to the problem of melt layer erosion and splashing. Based on this linear analysis, the stability criterion is established accounting the influence of the thicknesses of both plasma stream and melt layer. The growth rate of the most unstable wave is investigated with respect to different parameters such as plasma density and velocity, material properties, and melt layer thickness. A capillary droplet ejection model is then developed and used to analytically estimate the erosion rate of the melt layer for tungsten and aluminum targets. The present work brings a detailed understanding of the onset of K-H instabilities developed in melt layers due to plasma stream impact and builds a theoretical basis to estimate a macroscopic erosion rate, material losses and lifetime for PFC.     

碱矿渣水泥固化核废物研究现状

着重从碱矿渣的结构特征、碱矿渣水泥水化产物及碱矿渣水泥固化体的性能等方面论述了碱矿渣水泥固化核废物的研究现状,并初步分析了固化机理,展望了其应用前景。     

Preparation of Iron Nanoparticles from Iron Pentacarbonyl Using an Atmospheric Microwave Plasma

A novel method is introduced for preparing iron nanoparticles from iron pentacarbonyl using an atmospheric microwave plasma. The prepared iron nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the size of the particles can be controlled by adjusting the microwave power and the flow rate of the carrier gas.The magnetic properties of the synthesized iron particles were studied and a saturation magnetization of ～95 emu/g was obtained. The convenient preparation process and considerable production rate were also found to be satisfactory for industrial applications.     

Decomposition of Nitrogen Trifluoride Using Low Power Arc Plasma

The low power arc plasma is characterized by extremely high enthalpy and temperature and it is easy to generate and control,and thus thermal decomposition process based on the plasma torch is receiving a great attention for decomposing non-degradable greenhouse gases.In order to elevate the economic feasibility,the efects of input power,waste gas flow rate and additive gases on the destruction and removal efciency(DRE) of NF3 are examined.Specific energy density(SED) deceases as the flow rate increases,and accordingly,the DRE is reduced.The DRE is basically determined by the specific energy density.The highest DRE of NF3 was 97% for the waste gas flow rate of 100 L/min at a low input power level of 2 kW with the help of hydrogen additional gas.The inlet and outlet concentration of NF3 was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) for DRE of NF3 evaluation.As a result,large amount of NF3 can be efciently decomposed by low power arc plasma systems.     

高温熔融技术处理放射性废塑料新工艺

核电厂产生的放射性废塑料种类较多, 现多采用压缩和焚烧技术进行处理。其中, 压缩会出现爆桶和压饼反弹, 导致废物体积增大; 焚烧产生有毒有害气体, 污染环境。本文提出一种放射性废塑料处理新工艺, 采用“分拣—破碎—熔融—预压—自然凝固”工艺处理放射性废塑料, 并设计出配套设备。经对工艺参数进行分析和调试, 该工艺处理放射性废塑料的减容比可达15.4。     

Irradiation Test of Stainless Steel by High Power CO2 Laser

Electron beam, plasma arc and ion beam are often employed to simulate the high heat flux applied to the first wall or the divertor plate in a fusion reactor. In this study, an irradiation test with high heat flux was carried out under atmospheric condition by using high power CO₂ laser. The test material is SUS316 and the temperature change and the melting amount were measured. A thermal analysis code to take melting and evaporation behavior into account was developed. The laser absorption coefficient can be raised up to 95% before melting if special paint is coated on specimen surface. After melting, this coefficient is estimated to be 60% by thermal analysis. However, it was revealed that a precise modification of this model was indispensable. Although the effect of irradiation environment or heat source on material damage was also examined, there is no significant difference one another. In conclusion, it is found that CO₂ laser is quite suitable for use as a heat source to simulate a high heat flux.     

Synergistic Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Pre-Treatment on Alkaline Etching of Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabrics and Films

Dyeing of PET materials by traditional methods presents several problems.Plasma technology has received enormous attention as a solution for the environmental problems related with textile surface modifications,and there has been a rapid development and commercialization of plasma technology over the past decade.In this work,the synergistic effect of atmospheric pressure plasma on alkaline etching and deep coloring of dyeing properties on polyethylene terephthalate(PET)fabrics and films was investigated.The topographical changes of the PET surface were investigated by atomic force microscopy(AFM)images,which revealed a smooth surface morphology of the untreated sample whereas a high surface roughness for the plasma and/or alkaline treated samples.The effects of atmospheric pressure plasma on alkaline etching of the structure and properties of PET were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),the main objective of performing DSC was to investigate the effect of the plasma pre-treatment on the T_g and T_m.Using a tensile strength tester YG065 H and following a standard procedure the maximum force and elongation at maximum force of PET materials was investigated.Oxygen and argon plasma pre-treatment was found to increase the PET fabric weight loss rate.The color strength of PET fabrics was increased by various plasma pre-treatment times.The penetration of plasma and alkaline reactive species deep into the PET structure results in better dyeability and leaves a significant effect on the K/S values of the plasma pre-treated PET.It indicated that plasma pre-treatment has a great synergistic effect with the alkaline treatment of PET.     

