PEEK与纳米TiO_2填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用高速机械搅拌的方式充分混合原料,然后用模具将混合好的材料冷压成型,再通过一定的烧结程序制备不同体积含量的聚醚醚酮(PEEK)和纳米TiO2协同填充改性的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料试样。利用MRH-3摩擦磨损实验机在不同实验条件下对试样进行摩擦学性能的测试。磨损后用QuantaFEG450扫描电镜对钢环表面的摩擦形貌进行观察与分析。实验结果表明,填充PEEK可大幅降低PTFE复合材料的体积磨损率,但复合材料的摩擦系数却随PEEK含量的增加而表现出逐渐上升的趋势。用不同含量的纳米TiO2填充10%PEEK/PTFE,摩擦系数和体积磨损率都表现出随纳米TiO2含量的增加而逐步上升的趋势,其中2%Nana-TiO2/10%PEEK/PTFE复合材料的摩擦系数和体积磨损率最小。当滑动速度和载荷分别超过2m/s和200N后对复合材料的磨损率有显著地影响,而环境温度在25~120℃范围内变化对磨损率和摩擦系数的影响均不明显。     

AZ80A、ZK60A和ME20M镁合金干摩擦学性能研究

镁合金被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车及军事等领域,但其摩擦学性能对零部件的服役寿命和可靠性具有重大影响.本研究采用往复式球-盘摩擦方式,通过与GCr15钢球配副,研究干摩擦条件下AZ80A、ZK60A和ME20M镁合金在不同滑动速度和载荷条件下的摩擦磨损行为.采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪分析镁合金的显微结构及磨损机理.结果表明:当滑动速度超过0.10 m/s时,随着速度的增加,合金的摩擦系数逐渐降低,而磨损率则先减小后增大,其原因在于摩擦热的作用导致摩擦表面形成了氧化物,同时材料表面软化,剪切力降低,使摩擦系数和磨损率不断减小;当滑动速度增加到0.20 m/s时,摩擦表面温度升高,金属软化导致磨损表面金属氧化物剥落,增大了合金的磨损率.随着载荷的增加,合金的摩擦系数和磨损率持续降低.干摩擦条件下镁合金的磨损机理逐渐由磨粒磨损和塑性变形转变为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损、粘着磨损和塑性变形.与ZK60A和ME20M相比,AZ80A镁合金表现出较好的摩擦学性能,这归因于合金的高硬度、β-Mg17 Al12硬质相的支撑作用以及摩擦过程中形成的氧化物.     

梯度自润滑复合材料在不同滑动摩擦下的摩擦学特性

梯度自润滑复合材料是一种新型润滑材料,利用粉末冶金工艺设计和制备了该材料,考察了其在不同摩擦条件下的摩擦学特性,并对其摩擦磨损机理进行了分析和研究.结果表明:梯度自润滑复合材料随着复合固体润滑剂含量的增多,摩擦学性能明显改善,但润滑剂含量过高将导致材料表面硬度过低;该材料适用于高载倚下的润滑部件;脂润滑条件下,复合固体润滑剂与润滑脂结合在摩擦面上形成的膏状润滑膜使梯度自润滑复合材料的摩擦学性能显著改善;在脂润滑高载荷条件下,梯度自润滑复合材料的磨损主要发生在磨损初期,之后磨损极小,摩擦系数也趋于减小.     

碳/碳-碳化硅复合材料的摩擦磨损行为与机理

以液相渗硅工艺为手段制备了C/C-SiC复合材料。分别采用MMW-1A与MM-1000型试验机对复合材料的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明: 在实验室条件下, 当压力恒定在0.48 MPa时, 转速对复合材料的摩擦磨损的性能影响甚微, 摩擦系数为0.15~0.16, 且磨损率接近; 当转速恒定在0.3 m/s时, 不同压力条件下的摩擦系数相近, 为0.13~0.15, 但磨损率存在较大差异, 材料磨损以磨粒磨损为主。在近工况条件下, C/C-SiC复合材料的摩擦系数达到0.50, 磨损率达到5.95 mg/次, 摩擦曲线表现为典型的马鞍形曲线, 试验前期材料磨损主要表现为磨粒磨损, 试验后期为粘着磨损。     

