考虑纤维/基体界面相的复合材料湿扩散模型

通过类比复合材料湿扩散与热传导的控制方程以及边界条件,以Halpin & Tsai模型为基础,发展了一个考虑了纤维/基体界面相的三相复合材料湿扩散模型,并研究了纤维界面随机损伤对湿扩散的影响。建立了纤维周期排布、随机排布、界面相损伤随机分布3种细观有限元模型。用上述模型分析了单向复合材料横向有效湿扩散系数（TEMDUC）随纤维和界面相体积分数、湿扩散性能以及界面相损伤率变化的规律,理论预测与有限元计算结果一致。研究发现：界面相或纤维相的扩散系数存在一个临界值,当扩散系数小于该临界值时,TEMDUC随纤维体积分数的增大而减小;反之,TEMDUC随纤维体积分数的增大而增大,此临界值的大小与纤维体积含量无关。研究还发现纤维界面损伤率相同的条件下,其分布的随机性对复合材料的有效湿扩散系数影响不大。     

双随机分布细观分析模型与复合材料性能预报

发展了一种细观力学有限元分析方法——拟真实的参数化双随机分布模型, 该模型综合考虑了纤维增强树脂基复合材料的真实微结构特点和纤维单丝综合力学性能测试结果的离散性特征, 模拟了复合材料中纤维排列和强度分布的随机性。借助移动窗口法研究了该参数化双随机分布模型的可靠性, 确定了其代表性体积单元的尺寸。基于能量法原理推导了单向复合材料的弹性模量预测公式, 结合能量法和渐进失效分析方法, 利用该细观力学有限元方法分别预测了单向纤维增强树脂基复合材料T300/5228的弹性模量和强度性能。数值模拟结果和大部分试验结果吻合良好, 表明发展的细观力学有限元方法能够较好地预测复合材料的力学性能。      

单向碳/碳复合材料拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度预测模型

基于预测单向复合材料纵向拉伸强度的随机核模型,引入纤维单丝剩余强度二参数Weibull模型及纤维单丝与基体界面剩余强度模型,研究建立了单向复合材料纵向拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度的预测模型。对经过一定次数拉-拉疲劳载荷循环后的纤维束抽取其纤维单丝进行剩余强度拉伸试验,建立了纤维单丝剩余强度的二参数Weibull模型,测试单向碳/碳（C/C）复合材料的纤维与基体界面强度。通过单向C/C复合材料算例分析表明,92.5%、90.6%和87.5%应力水平下对数预测寿命与对数试验寿命比值分别为0.79、1.00和1.11,表明所建立的寿命预测模型用于预测单向C/C复合材料疲劳寿命是可行的;纵向拉伸剩余强度预测值与试验值误差在10%以内,吻合较好,表明所提出的剩余强度预测模型具有较高的精度。     

考虑纤维随机分布的复合材料热残余应力分析及其对横向力学性能的影响

建立了考虑纤维随机分布并包含界面的复合材料微观力学数值模型,模拟玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料固化过程中的热残余应力。通过与纤维周期性分布模型的计算结果进行对比,发现纤维分布形式会对复合材料的热残余应力产生重要影响,纤维随机分布情况下的最大热残余应力明显大于纤维周期性分布的情况下。研究了含热残余应力的复合材料在横向拉伸与压缩载荷下的损伤和破坏过程,结果表明:热残余应力的存在显著影响了复合材料的损伤起始位置和扩展路径,削弱了复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度。在横向拉伸载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度有所下降,断裂应变显著降低;在横向压缩载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度略有下降,但失效应变基本保持不变。由于热残余应力的影响,复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度分别下降了10.5%和5.2%。      

纤维束拉伸件几何尺寸对界面横向拉伸强度影响分析

纤维与基体的界面对复合材料的力学性能和耐久性有很大影响。相比于传统界面测试方法得到的界面剪切强度(IFSS),采用横向纤维束拉伸试验测得的横向拉伸界面强度可直观地反映纤维束与树脂间的界面性能,同时不受纤维组织微结构的影响,是树脂传递模塑(Resin transfer moul-ding, RTM)成型三维机织复合材料性能预测所需的重要参数。本工作建立了一种考虑纤维与树脂的热膨胀系数差异以及树脂固化收缩影响的横向纤维束拉伸试样的有限元模型,分析界面处的横向应力分布和破坏模式。然后用RTM工艺制备碳纤维束增强环氧树脂横向拉伸试验件,结果验证了模型的准确性。比较不同横向拉伸试样在界面处的受力状态,结果表明,十字型试样能有效改善边缘应力集中的现象,且在界面中心区域受力均匀,得到的横向拉伸强度更加精确。此外,讨论了十字型样品的伸出端宽度、长度等特征尺寸以及增强纤维类型对测试结果的影响。在选择纤维束横向拉伸试样时,为获得更加准确的界面横向拉伸强度,试样伸出端的宽度应尽可能大一些,但需要小于伸出端总长度的1/2以获得理想的破坏模式。     