Characterization of Fe-based alloy coating deposited by supersonic plasma spraying

The objective of the present study is to characterize the Fe-based alloy coating deposited by the supersonic plasma spraying process. The condition of the melting particles was in situ monitored. The microstructure of the coating was examined by scanning electron microscope and high resolution transmission electron microscope. The phase composition was examined by X-ray diffraction. The microhardness and porosity were also measured, respectively. Results show the prepared coatings have excellent properties, such as few oxides, high microhardness and a low porosity amount. At the same time, a mass of amorphous/nanocrystalline phases was found in the coating. The mechanism of the formation of amorphous/nanocrystalline phases was investigated. The appropriate material composition of spraying material and flash set process of plasma spraying are the key factors. Moreover, the mechanism for oxidation resistance is also investigated, where the separation between melting metal and oxygen by the formation of SiO₂ films is the key factor.     

Non-Thermal Equilibrium Atmospheric Pressure Glow-Like Discharge Plasma Jet

Non-thermal equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) is a cold plasma source that promises various innovative applications,and the uniform APPJ is more favored.Glow discharge is one of the most effective methods to obtain the uniform discharge.Compared with the glow dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in atmospheric pressure,pure helium APPJ shows partial characteristics of both the glow discharge and the streamer.In this paper,considering the influence of the Penning effect,the electrical and optical properties of He APPJ and Ar/NH3 APPJ were researched.A word "Glow-like APPJ" is used to characterize the uniformity of APPJ,and it was obtained that the basic characteristics of the glow-like APPJ are driven by the kHz AC high voltage.The results can provide a support for generating uniform APPJ,and lay a foundation for its applications.     

Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma and Subsequent Enzymatic Treatment on Flax Fabrics

The objective is to investigate the effect of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (APDBD) plasma and subsequent cellulase enzyme treatment on the properties of flax fabrics. The changes of surface morphology and structure, physico-mechanical properties, hy?drophilicity, bending properties, whiteness, and dyeing properties of the treated substrate were investigated. The results indicated that atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma pre-treatment and subsequent cellulase enzyme treatment could diminish the hairiness of flax fab?rics, endowing the flax fabrics with good bending properties, water uptake and fiber accessibility while keeping their good mechanical properties compared with those treated with cellulase enzyme alone.     

氧化硼对铁磷酸盐玻璃陶瓷固化体的影响

研究了不同B₂O₃掺量对铁磷酸盐玻璃陶瓷高放废物固化体结构和性能的影响。应用溶出速率法（DR）对固化体进行了化学稳定性测试,使用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线衍射（XRD）方法研究了样品的结构。研究结果表明：玻璃陶瓷固化体的主晶相为独居石;B₂O₃的引入对玻璃陶瓷固化体的化学稳定性影响较大,以10%（摩尔分数）的B₂O₃代替Fe₂O₃制得的固化体化学稳定性最佳,其28d的质量浸出率约为7.81×10^-9g•cm^-2•min^-1;试样中存在大量正磷酸基团［PO₄］^3-和少量焦磷酸基团［P₂O₇］^4-,无偏磷酸基团［PO₃］^-存在,固化体中的B主要以［BO₄］四面体基团形式存在。     

Study on an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet and its Application in Etching Photo-Resistant Materials

An atmospheric pressure radio-frequency plasma jet that can eject cold plasma has been developed. In this paper, the configuration of this type of plasma jet is illustrated and its discharge characteristics curves are studied with a current and a voltage probe. A thermal couple is used to measure the temperature distribution along the axis of the jet stream. The temperature distribution curve is generated for the He/O2 jet stream at the discharge power of 150 W. This jet can etch the photo-resistant material at an average rate of 100 nm/min on the surface of silicon wafers at a right angle.     

