Cadmium in cephalopod molluscs: implications for public health

Cadmium concentrations were measured in the flesh and hepatopancreas (digestive gland) of 1,392 specimens of different species of cephalopod molluscs (broadtail squid, spider octopus, curled octopus, horned octopus, elegant cuttlefish, and pink cuttlefish) to determine whether maximum levels fixed by the European Commission were exceeded. In all species, mean cadmium concentrations were higher in hepatopancreas than in flesh. Large differences among the different species were also observed. Pink cuttlefish and spider octopus had the highest concentrations for both flesh (spider octopus, 0.77 microg g(-1); pink cuttlefish, 0.87 microg g(-1)) and hepatopancreas (spider octopus, 9.65 microg g(-1); pink cuttlefish, 18.03 microg g(-1)), and the lowest concentrations were encountered in broadtail squid (flesh, 0.13 microg g(-1); hepatopancreas, 2.48 microg g(-1)). The other species had intermediate concentrations of 0.20 to 0.30 microg g(-1) in flesh and 5.46 to 8.01 microg g(-1) in hepatopancreas. Concentrations exceeding the limit proposed by the European Commission (1.00 microg g(-1)) were observed in 44.4 and 40.0% of flesh samples of spider octopus and pink cuttlefish, respectively. The estimated weekly intake, 0.09 to 0.66 microg/kg body weigh, was below the provisional tolerable weekly intake set by the World Health Organization.     

Content of mercury and cadmium in fish (Thunnus alalunga) and cephalopods (Eledone moschata) from the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea

Mercury and cadmium concentrations were measured in the flesh and liver (or hepatopancreas) of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) and horned octopus (Eledone moschata) to establish whether the concentrations exceeded the maximum levels fixed by the European Commission. In both species, mercury and cadmium mean concentrations were higher in liver (albacore: mercury = 2.41 μg g^-1 wet wt, cadmium = 9.22 μg g^-1 wet wt; horned octopus: mercury = 0.76 μg g^-1 wet wt, cadmium = 6.72 μg g^-1 wet wt) than in flesh (albacore: mercury = 1.56 μg g^-1 wet wt, cadmium = 0.05 μg g^-1 wet wt; horned octopus: mercury = 0.36 μg g^-1 wet wt, cadmium = 0.33 μg g^-1). Mercury concentrations exceeding the prescribed legal limit of 1 μg g^-1 wet wt were found in almost all albacore samples (flesh: 71.4%; liver: 85.7%). For horned octopus, concentrations above 0.5 μg g^-1 wet wt were observed solely in hepatopancreas, while in flesh, the concentrations were below this limit in all the samples examined. Of the flesh samples of albacore, 42.8% exceeded the proposed tolerance for cadmium for human consumption, whilst for horned octopus, the established limit was not exceeded in any sample.     

Cadmium and total mercury in some cephalopods from the South Adriatic Sea (Italy)

In the framework of a wide monitoring programme on the presence of heavy metals in marine organisms caught in the South Adriatic Sea, cadmium and total mercury concentrations were determined in flesh and hepatopancreas of 512 specimens of two species of cephalopods. The aim of the study was to establish the quality of the marine food with respect to the health of consumers and to investigate cadmium and mercury distribution in organisms representing different habitats. For both elements, higher levels were found in spider octopus (Octopus salutii) than in broadtail squid (Illex coindeti). Between the two different tissues analysed, higher concentrations were observed in hepatopancreas than flesh. According to the rules in force, no flesh sample showed cadmium and total mercury concentrations exceeding the peak permitted values of 2mg/kgwetwt and 0.5mg/kgwetwt respectively.     