基于纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料试验的单向层合板横向拉伸强度预测方法

实验研究表明,纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料试件的横向拉伸强度与工程上常用的单向层合板横向拉伸强度在趋势上具有很好的相关性,但是数值上存在一定差距。本文使用两种碳纤维和两种环氧树脂制备了三种纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板,并分别测量了纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板的横向拉伸强度,以及环氧基体的拉伸强度。在实验基础上,应用Griffith断裂强度理论建立了纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板的横向拉伸强度的关系模型,通过两种复合材料实验的结果拟合了该模型中的参数。利用第三种复合材料实验进行校验,发现该模型预测的单向层合板横向拉伸强度与实测强度之间达到很好的一致性,相对偏差为9%。采用本文提出的方法,可以用较为简单的纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和环氧基体拉伸试验预测单向层合板的横向拉伸强度。     

三维编织复合材料面内刚度和强度性能研究

以修正的经典层合板理论为基础, 分析三维编织复合材料的力学性能。在单胞的长度方向积分和平均, 预测编织结构复合材料的有效弹性模量; 采用蔡-胡多项式失效准则, 得到三维编织复合材料的强度性能。另外, 进行编织结构复合材料的力学性能实验, 探讨纺织工艺参数, 如纤维编织角、横向编织角、轴向纱数与编织纱数之比、纤维体积含量等对力学性能的影响, 理论预报和试验结果进行对比, 发现该力学模型能较好地预报三维编织复合材料的刚度和强度性能。      

基于神经网络的混杂SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料力学性能预测

目的 提高混杂SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的韧性,利用卷积神经网络预测其力学性能,以得到力学性能关键因素的影响规律。方法 首先,通过实验得到了铝基复合材料的力学性能数据。其次,基于相场裂纹扩展本构,采用Python代码批量生成了不同构型参数的代表性体积单元,并利用Abaqus软件进行了有限元仿真(FEM)。通过代码实现了建模与仿真的一体化构建,利用得到的仿真数据,建立了神经网络模型,并实现了对复合材料力学性能的预测。建模前,对数据进行预处理和筛选,以提高数据质量并降低模型复杂度。最后,建立卷积神经网络,并优化模型的超参数。结果 通过建立的神经网络模型,实现了对复合材料力学性能的有效预测。极限强度的预测误差保持在−7%~8.5%,能耗的预测误差保持在−5%~6%,预测精度较高。结论 通过结合实验、仿真和卷积神经网络模型,可以更有效地预测混杂SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的力学性能,从而为材料设计和制备提供指导。     

随机植物短纤维复合材料界面性能对有效模量和拉伸行为的影响

研究了界面性能对随机短云杉纤维增强聚丙烯(PP)复合材料宏观拉伸性能的影响。采用双线性内聚力模型(CZM)描述随机短云杉纤维和PP基体间非理想界面的力学行为,建立了含非理想界面的随机短纤维增强复合材料代表性单元(RVE)的二维有限元模型,考虑了纤维含量、长细比、随机分布和随机各向异性弹性以及PP基体弹塑性的影响;模拟了不同纤维含量复合材料的实验拉伸应力应变曲线。结果表明,短云杉纤维/PP基体间非理想界面刚度与复合材料有效弹性模量之间有单调递增的曲线关系,即E-K曲线;同一复合材料不同纤维含量的E-K曲线簇有一个临界交点。在交点右侧强界面刚度区复合材料有效模量随着纤维含量的增加而提高,在交点左侧弱界面刚度区有效模量随着纤维含量的增加而减少。三种不同体积含量10%、20%和49%的云杉/PP复合材料的非理想界面刚度可用E-K曲线和实验测得的宏观有效弹性模量确定,云杉/PP界面初始破坏位移和界面完全破坏位移也可根据模拟拉伸应力应变曲线确定。数值分析结果能用非理想界面刚度来解释和理解随机短植物纤维体积含量对复合材料宏观有效模量的影响。     