Thermodynamic Properties and Transport Coefficients of Nitrogen,Hydrogen and Helium Plasma Mixed with Silver Vapor

Species composites of Ag-N2,Ag-H2 and Ag-He plasmas in the temperature range of 3,000-20,000 K and at 1 atmospheric pressure were calculated by using the minimization of Gibbs free energy.Thermodynamic properties and transport coefficients of nitrogen,hydrogen and helium plasmas mixed with a variety of silver vapor were then calculated based on the equilibrium composites and collision integral data.The calculation procedure was verified by comparing the results obtained in this paper with the published transport coefficients on thc case of pure nitrogen plasma.The influences of the silver vapor concentration on composites,thermodynamic properties and transport coefficients were finally analyzed and summarized for all the three types of plasmas.Those physical properties were important for theoretical study and numerical calculation on arc plasma generated by silver-based electrodes in those gases in sealed electromagnetic relays and contacts.     

二次自蔓延高温合成钙钛矿固化90Sr

采用二次自蔓延高温合成(SHS)技术制备钙钛矿固化高放废物90Sr,通过XRD, SEM和PCT粉末浸泡法,研究了钙钛矿固化体的微观组织、浸出率以及其对高放废物~(90)Sr的最大包容量.结果表明,固化体样品密度高、孔隙率小,浸出率都小于0.1 g/(m~2·d),对SrO的包容量可达36%(质量分数);表明自蔓延高温合成的钙钛矿人造岩石固化体化学稳定性好、包容量大,是固化高放废物的理想固化体.     

Sterilization of Turmeric by Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma

In this study atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） plasma has been employed for sterilizing dry turmeric powders. A 6 kV, 6 kHz frequency generator was used to generate plasma with Ar, Ar/Ou, He, and He/O2 gases between the 5 mm gap of two quartz covered electrodes. The complete sterilization time of samples due to plasma treatment was measured. The most important contaminant of turmeric is bacillus subtilis. The results show that the shortest sterilization time of 15 rain is achieved by exposing the samples to Ar/O2 plasma. Survival curves of samples are exponential functions of time and the addition of oxygen to plasma leads to a significant increase of the absolute value of time constant of the curves. Magnitudes of protein and DNA in treated samples were increased to a similar value for all samples. Taste, color, and solubility of samples were not changed after the plasma treatment.     

Effect of methane content and the oscillating electric field between electrodes on atmospheric Ar/methane plasma jet and DLC coating deposition

In this work, the effects of the methane gas flow and the internal oscillating electric field between electrodes on radio-frequency(RF) atmospheric pressure argon/methane plasma jet and process of diamond-like carbon(DLC) film deposition have been investigated. Properties of RF atmospheric Ar/methane plasma jet such as active species density, length, electron temperature,appearance and ionization process of argon/methane plasma jet are changed due to the changing of methane flow content and electric field vector and its gradient. With increasing methane flow,the formation of C2 hydrocarbon and CH band content is decreased because injected electrical energy to a mixture of Ar/methane gases is insufficient to stabilize the ionization process of methane gas and the electrical-chemical reaction rate is decreased. With shortening the gas gap between two electrodes, electric field strength and its gradient are increased leading to more energy injection to the electron. Electrical-chemical reactions are strengthened leading to increasing the CH band content. These phenomena introduce the Ar/methane plasma jet in different modes causing to deposit the DLC film with different structures and properties. With using quartz glass and alumina ceramic as dielectric barriers tubes, RF atmospheric pressure Ar/methane plasma jet has been used to deposit DLC coating in different modes. Increasing methane content and shortening the gas gap leads to decreasing sp3 bonded content and the quality of the deposited film.     

压水堆堆芯熔融物的运动及传热数值分析

针对HPR1000堆型堆芯熔融坍塌问题建立了精确的三维堆芯模型,使用时间推进方法通过求解熔融物的瞬态运动、传热微分方程,确定熔融物在堆芯中的瞬态位置和瞬时温度,以模拟堆芯升温及堆芯熔融进程。研究结果表明：停堆后约2 400 s开始出现熔融现象,熔融物在堆芯活性区域内下落且发生多重相变过程;在4 900 s后,熔融物在堆芯底部形成约1.5 m高的稳定熔池;由于外围组件与低温围栏装置换热,最外围的组件不会发生熔融。本文建立的堆芯熔融物运动与传热分析模型及相关计算结果,可为事故缓解和处理提供技术参考。