Ni基WC合金3D激光熔覆工艺研究

以正交实验规则设计3D激光熔覆试验来研究不同工艺参数对熔覆指标的影响,实验表明,WC添加量对熔覆层硬度、抗磨性影响最大,激光功率影响稍次之,激光扫描速度影响次之,送粉速度影响最小。对熔覆层组织分析表明,随WC添加量增多,更易生成CrB、W2B等硬质相,未分解的WC颗粒也越多,粘结相Ni枝晶越细小。激光熔覆Ni基WC合金涂层表面摩擦磨损特性表现为以磨粒磨损为主,塑性变形、粘着磨损和磨粒磨损相结合。     

激光熔覆制备Ni60−WC−Co复合涂层工艺与性能研究

目的 提高机械设备用06Cr19Ni10钢的性能,采用激光熔覆制备Ni60?WC?Co复合涂层。方法 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、显微维氏硬度计和摩擦磨损试验仪,研究了不同激光功率对复合涂层的微观形貌、硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果 随着激光功率增大,复合涂层与基体之间紧密结合,致密均匀,球形WC颗粒均匀分布于复合涂层中,硬度、磨损量均先增大后减小;当激光功率过大时,复合涂层中WC颗粒增多,且部分WC颗粒发生热分解,生成的气体产生气孔。复合涂层物相主要由WC、W2C、γ?Ni、FeNi3、FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06、CoCx、Co3B2等相组成,复合涂层由顶部的树枝晶、中部的等轴晶和底部的柱状晶组成;当激光功率为1.5 kW时,硬度最高,磨损量最小,耐磨性最佳,磨损表面无明显磨损沟槽,主要呈磨粒磨损。结论 最优激光功率为1.5 kW,在此工艺下制备的Ni60?WC?Co复合涂层,可以提高机械设备用06Cr19Ni10钢的硬度和耐磨性。     

稀土对真空熔覆Ni基/WC涂层组织结构的影响

以往对稀土Ce La影响真空熔覆Ni基/WC涂层的探讨较少.采用真空熔覆的方法在45钢上获得添加有稀土的Ni基/WC复合涂层,借助X射线衍射、SEM及EDX研究了涂层的显微组织、化学成分和相结构.结果表明:稀土的加入改善了真空熔覆Ni基/WC复合涂层的组织,消除了针状相,使组织更加均匀致密;稀土还降低了Ni基/WC涂层各组成相中Fe元素的含量,减缓了Fe原子对Ni基合金涂层的"稀释"作用;稀土还使真空熔覆Ni基/WC涂层的(Ni,Fe)固溶体基体部分转变成了(Ni,Cr,Fe)固溶体基体,并析出了新的第二相NiB.     

真空熔覆WC颗粒增强复合涂层中WC溶解行为的研究

研究了真空熔覆条件下三种不同成分镍基WC复合涂层中WC颗粒的溶解行为.结果表明:Ni60A-WC复合涂层中,WC的溶解从边缘发生,以复合碳化物Fe6W6C的析出为主;Ni25B-WC复合涂层中,WC溶解方式表现为整体的"疏松分离"、部分WC的桥接及团聚;Ni22AA-WC复合涂层中,WC仅发生局部的疏松溶解.WC中W,C和基体中w,C含量的浓度差大,基体中Cr,Fe含量高,都会加速WC颗粒的溶解行为.     

类表面织构化镍基复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能

在低碳钢表面添加质量分数为20%的WC和6%的石墨颗粒,采用真空熔覆方法制备出具有类织构切面形貌的镍基合金(Ni0)复合涂层,研究了复合涂层的显微组织形貌及形成机理、相组成以及干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,并与镍基合金(Ni0)、碳化钨增强镍基合金(Ni0+20%WC)、石墨改性镍基合金(Ni0+6%石墨)三种涂层进行了比较。结果表明,WC呈不连续的三维网状分布在镍基合金基体中,镍基合金主要由基体相γ-Ni,铬化物硬质相CrB、Cr7C3、Cr23C6和共晶相Ni3B、Ni3Si构成;WC和石墨的单独加入都能提高复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能,类织构组织复合熔覆层的摩擦磨损性能优于相同组成的硬质颗粒单独弥散分布的复合熔覆层;在WC和镍基合金基体组成的类织构形貌结构和石墨润滑相的共同影响下,复合涂层比单一镍基合金涂层的耐磨性提高大约9.6倍。     