孔隙率对碳纤维/尼龙6复合材料湿热性能影响的数值模拟研究

孔隙在复合材料制造过程中广泛存在,在湿热环境下孔隙的存在会改变应力场和水分场,进而影响复合材料的吸湿性能与力学老化性能。对碳纤维/尼龙6(Carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6,CF/PA6)复合材料在不同温度浸水环境下吸湿老化后的力学性能测试,研究了温度与吸湿量对其力学性能的影响及强度与模量等力学参数的演化规律,建立吸湿参数与力学参数的关联函数。基于随机顺序吸附法算法(Random sequential adsorption,RSA),建立了纤维、界面和孔隙随机分布的代表性体积单元(Representative volume element,RVE)模型。在本构模型中引入依赖于吸湿量的退化因子,研究了孔隙含量对复合材料横向拉伸、压缩、剪切强度和模量的影响,揭示了湿热老化前后不同的失效机制。结果表明：在热湿老化前,由于应力集中,孔隙会导致复合材料力学性能下降,孔隙率含量每增加1%,横向拉伸强度降低6.4%;湿热老化后,基体吸湿塑化效应是复合材料力学性能降低主要因素,对应降低率为3.86%。     

Micromechanics based analysis of randomly distributed fiber reinforced composites using simplified unit cell model

The geometry of the simplified unit cell (SUC) model [Aghdam MM, Smith DJ, Pavier MJ. Finite element micromechanical modeling of yield and collapse behavior of metal matrix composites. J Mech Phys Solids 48 (2000) 499–528] is extended to study effects of random fiber arrangement on the mechanical and thermal characterizations of unidirectional composites. The representative volume element (RVE) considered in the model consists of an r × c unit cells in which fibers are surrounded randomly by matrix cells. The presented model is general and can be used to predict the behavior of a fibrous composite subjected to thermal and mechanical, normal and shear, loading. The model also is capable of analyzing various combinations of these loading conditions such as off-axis test of unidirectional coupons. Both random and repeating fiber arrays can be considered in the model. Results for the overall thermal and elastic properties of a SiC/Ti metal matrix composite (MMC) show good agreement with both the finite element and other analytical models with repeating fiber arrays. Results of transverse properties also revealed that hexagonal array assumption for fiber arrangement is more realistic than square array assumption.     

Diametral compression of pultruded composite rods

Diametral compression tests were performed on pultruded composite rods comprised of unidirectional glass or carbon fibers in a common matrix. During compression tests, acoustic emission (AE) activity was recorded and images were acquired from the sample for analysis by digital image correlation (DIC). In both composite systems, localized tensile strain developed in the transverse plane under the load platens prior to failure, producing non-linearity in the load–displacement curve and AE signals. In situ SEM diametral compression tests revealed the development of matrix microcracking and debonding in regions of localized strain, perpendicular to the tensile strain direction (parallel to the load axis). Comparison of linear finite element simulations and experimental results showed a deviation from linear elastic behavior in the load displacement curve. The apparent transverse modulus, in plane shear modulus, and transverse tensile strength of the GF rod was greater than that of the CF rod, and fracture surfaces indicated greater fiber/matrix adhesion in the GF system compared to the CF system. A mixed mode fracture surface showed that two failure modes were active – matrix tensile failure and matrix compression failure by shear near the loading edge.     

Modeling and numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of woven SiC/SiC regarding a three-dimensional unit cell

The mechanical behavior of a two-dimensional woven SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) under tensile loading is modeled by regarding a three-dimensional unit cell of the composite which takes the waveness of the fiber yarns in two directions into account. The numerical evaluation of the model is accomplished by means of the finite element method (FEM). Because of the small diameter (15 μm) of the fibers in the bundles, these fibers are not considered as single entities in the finite element mesh. Instead the mesh is constructed on the yarn scale considering the fiber bundles as homogeneous with ‘fiber bundle' properties. The brittle cracking of interyarn matrix as well as transverse cracking of the fiber bundles are considered by defining a fracture criterion for these components. The increasing degradation of the fiber bundles in fiber direction during progressive loading is described by three damage variables. Damage and cracks are modeled by reducing the elastic coefficients of the finite elements. The scattering of the strength values of the single components is regarded by using Weibull distribution. Before mechanical loading, the structure is subjected to thermal loading to consider the residual thermal stresses in the structure resulting from the cooling down process after fabrication of the composite. The effect of the scattering of the strength values on the behavior of the unit cell will be examined.     

Micromechanical modeling of interface damage of metal matrix composites subjected to transverse loading

A three-dimensional finite element micromechanical model was developed to study effects of thermal residual stress, fiber coating and interface bonding on the transverse behavior of a unidirectional SiC/Ti–6Al–4V metal matrix composite (MMC). The presented model includes three phases, i.e. the fiber, coating and matrix, and two distinct interfaces, one between the fiber and coating and the other between coating and matrix. The model can be employed to investigate effects of various bonding levels of the interfaces on the initiation of damage during transverse loading of the composite system. Two different failure criteria, which are combinations of normal and shear stresses across the interfaces, were used to predict the failure of the fiber/coating (f/c) and coating/matrix (c/m) interfaces. Any interface fails as soon as the stress level reaches the interfacial strength. It was shown that in comparison with other interface models the predicted stress–strain curve for damaged interface demonstrates good agreement with experimental results.     