海洋头足类墨汁中活性成分的研究进展

海洋头足类如鱿鱼、乌贼等的加工副产物墨汁中具有黑色素、多糖、肽类物质等多种活性成分。本文主要简述了海洋头足类墨汁中各活性成分的提取方法及其功能活性等方面的研究进展,以期为海洋生物活性物质的开发利用提供参考。      

Estimate of mercury and methyl mercury intake associated with fish consumption from Sagua la Grande River,Cuba

This paper provides an estimate of the weekly intake of total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) from consumption of fish from the Sagua la Grande River, Villa Clara, Cuba, by determining the THg levels in different fish species. The levels varied between 0.143 and 0.484 μg g^?1 on a fresh weight basis. None of the analysed fish was found to have levels above the national and international regulatory levels, although THg levels over 0.2 μg g^?1, the threshold concentration established by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the consumption by vulnerable population groups, were found in 75% of samples. The MeHg level was found to be 84% of the THg content. A Food Frequency Survey was given to 127 townspeople to estimate river fish consumption. The weekly intake of MeHg was found to be greater than the value established by the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) in 50% of children, in 80% of pregnant women, and in 75% of women in childbearing age. These weekly intakes can represent an important risk to the population's health, especially for vulnerable groups.     

测汞仪测定稻谷及其制品中总汞含量研究

建立了采用测汞仪直接测定稻谷及其制品中总汞含量的方法,对20份稻谷及其制品中总汞含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明,方法在0~400 ng范围内呈良好线性关系,最低检出限为0.1μg/kg,定量下限为1μg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)均在2.0%以内。测定国家标准参考物质辽宁大米和湖南大米,测定值均在标示值范围内,与国标方法比较结果无显著差异。所测稻谷及其制成的糙米和大米的总汞含量均在国标限量值以下,稻谷中总汞主要分布在大米中,其次是糙米表皮部分,稻壳部分中含量相对较低。     

直接测汞仪测定食品中总汞

目的建立直接测汞仪测定食品中总汞的方法。方法采用直接测汞仪测定食品中的总汞,并对FAPAS 07322大豆粉样品采用直接测汞仪法、原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子质谱法测定进行方法比对,结合FAPAS 07322能力验证报告对直接测汞仪法进行评价。结果直接测汞法在低浓度范围(0～20 ng)和高浓度范围(20～300ng)的相关系数均能达到0.999,方法检出限为0.07μg/kg,精密度小于8.0%,回收率范围为90.0%～103.5%。FAPAS 07322测定结果为323μg/kg, Z值为0.0,接近实验室比对中位值。结论直接测汞仪测定食品中的总汞,操作简便快捷,结果准确,适用于食品中总汞的分析。     

Total dietary intake of mercury in the Canary Islands,Spain

Estimating the risk associated with dietary intake of heavy metals by consumers is a vital and integral part of regulatory processes. The assessment of exposure to mercury shown in this paper has been performed by means of a study on the whole diet. Total mercury (Hg) levels were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in 420 samples of regularly consumed food and drink. The total Hg concentrations measured in the different groups of food ranged from non-detectable to 119 µg kg^?1 w/w. The fish group had the highest concentrations of total Hg. All groups of food with regulated Hg content showed levels that were lower than the legally set values. The food consumption data used in the analysis were taken from the latest nutritional survey made in the Canary Islands, Spain. The estimated total Hg intake of local population (5.7 µg/person day^?1) did not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) limit of 0.3 mg week^?1 of total mercury (43 µg/person day^?1) fixed by the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives. Fishery products contributed 96% of the total Hg intake. The mean Hg intake for each island in this archipelago, formed by seven, has also been calculated. Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and El Hierro are the islands with the highest level of Hg intake (7.0, 7,0 and 6.1 µg/person day^?1, respectively). La Palma Island, due to its low fish consumption, had the lowest level of Hg intake (4.5 µg/person day^?1), followed by La Gomera (5.4 µg/person day^?1), Tenerife (5.5 µg/person day^?1) and Gran Canaria (5.6 µg/person day^?1). A comparison has been made of the results obtained in this study with those found for other national and international communities.     

