Statistical control of halo: A response.

Responds to criticisms made by K. R. Murphy (PA, Vol 68:100), C. L. Hulin (PA, Vol 68:95) and R. J. Harvey (PA, Vol 68:94) of an article by the present authors (see record 1981-00274-001) in which Landy et al suggested a method for statistically controlling unwanted variance in performance ratings. The method was based on partial correlation techniques through which the variance in overall ratings was subtracted from variance in dimensional ratings. The technique was criticized on the basis of logic, methods, and conclusions. The present authors consider the methodological criticisms and suggest methods by which more accurate estimates of expected values of dimensional intercorrelations might be obtained. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Studying therapist warmth in analogue systematic desensitization research: A reply to McGlynn.

Replies to F. D. McGlynn (see PA, Vol 56:Issue 1) who stated that the conclusion reached by the present authors (see record 1974-28353-001) in their study of therapist warmth and desensitization was not justified by their research. It is argued that McGlynn misrepresented their statement of conclusion which was, in fact, couched in tentative terms. McGlynn's selection of literature to support his view is also criticized. (52 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Chronic occupational stressors, self-focused attention, and well-being: Testing a cybernetic model of stress.

By using a cybernetic approach to occupational stress, it was hypothesized that the relationship between chronic work stressors and strain would be stronger among individuals high in private self-consciousness than among individuals low in private self-consciousness. Moderated regression analyses, using a sample of 135 blue-collar workers, revealed strong support for this hypothesis. This finding is antithetical to prior research showing that self-focused attention may buffer the effect of acute life events (B. Mullen and J. Suls [see PA, Vol 68:3591]; J. Suls and B. Fletcher [see PA, Vol 73:21993]). The results of the present study in conjunction with prior research suggest that the type of stressor (acute vs. chronic) examined may be a boundary condition influencing the direction of Stressor?×?Self-Focused Attention interactions. Implications for future research and stress management are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Extraversion and performance: A response to Eysenck.

Discusses H. J. Eysenck's (see PA, Vol 52:Issue 6) criticisms of the present authors' study (see PA, Vol 52:Issue 6) which questioned the validity of Eysenck's hypothesis concerning the relationship between extraversion and performance depending on cortical inhibition. Additional data are presented which refute Eysenck's criticisms of Horn and Cohen's sample selection, choice of parameter values, and theoretical formulations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The mental illness culture is alive and well: A reply to Page.

Counters S. Page's (see record 1987-05244-001) criticisms of the 1st and 3rd authors' (1983; see also PA, Vol 67:1855) study of the relationship between physical proximity of psychiatric facilities and patient admission rates, suggesting that statistics showing a steady increase in psychiatric admissions in the US and Canada indicate that a culture that tends to perceive problems as mental illness is real and growing. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Seven plus or minus two: A commentary on capacity limitations.

G. A. Miller's classic 1956 article (see PA, Vol 31:2914; see also PA, Vol 81:28291) is best known today for its discussion of capacity limitations in short-term memory, but the bulk of the article dealt with capacity limitations in absolute judgment tasks and the relation of such limitations to information theory. Many of the puzzles of absolute judgment first raised by Miller remain a puzzle today. Some of the literature directed toward this issue is reviewed, and a few models that attempt to elucidate the phenomena are discussed. Since 1956 there has been an enormous research effort aimed at understanding the mechanisms and limitations of short-term memory, resulting in considerable progress. The authors briefly discuss some of these advances. The authors conclude, as did Miller, by noting the probable lack of connection between the limitations observed in these 2 areas of inquiry. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Withdrawal causes relapse? Our response.

Responds to the paper by J. M. Davis et al (see PA, Vol 56:Issue 5) criticizing the present authors' review (see record 1975-23715-001) which questioned the assumption that long-term administration of antipsychotic drugs prevents relapse in chronic psychotics. This questioning was prompted by 2 factors: an awareness of methodological errors consistently repeated in the withdrawal literature and a philosophy of science dictating that definitive conclusions be drawn only from data collected in a scientifically tenable manner. This philosophy of science was explicated, and 3 of the methodological errors were discussed. The authors maintain that definitive conclusions concerning withdrawal effects are not warranted on the basis of the existing literature. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Enduring problems for molecular accounts of operant behavior.

Although the Associative Learner (AL) theory advocated by C. P. Shimp et al (see record 1990-21730-001) can simulate several features of human and nonhuman performance in free-operant situations, it fails to account for many of the findings that are theoretically most powerful. It underestimates the sensitivity of behavior to relative reinforcement rate and totally omits any role for incentive variables such as amount and delay of reinforcement. At present, it is not sufficiently comprehensive to serve as an adequate alternative to R. J. Herrnstein's (see PA, Vol 44:10034; see also 1961) matching theory as a general account of behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Compatibility effects in the assignment of symbolic stimuli to discrete finger responses.

Investigated the discrepancy between the results obtained by J. Miller (1985; see also PA, Vol 68:7185) with symbolic stimulus sets and those obtained by the present authors (see record 1985-13655-001). The present authors demonstrated that a precuing advantage obtained for certain pairs of finger responses in a 4-choice task is a type of spatial-compatability effect. This compatibility effect was attributed by the present authors to translation processes that relate stimuli to responses. An advantage similar to that obtained with spatial-location stimuli also has been obtained with 2-dimensional symbolic stimuli, which have no spatial-location attribute. Miller presented evidence that the advantage obtained with symbolic stimuli is not a compatibility effect and argued that a translation account cannot explain this advantage. Four experiments, with 112 undergraduates, used various response sets to demonstrate that symbolic stimulus sets do show compatibility effects similar to those shown by the spatial-location stimuli. Findings demonstrate stimulus–response compatibility effects for 2-dimensional, symbolic stimuli similar to those obtained for spatial-location stimuli. Therefore, it is concluded that a translation account can be applied to the results obtained with symbolic stimuli, as well as to those obtained with spatial-location stimuli. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is anybody listening?