A numerical approach for predicting the failure locus of fiber reinforced composites under combined transverse compression and axial tension

A computational model based on the finite element method is presented for the estimation of strength of a fiber-reinforced lamina subjected to a combination of the transverse compression and axial tension. A complex damage mechanism including fiber breakage, fiber/matrix debonding and matrix plastic deformation is reproduced in the proposed model by using appropriate constitutive equations. The numerical simulation of mechanical response of the unidirectional lamina under biaxial loading is used to obtained the failure locus. Subsequently, the model is verified against an analytical solution and experimental data. It was found that the numerical calculations agree better with experimental results than analytical predictions.     

考虑纤维初始位错的复合材料轴向压缩性能

通过试验及模拟对复合材料的轴向压缩失效过程进行了研究。试验中,采用高速摄像机对失效过程进行捕捉,并对最终破坏模式进行光学显微镜分析。基于纤维初始位错、纤维随机强度及基体Ducker-Prager塑性本构,通过有限元软件ABAQUS建立了复合材料轴向压缩的有限元模型,并对比分析剪切型及拉伸型两种不同初始位错模型的模拟结果。研究结果表明,复合材料轴向压缩包含弹性变形及塑性变形阶段,离散的纤维基体二维有限元模型能够有效模拟压缩的渐进损伤过程,且模拟结果与试验结果相吻合。复合材料轴向压缩强度是纤维初始位错及塑性基体剪切屈服共同作用的结果,其随着纤维初始位错幅值的减小、波长的增加及纤维体积分数的增加而增加。     

Effects of interphase properties in unidirectional fiber reinforced composite materials

A micromechanical study has been performed to investigate the mechanical properties of unidirectional fiber reinforced composite materials under transverse tensile loading. In particular, the effects of different properties of interphase within the representative volume element (RVE) on both the transverse effective properties and damage behavior of the composites have been studied. In order to evaluate the effects of interphase properties on the mechanical behaviors of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites considering random distribution of fibers, the interphase is represented by pre-inserted cohesive element layer between matrix and fiber with tension and shear softening constitutive laws. Results indicate a strong dependence of the RVE transverse effective properties on the interphase properties. Furthermore, both the damage initiation and its evolution are also clearly influenced by the interphase properties.     

Transverse stiffness properties of unidirectional fiber composites containing debonded fibers

First-principles micromechanics modeling for the determination of transverse stiffness properties of a unidirectional fiber composite with fiber–matrix interfacial debonding is presented. The composite has a packing arrangement of a periodic square array of fibers, but contains randomly distributed debonded fibers. The finite element method is employed for the exact treatment of local microscopic stress and strain fields in a representative volume element of the composite material, and of the nonlinear problem of separation and contact of fiber and matrix at debonded interface. The randomness of the distribution of debonded fibers is dealt with by means of the Monte Carlo method, and the composite stiffness properties are found as ensemble average properties over a large number of representative volume elements. Bimodular behavior of the composite under transverse loading, i.e., different stiffnesses in tension and compression, is accurately captured.     

Compression modeling of plain weave textile fabric using finite elements

Textile composite are used extensively in aerospace as they offer a 3D reinforcement in a single layer providing better mechanical properties in both in‐plane and transverse directions. This paper reports on the mechanical behavior of a plain weave textile fabric under the compressive loading. Unit cell geometry of the plain weave fabric structure is identified and its model is created using TexGen geometric modeling scheme developed by the University of Nottingham (U.K.). Later on its mechanical behavior is predicted using finite element modeling (FEM) based simulation software ABAQUS^® incorporating a transversely isotropic material law. Strain energy of the developed model has been compared with that of the published results and shows very good agreement. The analysis indicated that transverse‐longitudinal shear (TLS) modulus plays an important role in characterizing the behavior of the woven fabric under compression, while the friction between the yarns and longitudinal stiffness has less significant influence on compaction behavior. In order to ascertain the effectiveness of the developed model, exhaustive parametric studies have also been conducted to investigate the effect of transverse‐longitudinal shear modulus on some of the important parameters such as artificial strain energy, external work, frictional dissipation, internal energy, kinetic energy, strain energy and total energy of the model. The developed model has the capacity to predict and simulate the behavior of variety of fabric architectures based on their constituent yarn properties under various regimes of service loads.