重型燃机定向结晶空心叶片凝固过程的实验与模拟

采用ProCAST软件系统研究HRS(High Rate Solidification)与LMC(Liquid Metal Cooling)工艺下,不同工艺参数对重型燃机用大型定向结晶空心叶片凝固过程的影响。结果表明:与HRS工艺相比,LMC工艺下叶片的糊状区宽度更小,固/液界面形状更加平直。LMC工艺下叶片的纵向温度梯度约为HRS工艺下的3倍;利用LMC工艺制备该燃机叶片时冷却速率为0.3~2.00℃/s,远高于HRS工艺时的冷却速率(0.05~0.16℃/s);LMC工艺下,采用低的保温炉温度仍可保证叶片获得高的温度梯度和冷却速率;而为避免缘板处杂晶对原始晶粒的阻碍,HRS工艺应当采用高的保温炉温度与更低的抽拉速率。实验与模拟结果均表明:与HRS工艺相比,利用LMC工艺制备的燃机叶片,枝晶组织显著细化。     

单晶高温合金定向凝固的热分析计算数学模型

定向凝固过程的热分析计算包括对如下一些热参数的测定和计算:如铸件上的湿度场和温度梯度场;凝固区固、液相界面上的温度梯度、生长速度和冷却速度;凝固区的宽度和局部凝固时间等。由于定向凝固铸件的力学性能在很大程度上与铸态组织有关,而铸态组织又取决于凝固过程的热参数,因此研究这些参数对合金凝固过程的影响在理论和实践上都有很大意义。由于单晶合金铸件不允许在定向凝固过程中出现多晶,所以对凝固过程的控制要求更加严格。为了确定合适的单晶合金的定向凝固工艺和了解热参数对凝固特性的影响,首先要对热参数进行准确的测定和计算。 本文提出的热分析计算数学模型基本上符合单晶合金定向凝固的热过程,计算结果正确     

DD6单晶精铸薄壁试样定向凝固过程数值模拟

针对单晶高温合金精铸薄壁试样制备困难的问题,建立了薄壁板形试样的有限元模型,采用ProCAST数值模拟的方法模拟DD6单晶精铸薄壁板形试样的定向凝固过程,研究了几何形状和工艺参数对定向凝固过程中温度场、温度梯度场及糊状区的影响。结果表明:薄壁板形试样中间部位工作端的温度梯度在60~65℃/cm范围内,糊状区固相线较为平直,液相线的位置在近炉壁一侧较低,远炉壁一侧较高。几何形状对单晶高温合金试样定向凝固过程有重要影响,提高浇注温度或降低抽拉速率有助于薄壁板形试样固液界面前沿液相温度梯度增大、糊状区宽度减小。单晶高温合金精铸薄壁试样定向凝固过程数值模拟结果与实际浇注结果吻合,凝固过程数值模拟为单晶精铸薄壁试样的制备提供了技术支持。     

液态金属冷却工艺对NiAl-Cr(Mo)-Hf(Ho)定向合金组织的影响

用液态金属冷却技术(LMC)和传统的定向凝固技术(HRS)制备了名义成分为Ni-33Al-31Cr-2.9Mo-0.1Hf-0.05Ho(%,原子分数)的定向合金,研究了制备工艺对其组织的影响.结果表明,合金由初生NiAl枝晶、NiAl/Cr(Mo)共晶胞和少量Hf同溶体组成.与HRS工艺相比,LMC工艺能提高同液前沿温度梯度和冷却速度.较高的固液前沿温度梯度扩大了NiAl/Cr(Mo)共晶共生区成分范围,减少初生NiAl枝晶的体积分数.而较高的冷却速度抑制固溶元素扩散,细化定向合金的组织,增加合金中固溶元素总量.另外,LMC工艺能避免HRS工艺中产生的生长缺陷,包括斑点,NiAl一次枝晶的偏转和NiAl一次枝晶的不连续.     

真空定向凝固炉的发展与展望

介绍了已经工业化应用真空定向凝固/单晶(DS/SD)炉的发展历程,同时重点分析了基于HRS与LMC两种方法定向凝固/单晶炉的不同技术特点。阐述未来真空定向凝固/单晶(DS/SD)炉可能的发展方向。     

镍基单晶高温合金对接平台内缩松缺陷的形成机制研究

目的 研究镍基单晶高温合金对接平台内的枝晶生长行为及凝固缺陷的形成机制。方法 在不同抽拉速率条件下,通过定向凝固技术制备了具有对接结构的镍基高温合金单晶铸件,采用实验与有限元模拟相结合的方法,研究了对接平台内缩松缺陷的形成机制,并讨论了抽拉速率对缺陷形成的影响。结果 缩松缺陷主要出现在各对接平台的最后凝固区,随着抽拉速率的增大,缩松缺陷的范围有所增大、数量有所增加。结论 铸件各平台中上侧位置均形成了缩孔缺陷,这与铸件特殊的对接型几何结构有关;随着抽拉速率的增大,凝固界面的下凹程度增大,平台两侧熔体过早凝固,使平台内部补缩通道受阻,最终导致各平台最后凝固区产生缩松缺陷。     