针刺毡C/C复合材料磨擦制动压力和速度特性

用模拟刹车制动的摩擦试验机,研究探讨了一种针刺毡结构C/C复合材料在不同制动压力和制动速度下的摩擦磨损性能,并用扫描电子显微镜对摩擦表面进行了观察和分析。摩擦磨损机理由磨屑经挤压、剪切堆积在表面形成的磨屑层所决定。在5m/s制动速度或静态条件下,表面温度低(<150~200℃)吸附水气未脱附,其润滑作用导致了较低的摩擦系数值;当制动速度达到10m/s,摩擦使表面温度升高,达到了吸附水气脱附温度,引起摩擦系数急剧升高,达到了最大;此后,随制动速度及表面温度的继续升高,磨屑层间剪切强度降低,导致摩擦系数随之下降。在较高制动速度下,该种材料仍能保持较高的摩擦系数,显示出优良的高温高能摩擦性能。     

聚四氟乙烯/碳纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合体系的摩擦学性能

研究评价了不同PTFE含量的碳纤维增强P1复合材料的力学和摩擦学性能，并分析了在干摩擦和水润滑2种不同条件下的磨损表面形貌和磨损机理。研究表明：PTFE以10%添加时PI/CF/PTFE体系的机械性能最佳，而摩擦学性能以5%添加为佳；随PTFE含量的增加，复合材料的摩擦系数降低，磨损率增加。水润滑下，摩擦系数和磨损率比干摩擦下的都有相应的降低。干摩擦下，材料的磨损均以塑性变形、微观破裂及破碎为主导；水润滑下，这一机制显著减弱，归因于水的润滑和冷却作用。     

石墨填充高岭土基矿物聚合物复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

采用万能材料试验机和M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机考察了石墨填加量对矿物聚合物复合材料的机械性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用XRD对材料的晶体结构进行了表征,利用SEM观察了材料的断面和磨损表面形貌并分析了其磨损机理.结果表明,填加石墨对矿物聚合物材料的机械性能会有一定程度的影响,但可以有效地改善矿物聚合物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能;随石墨填加量的增大,材料的摩擦系数和磨损率都有明显的降低,当石墨体积含量为25v%时,摩擦系数和磨损率均达到最低,分别为0.443和5.05×10-5mm3/N·m.研究发现,当石墨含量较低时,磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损,当石墨含量较高时,磨损机理除了磨粒磨损外还有粘着磨损.     

真空吸注法制备C/SiC摩擦材料及其性能

以针刺碳毡为预制体,将成品SiC粉末、酚醛树脂机械搅拌成混合浆液,采用真空吸注法制备C/SiC摩擦材料,测定了不同SiC含量摩擦材料的致密性,利用销盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了不同接触载荷工况下C/SiC摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能,并采用USB电子显微镜观察其表面磨损形貌。研究结果表明:C/SiC复合材料的磨损率随着SiC含量的增加呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,其摩擦系数呈增加趋势,但随着接触载荷的增加其磨损率、摩擦系数均呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势。综合比较,当SiC含量为25%时,其复合材料的致密性、摩擦性能最好,磨损率为2.3×10~(-7)g·N~(-1)m~(-1),摩擦系数为0.42,密度达到1.28g/cm~3。     

感应烧结石墨/铜铁基高温自润滑复合材料摩擦学性能研究

通过基体合金化和添加不同含量的石墨,采用感应加热烧结的方法制备了石墨/铜铁基高温自润滑复合材料,在力学性能试验机和MRH-3摩擦磨损试验机上考察了复合材料从室温～500℃温度条件下的力学和摩擦磨损性能,利用扫描电镜观察分析了磨损表面形貌,进而探讨了摩擦磨损机理。结果表明,复合材料的力学和摩擦磨损性能与感应加热频率和石墨含量有关;在室温条件下,随着石墨含量的升高复合材料的力学性能变差而减磨自润滑效果变好,在室温～500℃条件下,选用合适的感应加热频率和石墨的含量可以使石墨/铜铁基自润滑材料保持良好的耐磨性;而复合材料的磨损机制由粘着磨损变为犁沟磨损。     

碳纤维酚醛树脂基复合材料制备及摩擦磨损性能研究

以酚醛树脂为基体,碳纤维为增强纤维,石墨和聚醚醚酮(PEEK)为固体润滑剂,通过热压成型方法制备复合材料。通过多功能立式摩擦磨损试验机对复合材料进行摩擦磨损测试,扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料的磨损表面。结果表明,石墨的加入能够降低复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率,当加入15%(wt,质量分数)石墨的复合材料的摩擦系数为0.1,磨损率为0.37×10~(-6)g/N·m。PEEK的加入能够增加复合材料的摩擦系数,降低复合材料的磨损率,当加入10%(wt,质量分数)PEEK的复合材料表现出最好的摩擦性能,摩擦系数为0.28,磨损率为0.92×10~(-6)g/N·m。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from