基于激光熔覆SiC/Ni复合涂层的耐磨性EI北大核心CSCD

采用预置粉末法,在Q235钢表面进行激光熔覆镍基SiC陶瓷涂层的实验研究。使用往复式磨损试验机对不同涂层材料的熔覆层进行干摩擦磨损实验,利用金相显微镜(OM),扫描电镜(SEM)观察和分析熔覆层的显微组织与磨损形貌。结果表明:在重载干滑动摩擦条件下,Ni基SiC复合涂层耐磨性得到显著提高;当复合粉末SiC含量为25%(质量分数)时,熔覆层耐磨性最佳;熔覆层的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,同时伴有黏着磨损特征,且随着SiC含量的增加,黏着磨损的特征愈加明显。     

激光熔覆原位自生TiC颗粒增强镍基复合涂层的组织与耐磨性

采用预置粉末法在45钢表面进行激光熔覆镍基Ni60A+x%(SiC+Ti)(质量分数,下同)复合粉末涂层的实验研究。使用往复式磨损试验机对不同涂层材料的熔覆层进行干摩擦磨损实验,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)观察和分析熔覆层的显微组织与磨损形貌。结果表明:复合粉末通过原位反应生成弥散分布的TiC颗粒增强复合涂层,随着(SiC+Ti)含量的增加,颗粒状TiC的尺寸和数目逐渐增加;复合粉(SiC+Ti)含量达到60%时,微观组织有气孔和夹杂缺陷;复合粉(SiC+Ti)含量为48%时,熔覆层耐磨性最佳;复合涂层的磨损主要为磨粒磨损,机理为微观切削和挤压剥落。     

Cr12MoV钢表面激光熔覆Ni60合金制备无开裂涂层及摩擦磨损性能研究

为了实现损伤Cr12MoV钢激光再制造,采用激光熔覆Ni60合金制备无开裂涂层。利用着色探伤剂、硬度计、光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和摩擦磨损仪对所制备Ni60合金涂层的表面开裂、硬度、金相组织进行分析,并用摩擦磨损试验机对比研究了Ni60合金涂层和Cr12MoV钢的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,当Ni60合金涂层长度L≤9 mm时,涂层表面无开裂;当Ni60合金涂层长度L>9 mm时,开裂区出现在母材邻近区,且随着涂层长度增大,开裂区也出现在涂层表面。要抑制激光熔覆过程中Ni60合金近母材区开裂,关键在于减少热输入对母材区的作用时间。最后,通过优选表面硬度相近的Ni60合金涂层和Cr12MoV钢进行摩擦磨损性能测试,发现两者的摩擦系数与耐磨性能相近,可望为损伤Cr12MoV钢激光再制造提供参考。     

TC4钛合金表面激光熔覆NiCrCoAlY-Cr3C2复合涂层的摩擦和高温抗氧化性能

为了提高TC4 钛合金表面摩擦磨损和高温抗氧化性能,以 NiCrCoAlY+20%(质量分数)Cr3 C2 混合粉末作为熔覆粉末,采用激光熔覆技术在TC4 钛合金表面制备NiCrCoAlY-Cr3 C2 复合涂层,利用OM,SEM,XRD,EDS等分析涂层的显微组织和物相组成;采用 HXD-1 000TB 显微硬度计测量涂层显微硬度;采用 MMG-500 三体磨损试验机与 WS-G1 50 智能马弗炉对涂层和基体进行摩擦磨损及高温抗氧化实验.结果表明:利用激光熔覆技术在 TC4 钛合金表面可以制备形貌良好、无裂纹和气孔等缺陷的复合涂层.熔覆区显微组织结构致密,多为针状晶和树枝晶;结合区的显微组织主要由平面晶、胞状晶和树枝晶组成,生成了多种可提高耐磨性和高温抗氧化性的碳化物、氧化物和金属间化合物.复合涂层的最高显微硬度为 1344HV,约为钛合金基体 350HV的 3.8 倍;复合涂层的摩擦因数为0.2～0.3,较钛合金基体的摩擦因数0.6～0.7 明显下降;相同条件下复合涂层的磨损失重为0.00060 g,是钛合金基体磨损失重 0.06508 g 的0.9%;恒温 850 ℃氧化 100 h后复合涂层氧化增重为 6.01 mg·cm－2 ,约为钛合金基体氧化增重 25.10 mg·cm－2的24%.激光熔覆技术有效改善了TC4 钛合金表面的摩擦磨损和高温抗氧化性能.     

低碳钢表面激光熔覆层及其高温磨损行为

为改善低碳钢材料的耐高温磨损性能,采用激光熔覆法,在低碳钢表面制备出Ni60合金、Ni60＋Y2O3的熔覆涂层和Ni60熔覆-重熔涂层,利用X射线衍射仪、磨擦磨损实验机、扫描和透射电镜分析了熔覆层相组成、高温耐磨性能和熔覆层显微形貌.结果表明：所制得熔覆层与熔覆-重熔层组织均一、致密,与基体形成了良好的冶金结合;熔覆-...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...