单晶高温合金DD3亚结构超细化定向凝固工艺研究EI

利用ＺＭ定向凝固装置研究了镍基单晶高温合金ＤＤ３在高温度梯度（７００～１２００Ｋ／ｃｍ）定向凝固条件下的微观组织演化特征及其对工艺参数的响应函数，结果表明：该合金在高界面温度梯度条件下，柱晶生长速度范围向高速区扩展，从而使单晶亚结构细化成为可能。所得单晶棒中亚结构一次间距可比传统ＨＲＳ法定向凝固籽晶中相应尺度减小５～１０倍。本文还对其组织演化机制进行了分析。     

HRS和LMC工艺对第三代镍基单晶高温合金DD33中显微孔洞的影响

采用高分辨透射X射线三维成像技术研究了传统高速凝固法(HRS)和液态金属冷却法(LMC)两种工艺制备的镍基单晶高温合金DD33中显微孔洞的三维尺寸信息,结果表明:与HRS相比,LMC工艺降低一次枝晶间距,增加共晶体积分数,使最后凝固阶段枝晶间的空隙尺寸变大,压降降低,最终降低了铸态孔的尺寸及体积分数。固溶处理后用两种工艺制备的合金中显微孔洞的体积分数都有所增加,但是用LMC工艺制备的合金中较细的枝晶和较低的偏析程度,使合金中固溶孔的体积分数显著低于用HRS工艺制备的合金。     

镍基高温合金定向凝固过程中雀斑缺陷研究进展

本文简述了近年来定向和单晶镍基高温合金凝固过程中雀斑缺陷的研究进展,具体论述了雀斑缺陷的形成机制以及雀斑的预判模型,并从合金成分、凝固参数(抽拉速率和温度梯度)、凝固界面形态以及试样形状和尺寸等方面分析和论述了这些因素对雀斑缺陷形成的影响,最后对未来镍基高温合金中雀斑缺陷的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

定向凝固和单晶高温合金及涡轮叶片的发展

北京航空材料研究所对定向凝固及单晶高温合金及工艺进行了多年卓有成效的研究,建立了先进的定向凝固设备,发展了定向凝固工艺,研制了一系列高性能定向和单晶高温合金;对合金设计、热处理、合金元素的作用进行了分析研究,为确定合适的化学成分及选定最佳工艺参数提供了可靠的基础;进行了精密铸造工艺的研究,发展了无余量铸造技术和用于定向及单晶的陶瓷型壳和型芯,并用此发展了多种航空定向和单晶叶片,特别是研制和批生产了用于先进航空发动机的DZ22无余量具有复杂内冷通道的空心涡轮叶片。现在,其主要目标是研制无余量的单晶空心叶片及其他单晶课题。     

Computer model of unidirectional solidification of single crystals of high temperature alloys

Abstract

I t has been common practice to use mould withdrawal unidirectional solidification to produce single crystal castings. To grow single crystals successfully, it is important to control several solidification parameters, such as the morphology of the solidification front (solid/liquid interface), thermal gradient, and growth rate during solidification. It is the aim of this study to develop a solidification model that can predict such solidification parameters for various design and operating conditions. The solidification phenomena in the process modelled are basically controlled by two heat transfer mechanisms: conduction and radiation. A set of heat transfer equations and boundary conditions were employed to describe mathematically the heat transfer phenomena. Then the finite difference method was used numerically to solve these equations for specified boundary conditions to obtain the temperature distribution and temperature variation in the casting. The solidification parameters can subsequently be deduced from these temperature data. Several thin plate castings were tested using the model developed. The following design and operating conditions were evaluated: susceptor temperature (power input), withdrawal speed, changes of cross-sectional area in the casting, and geometrical arrangement of the casting tree.

MST/1422     

Directional Solidification Assisted by Liquid Metal Cooling

An overview of the development and current status of the directional solidification process assisted by liquid metal cooling （LMC） has been presented in this paper. The driving force of the rapid development of the LMC process has been analyzed by considering the demands of （1） newer technologies that can provide higher thermal gradients for alleviated segregation in advanced alloy systems, and （2） better production yield of the large directionally solidified superalloy components. The brief history of the industrialization of the LMC process has been reviewed, followed by the discussion on the LMC parameters including selection of the cooling media, using of the dynamic baffle, and the influence of withdrawal rates and so on. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the traditional superalloys processed by LMC, as well as the new alloys particularly developed for LMC process were then described. Finally, future aspects concerning the LMC process have been summarized.     

Determination and verification of the gap dependent heat transfer coefficient during permanent mold casting of A356 aluminum alloy

In complex castings, the heat transfer across the casting / mold interface depends on the local gap size and contact pressure. Thus, an experimental setup is constructed to measure and evaluate the air‐gap dependent heat transfer coefficient during solidification of an A356 permanent mold casting. In order to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient, the temperature gradient and air gap development is measured at the casting / mold interface. This allows the interface temperatures and the time‐dependent heat flux across the gap to be calculated as a function of the measured gap size. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient and gap size are correlated to the interface temperature of the casting. The experimental setup and the evaluation procedure provide consistent and reproducible results. The heat transfer coefficient thus evaluated is employed to simulate the experimental setup. The temperatures measured are well reproduced. The results of the present work are compared to simulations using two heat transfer coefficient functions found in literature. This comparison shows a substantial improvement over the state of the art. This improvement is due to the exact knowledge of gap formation and the corresponding values of the heat transfer coefficient.     