全自动测汞仪测定菠菜粉中汞含量的不确定度评定

通过全自动测汞仪测定菠菜粉中汞含量,对测定过程中可能引入的不确定度进行分析和评定;建立不确定度的数学模型,对各分量进行量化和合成,最终得出全自动测汞仪测定菠菜粉中汞含量的扩展不确定度。结果表明:最终结果的不确定度来源依次为样品中汞质量测定过程,试样处理过程中引起的测量偏差以及样品称量和测量重复性。样品中汞质量测定过程引入的不确定度贡献依次为标准曲线拟合,储备液配制以及标准系列工作液配制;全自动测汞仪测定菠菜粉中汞含量,需严格按规操作,定期校准器具,降低不确定度,菠菜粉中汞含量结果表示为(26.06±1.67)μg/kg。     

Cadmium intake of moose hunters in Finland from consumption of moose meat, liver and kidney

Although the average cadmium intake in Finland is about 10 μg day^-1, some risk groups can be identified. This study assessed cadmium intake from the consumption of moose meat, liver and kidneys by moose hunters. Consumption data from a postal questionnaire were combined with a representative database on moose cadmium concentrations. Cadmium intakes were calculated as point estimates for all respondents (n = 711), for those consuming moose meat, liver and/or kidneys, and for the highest decile of those. Probabilistic modelling using the Monte Carlo technique was used to simulate the distribution of dietary cadmium exposure. Of the respondents, 69% consumed moose liver and only 23% moose kidneys. The consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, whereas moose meat (median consumption 17 kg year^-1 person^-1) contributed only slightly (0.16 μg day^-1 person^-1) to the daily total cadmium intake. In the simulation, 10% of the moose hunters had an intake of > 8.76 μg day^-1 (14.6% of PTWI for a 60-kg person) from moose. Point estimates provided only a partial understanding of the potential exposure. Simulated distributions of intake were more useful in characterizing exposure. The study revealed that heavy users of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin from the levels of cadmium probably causing adverse health effects.     

测汞仪原子吸收光谱法测定野生食用菌中的总汞

目的建立应用测汞仪直接测定野生食用菌中总汞含量的测定方法。方法样品经均质器粉碎,称量后,直接进样。样品在催化管内加热分解,在氧气的作用下,汞在齐化管内与金粉反应被捕集下来,形成金汞齐,再经高温使金汞齐分解成汞原子蒸气经载气带入吸收池,在253.7 nm处进行吸收测定。结果测汞仪检测方法线性范围:0.0~1000 ng/L,检出限为0.005 ng/m L,相关系数(R2)优于0.999,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于1.5%,回收率大于99%。结论用此仪器检测的方法无需进行样品前处理、进样量少、方法灵敏度高、精密度好、结果准确可靠、操作简单快速、没有试剂污染、检测速度快和运行成本不高,适用于野生食用菌中总汞的测定。     

快速测定植物提取物中的汞

目的 建立快速测定植物提取物汞的分析方法。方法 采用直接测汞技术, 样品无需任何前处理直接测定。优化了仪器条件, 进行了检出限、精密度和准确性等方法学研究。结果 经过与国标GB/T 5009.17-2003的比对和国家标准物质的验证, 其线性范围为0?1000 ng, 最低检出限为0.430 μg/kg。相对标准偏差(RSD)小于3.5%, 回收率在93.5%?102.8%。结论 用茶叶、圆白菜和菠菜三种不同基质的有证标准物质进行验证, 测定值均在标准值范围内, 该方法适用于植物提取物汞的快速测定。     

含镉稻米的分布及治理技术概述

镉是一种重要的重金属污染物,可经土壤、粉尘和农作物进入食物链. 稻米易于富集土壤和环境中的镉,给消费者健康带来潜在风险. 我国土壤中的镉含量存在地域不均一性,个别地区由于地质原因或工业、采矿污染,土壤镉含量偏高,导致当地生产的稻米镉超标. 为应对稻米镉污染问题,目前已开展了土壤修复治理、水稻品种改良和稻米降镉加工利用等方面的研究. 总结了中国土壤和稻米镉污染现状,分析了影响稻米富集镉的主要因素,概述了国内外稻米镉污染治理的新方法,为开展镉污染稻米治理及利用提供建议.     