The present authors acknowledge shortcomings—pointed out by M. M. Sokal, K. S. McPherson, F. Samelson, C. A. Ford, and B. Kleinmuntz (see PA, Vol 73:53, 34, 45, 1068, and 24, respectively)—in their (see record 1984-09428-001) discussion of the influence of intelligence testing on the passage of the 1924 Immigration Act, particularly that of overlooking F. Samelson's (1975, 1979, 1982) previous presentation of similar data. However, the present authors cites 2 reasons for publishing their article: Samelson's findings bear repetition and the present authors' article offers a more detailed analysis than Samelson's data. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

McNemar replies.

Concedes that A. B. Silverstein's (see PA, Vol 54:Issue 4) correction to the present author's formula (see record 1974-24264-001) was not based on fallacious reasoning but on an unclear rationale. The present author concludes, tentatively, that for WAIS and WISC situations, the selection of a low-reliability test instead of an equally good test with higher reliability will lead to trivially different correlations with total scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gibson's inspired but latent prelude to visual motion perception.

J. J. Gibson's (see PA, Vol 29:5103; see also PA, Vol 81:28168) article is paradoxical: This forward-looking review of visual motion perception anticipates developments in the field, yet those developments were achieved without closely following Gibson's footsteps. This commentary offers several possible reasons for the dormancy of Gibson's ideas about motion perception and evaluates contemporary work on motion perception in the context of Gibson's perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cooperation and knowledge are essential to achieve goals of normalization.

The authors (see record 1988-01920-001) respond to comments by E. Schopler and S. Greenspan and M. Cerreto (see PA, Vol 76:27138 and 27119, respectively) on their review of the deinstitutionalization and normalization movements in the mental retardation field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Models of covariation and attribution: How do they relate to the analogy of analysis of variance?

This article points out that the original formulation of Kelly's model of causal attribution (see record 1973-24800-001) and its empirical tests have not truly conceptualized the attribution process as analogous to the analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is shown, however, that the attribution process can readily be conceived of as an analogy to the ANOVA and that revisions, extensions, and refinements of the Kelley model (e.g., the logical model of M. Hewstone and J. Jaspers [see PA, Vol 75:4348]; D. J. Hilton and B. R. Slugoski's [see PA, Vol 73:14462] notion of abnormal condition; D. J. Pruitt and C. A. Insko's [see PA, Vol 66:3655] comparison object consensus) can be unified within the ANOVA framework. It is shown that data that thus far appeared inconsistent with the Kelley model (e.g., the informational dimensions that lead to circumstance attributions) can be explained and clarified within the framework of the model as analogous to the ANOVA. Finally, an experimental test of the true ANOVA model is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sequential analysis applied to counseling process and outcome: A case study revisited.

A case study presented by C. E. Hill et al (see record 1983-10832-001) was analyzed further with sequential analysis methods developed by B. E. Wampold (see PA, Vol 71:30503; in press) and Wampold and G. Margolin (see record 1983-04841-001) to demonstrate the usefulness of these methods for understanding counseling process and outcome. Several interactive patterns were investigated including unidirectional independence, bidirectional independence, and dominance. Process was linked to outcome by examining the relations of various interactive patterns and satisfaction with and evaluation of each session as rated by the client, the counselor, and observers. The present sequential analysis revealed several facets of the interaction between the counselor and the client that were undetected by Hill et al.'s analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Thinking about postmodernism and gender theory.

The authors respond to critiques by J. C. Stanley, B. B. Barratt and B. R. Straus, and J. Walkup (see PA, Vol 77:26; 18; and 31, respectively) regarding their article (see record 1988-31397-001) on gender theory, postmodernism, and psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Selective effects of interference on implicit and explicit memory for new associations.

Examined the effects of interference manipulation on explicit and implicit memory for pairs of normatively unrelated words in 2 experiments, involving 128 undergraduates. Findings show that interference affected explicit memory, as indexed by performance on cued recall, pair matching, and modified free-recall tests, but it did not affect implicit memory, as indexed by performance on a word-completion test. This pattern of results complements several previous findings, including those of the present authors (see PA, Vol 73:12203 and 29150), on performance dissociations between explicit and implicit memory for new associations. (44 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attention, automaticity, and levels of representation in number processing.

Participants performed same–different judgments for pairs of numerals in 2 conditions: numerical matching (responding "same" to pairs such as 2–TWO), or physical matching (responding "different" to pairs such as 2–TWO). In most cases, a distance effect was obtained, with the different responses being slower when the 2 numbers were numerically close together (e.g., 1–2) than when they were further apart (e.g., 1–8). This indicates that numbers were automatically converted mentally into quantities, even when the participants had been told to attend exclusively to their physical characteristics. As postulated by several models of number processing, (e.g., Dehaene, see PA, Vol 80:4300; McCloskey, see PA, Vol 80:6390) Arabic and verbal numerals thus appear to converge toward a common semantic representation of quantities. However, the present results suggest that an asemantic transcoding route might allow for a direct mapping of Arabic and verbal numbers, perhaps by means of a common phonological representation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Meditation, biofeedback, and the relaxation controversy: A cognitive-behavioral perspective.

Summarizes data from 2 clinical manuals by the present author (1985, in press) to illustrate that D. S. Holmes's (see PA, Vol 71:25288; see also 1985) conclusion that there is little evidence that meditation reduces somatic arousal and A. H. Roberts's (see record 1986-11198-001) questioning of the effectiveness of biofeedback in treating a variety of somatic conditions are based on outdated assumptions about the nature of relaxation and relaxation training. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)