Numerical approximation of a thermally driven interface using finite elements

A two‐dimensional finite element model for dendritic solidification has been developed that is based on the direct solution of the energy equation over a fixed mesh. The model tracks the position of the sharp solid–liquid interface using a set of marker points placed on the interface. The simulations require calculation of the temperature gradients on both sides of the interface in the direction normal to it; at the interface the heat flux is discontinuous due to the release of latent heat during the solidification (melting) process. Two ways to calculate the temperature gradients at the interface, evaluating their interpolants at Gauss points, were proposed. Using known one‐ and two‐dimensional solutions to stable solidification problems (the Stefan problem), it was shown that the method converges with second‐order accuracy. When applied to the unstable solidification of a crystal into an undercooled liquid, it was found that the numerical solution is extremely sensitive to the mesh size and the type of approximation used to calculate the temperature gradients at the interface, i.e. different approximations and different meshes can yield different solutions. The cause of these difficulties is examined, the effect of different types of interpolation on the simulations is investigated, and the necessary criteria to ensure converged solutions are established. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-scale modeling of liquid-metal cooling directional solidification and solidification behavior of nickel-based superalloy casting

Liquid-metal cooling(LMC)process can offer refinement of microstructure and reduce defects due to the increased cooling rate from enhanced heat extraction,and thus an understanding of solidification behavior in nickel-based superalloy casting during LMC process is essential for improving mechanical performance of single crystal(SC)castings.In this effort,an integrated heat transfer model coupling meso grain structure and micro dendrite is developed to predict the temperature distribution and microstructure evolution in LMC process.An interpolation algorithm is used to deal with the macro-micro grids coupling issues.The algorithm of cells capture is also modified,and a deterministic cellular automaton(DCA)model is proposed to describe neighborhood cell tracking.In addition,solute distribution is also considered to describe the dendrite growth.Temperature measuring,EBSD,OM and SEM experiments are implemented to verify the proposed model,and the experiment results agree well with the simulation results.Several simulations are performed with a range of withdrawal rates,and the results indicate that 12 mm·min^-1is suitable for LMC process in this work,which can result in a fairly narrow and flat mushy zone and correspondingly exhibited fairly straight grains.The mushy zone length is about 4.8 mm in the steady state and the average deviation angle of grains is about 13.9°at the height 90 mm from the casting base under 12 mm·min^-1withdrawal process.The competitive phenomenon of dendrites at different withdrawal rates is also observed,which has a great relevant to the temperature fluctuation.     

定向凝固温度场的实验研究

本文研究了Bridgman—Stockbarger法定向凝固的温度场。着重研究了有限长试样从下向上凝固时,固液界面上的温度梯度和生长速度的变化,装置的环境温度分布,试样轴向温度分布以及提高温度梯度的方法。实验发现,有限长试样的中间部分凝固时的工艺条件是稳定且可控的。在炉底部安装一个内径很小的加热圈是提高温度梯度最有效的方法。     

In-situ observation of solid-liquid interface transition during directional solidification of Al-Zn alloy via X-ray imaging

The morphological instability of solid/liquid(S/L) interface during solidification will result in different patterns of microstructure. In this study, two dimension(2 D) and three dimension(3 D) in-situ observation of solid/liquid interfacial morphology transition in Al-Zn alloy during directional solidification were performed via X-ray imaging. Under a condition of increasing temperature gradient(G), the interface transition from dendritic pattern to cellular pattern, and then to planar growth with perturbation was captured. The effect of solidification parameter(the ratio of temperature gradient and growth velocity(v), G/v) on morphological instabilities was investigated and the experimental results were compared to classical "constitutional supercooling" theory. The results indicate that 2 D and 3 D evolution process of S/L interface morphology under the same thermal condition are different. It seems that the S/L interface in 2 D observation is easier to achieve planar growth than that in 3 D, implying higher S/L interface stability in 2 D thin plate samples. This can be explained as the restricted liquid flow under 2 D solidification which is beneficial to S/L interface stability. The in-situ observation in present study can provide coherent dataset for microstructural formation investigation and related model validation during solidification.     

垂直Bridgman法生长CaF2单晶传热过程的数值分析

采用有限元法对大尺寸氟化钙单晶的生长过程进行了传热分析,准稳态模型简化模拟计算过程.研究了梯度区不同的温度梯度对界面形状和晶体生长速度的影响,讨论了辐射传热对晶体生长过程传热的影响.研究表明:晶体生长过程中界面凸度发生变化;晶体生长速率与坩埚下降速率不一致;25 K/cm为合适的梯度区温度梯度;晶体内部辐射传热对单晶生长传热过程有重要影响.计算结果表明,3个时期的固相等温线的曲率小于液相的.根据数值模拟结果进行了晶体生长实验,生长出的晶体完整,透明,无宏观缺陷.