直接进样测汞法测定生鲜乳中汞含量

摘 要：目的 建立直接进样测汞法测定生鲜乳中汞的分析方法。方法 分别以测汞仪的分解温度、分解时间以及进样量为变量考察其对检测信号的影响,确定最优的仪器测试参数为：分解温度750 ℃、分解时间2 min、进样量0.1 g;在最优测试条件下,测试并计算该方法的线性关系、检出限、精密度及加标回收率。结果 在0~40 ng范围内呈良好的线性相关,相关系数r2=0.9986,方法的检测限为0.08 μg/kg,在5~20 ng/g添加浓度范围内,方法回收率在93.1%~103.2%之间,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)＜5%。结论 该方法具有准确、可靠、简洁、高效等优点,适用于生鲜乳样品中汞的检测。     

吉林省部分市售小龙虾中Hg2+、甲基汞、 乙基汞含量的监测与分析

目的了解吉林省内部分市售小龙虾Hg~(2+)、甲基汞、乙基汞污染水平。方法采集吉林省松花江流域和非松花江流域内的小龙虾样品,粉碎后经5mol/LHCl提取,C_(18)色谱柱分离,高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱检测样品中Hg~(2+)、甲基汞、乙基汞含量。结果在采集的两流域小龙虾样品中,虾黄和虾肉均未检出Hg~(2+)和乙基汞,小龙虾样品中汞的主要存在形态是甲基汞,未发现超标现象。结论小龙虾中甲基汞含量均低于限值,可安全使用。     

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong secondary school students to total mercury and methylmercury from fish intake

Fish is the main source of dietary exposure to methylmercury (MeHg), which is a public health concern owing to its potential neurotoxicity. To evaluate the public health risk, this study estimated the total mercury (tHg) and MeHg exposure from fish intake in Hong Kong secondary school students. Median tHg and MeHg concentrations of 280 samples purchased from different commercial outlets (covering 89 species of whole fish and three types of canned tuna), together with the local food consumption data of secondary school students obtained by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 2000, were used to estimate dietary exposure from fish intake for the average and high consumer (95th percentile exposure). For tHg, the median concentration was 63 µg kg^–1 (range 3–1370 µg kg^–1) and estimated exposures ranged 0.5–0.6 µg kg^–1 body weight (bw) week^–1 for an average consumer and 1.6–1.9 µg kg^–1 bw week^–1 for a high consumer. For MeHg, median concentration was 48 µg kg^–1 (range 3–1010 µg kg^–1) and estimated dietary exposures were 0.4–0.5 µg kg^–1 bw week^–1 for an average consumer and 1.2–1.4 µg kg^–1 bw week^–1 for a high consumer. These values are below the respective provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The health risk is greater for high consumers since MeHg exposures may approach or exceed the PTWI when other dietary sources are taken into account.     

Assessment of mercury and cadmium via seafood consumption in Italy: estimated dietary intake (EWI) and target hazard quotient (THQ)

Mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) were quantified in fish, cephalopods and crustaceans from Italian supermarkets. Sample compliance with European dietary standards as well as human health risks according to provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and the methodology of target hazard quotient (THQ) were evaluated. Both element levels were under European legal limits, except for some fish having Hg and Cd contents exceeding or equal to critical values. Estimated weekly intakes (Hg: fish = 0.07–1.44 µg kg^?1 bw week^–1; cephalopods = 0.05–0.15 µg kg^?1 bw week^–1; crustaceans = 0.04–0.08 µg kg^?1 bw week^–1; and Cd: fish = 0.04–0.32 µg kg^?1 bw week^–1; cephalopods = 0.07–0.27 µg kg^?1 bw week^–1; crustaceans = 0.05–0.11 µg kg^?1 bw week^–1) as well as THQ < 1 were within safe limits. Although there seems to be no important risks associated with seafood consumption, Hg exposure was in some cases close to safety margins and thus levels of this metal should be under frequent surveillance.     

直接进样测汞法测定不同粒径固体食品样品中总汞差异性分析

目的 比较直接进样测汞法对不同粒径的固体食品样品中总汞测定结果的差异性,考察其对固体样品粒径的要求。方法 取不同粒径的固体食品样品于镍舟上,直接进样测定,采用两种不同基质的有证标准物质进行质量控制,用统计学方法及相对均匀度因子（ HE）进行比较分析。结果 实验过程中两种不同基质的有证标准物质的测定值均在标准值范围内,表明测定的准确性。大米未过筛组均匀度较差,而食用菌A均匀度较好可全部通过40目筛,即粒径选择均在≤425 μm（或筛孔≥40目）时总汞含量的测定结果无显著性差异,且不同品牌测汞仪测定结果具有较好的一致性。结论 直接进样测汞法测定固体食品样品的方法简单可靠,但因对样品均匀性有较高的要求,需样品粒径≤425 μm（或筛孔≥40目）时才能保证测定结果的准确性。     

Estimated intake of benzoic and sorbic acids in Denmark

The monitoring of food additives and recent dietary surveys carried out in Denmark have earlier been used to estimate the intake of sweeteners and nitrite in relation to acceptable daily intakes. The ubiquitous use of the preservatives benzoic and sorbic acids raises the question of the magnitude of the intake of these preservatives in relation to acceptable daily intakes. This area is explored in this paper. The content of benzoic and sorbic acids in all food groups, where they are allowed, was monitored in Denmark 17 times between 2001 and 2006 with a total of 1526 samples. Transgressions of maximum limits, illegal use or declaration faults were found in about 3% of samples. From repeated investigations on fat-based foods (salads and dressings), marmalade and stewed fruit, it is concluded that the amounts used in industry have been relatively stable throughout the whole period, although limited data for marmalade show some variation. Most foods in the categories soft drinks, dressings, fat-based salads, pickled herrings, and marmalade contain benzoic and sorbic acid, and sliced bread also contains in some cases sorbic acid. The median daily intake and intake distribution of benzoic and sorbic acids were calculated with data from the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity (age from 4 to 75 years) conducted in 2000–2004 with 5785 participants. The median intakes of both benzoic acid and sorbic acid are well below the acceptable daily intakes of 0–5 and 0–25 mg kg^?1 body weight (bw) day^?1 for benzoic and sorbic acid, respectively. However, the 90th percentile based on the average of the samples with a content of benzoic acid is higher than the acceptable daily intake for both men and women, with the highest value of 16 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1 for both boys and girls in the 4–6-year-old age group. Based on the average of all samples, the 95th percentile is over the acceptable daily intake for men up to 34 years and for women up to 24 years, and the 90th percentile for men up to 18 years and for women up to 10 years. Soft drinks, salads and dressings are the main contributors to benzoic acid intake. The sorbic acid intake based on the average of all samples is well below the acceptable daily intake. However, for the intake based on the average of samples with content, the 95th percentile exceeds the acceptable daily intake. This is caused by the dominating contribution to the intake of sorbic acid from sliced bread, but since only seven out of 42 samples have added sorbic acid, the calculation based on the average of samples with content will exaggerate the intake. With a built-in safety factor of 100 in the acceptable daily intakes and judging from the literature, the high intakes of benzoic acid should not cause any concern for ill-effects. However, there must be a reason to reconsider the maximum limits especially for benzoic acid in soft drinks, dressings and salads and for sorbic acid in sliced bread.     

测汞仪/高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联 用法测定鱼松中总汞和甲基汞的含量

目的测汞仪和高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,HPLC-ICP-MS)测定鱼松中总汞及甲基汞的含量。方法样品粉碎均匀后,无需前处理环节,直接通过测汞仪内置的模块对样品中的总汞进行一站式检测。以L-半胱氨酸-乙酸铵-甲醇-盐酸为提取液,高效液相色谱分离,ICP-MS为检测手段对样品中的甲基汞进行测定。结果在优化的检测条件下,总汞的检出限为0.05μg/kg,甲基汞的检出限为0.001 mg/kg;5种鱼松样品中总汞的加标回收率为80.2%~109.6%,甲基汞的回收率为85.0%~108.5%,样品中总汞和甲基汞的相对标准偏差均小于8.0%。样品中甲基汞在总汞中的含量约为49.3%~82.5%,是汞的主要存在形态。结论该方法操作简便、提取效率高,可实现鱼松样品中总汞和甲基汞的快速测定。