热等静压温度对第三代单晶高温合金DD10组织的影响

采用OM,SEM以及EPMA等手段对比研究了不同热等静压温度对第三代单晶高温合金DD10组织的影响。结果表明:在150MPa压力条件下,1290℃热等静压即可使第三代单晶高温合金DD10中的显微疏松完全闭合;随热等静压温度的升高,共晶体积分数逐渐减少,热等静压温度达到1310℃及以上温度,共晶完全溶于基体。在1340℃/150MPa热等静压后,合金中出现局部初熔。热等静压后DD10单晶高温合金的γ′相立方度提高,不同热等静压温度对γ′相的形貌影响基本相同。热等静压降低了DD10单晶高温合金的枝晶偏析,并且热等静压温度越高,枝晶偏析改善越明显。     

热等静压对第三代单晶高温合金DD33显微组织和持久性能的影响

对第三代DD33单晶高温合金进行标准热处理、热等静压以及不同制度的后续固溶和时效处理,并在850℃/650 MPa和1100℃/170 MPa条件下进行高温持久性能实验,使用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线三维成像技术(XCT)等手段观察和表征不同状态的样品,研究了热等静压和热处理对这种合金显微组织和持久性能的影响。结果表明：铸态DD33单晶高温合金经过适当的热等静压和后续热处理工艺后,样品的组织形貌(γ′相尺寸、体积分数与立方化程度)与标准热处理态基本相同。与标准热处理态合金相比,热等静压处理后合金显微孔洞的体积分数和尺寸均显著降低,其体积分数从0.0190%降低到0.0005%,最大孔等效直径从36.9 μm减小到14.2 μm。在850℃/650 MPa和1100℃/170 MPa条件下热等静压后的样品持久寿命均显著延长。这表明,适当的热等静压和热处理能消除合金内部的显微孔洞缺陷,使其持久性能显著提高。     

热等静压对DD3单晶高温合金组织与性能的影响

选用两种热等静压工艺对DD3合金进行热等静压实验,研究了热等静压对DD3单晶高温合金组织与性能的影响.观察、分析了热等静压及完全热处理后组织,测试了经热等静压并热处理后合金的持久、蠕变及拉伸性能.结果表明:热等静压工艺可部分或完全消除DD3合金的铸造疏松或缩孔,但导致合金γ'强化相的回溶和不规则长大,热处理后γ'相粗大且立方化和规则性差,合金的中、高温持久和蠕变性能有所降低,对900℃拉伸性能无明显影响.     

DD3单晶合金高温低周疲劳行为研究

DD3 Ni基单晶高温合金是我国自行研制的第一个高性能低成本单晶合金,并且已在某型号发动机上进行试车考验。为使DD3单晶叶片安全可靠地使用,本文研究了在疲劳蠕变交互作用下合金的时间相关疲劳行为,并采用应变能区分法对DD3合金的时间相关疲劳进行了寿命预测。结果表明,该方法对DD3合金具有良好的寿命预测能力。最后,对760℃低周疲劳与蠕变-疲劳交互作用下的合金断口及显微组织特征做了对比与讨论。     

再结晶对DD6单晶高温合金轴向高周疲劳性能的影响

为了研究再结晶对二代单晶高温合金DD6高周疲劳性能的影响,对标准热处理的DD6合金进行表面吹砂处理,然后分别在1120℃和1315℃保温4h,以获得不同类型的再结晶组织。在疲劳试验机上分别测试了光滑和含再结晶的DD6合金试样在1070℃的轴向高周疲劳寿命。采用SEM观察DD6合金再结晶组织及疲劳断口。结果表明:胞状再结晶和等轴再结晶降低了DD6合金的轴向高周疲劳性能,胞状再结晶作用小于等轴再结晶;含再结晶的DD6合金试样的轴向高周疲劳断裂机制为类解理断裂和枝晶间的局部韧窝断裂共存的混合断裂;再结晶使DD6合金试样变为多源疲劳断裂。高温条件下,再结晶晶界的存在加快合金试样的氧化损伤,显著缩短早期疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展时间,降低合金的轴向高周疲劳性能。     

DD6单晶合金蠕变特性及断裂机理

在500MPa、900℃和300MPa、1000℃两种环境条件下,通过实验研究了[001]、[011]、[111]三种取向的镍基单晶合金DD6的蠕变特性及断裂机理。结果表明:DD6单晶高温合金蠕变性能具有明显的晶体取向相关性,在相同的温度和应力条件下,三种取向的单晶合金寿命差别很大,温度是影响[001]取向单晶合金蠕变寿命的主要因素,而应力则是影响[011]和[111]取向单晶合金蠕变寿命的主要原因。同时,晶体取向和实验条件的不同,都会使最小蠕变率发生变化,随着温度的升高,不同取向晶体的各向异性减弱,相同条件下,[111]取向最大蠕变量最大,[001]取向次之,[011]取向最小。而晶体取向对断裂机理有直接的影响,[001]、[111]取向DD6单晶合金的断裂是由微孔引起的断裂,[011]取向的DD6单晶合金在900℃、500MPa条件下的蠕变断裂为滑移断裂,1000℃、300MPa条件下的断裂为滑移面断裂和韧窝断裂二者兼有的混合型断裂。     

镍基单晶合金多轴非比例加载低周疲劳单胞模型

在680和850℃下对DD3镍基单晶合金进行多轴非比例加载低周疲劳试验,结果表明等效应变范围△ε_e、试验温度、等效应力范围△σ_e对单晶合金的低周疲劳寿命有显著影响。基于能量耗散理论,引入参量k表征多轴非比例加载对疲劳寿命的影响,构造循环塑性应变能作为损伤参量,建立镍基单晶合金低周疲劳寿命预测模型。参量k与循环寿命之...     

Anisotropy of Stress Rupture Properties of DD6 Single Crystal Superalloy at 980℃/250MPa Near [001] Orientation

通过不同取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久测试,研究了取向对980℃持久性能的影响.结果表明:[001]取向偏离主应力轴15°以内,DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久寿命相当,没有各向异性.这主要是由于近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金多个<110>{111}滑移系共同作用的结果.同时,原子扩散造成的γ’筏排和γ/γ’相界面形成的位错网也降低持久性能各向异性.     

单晶镍基合金的热处理及对蠕变性能的影响

根据差热曲线分析制定出合金的热处理工艺,结合蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了固溶温度对一种含Re单晶镍基合金蠕变性能的影响.结果表明:铸态合金组织中存在明显的成分偏析,其中元素Cr,Co,Re富集于枝晶干,元素Al,Ta,W等富集于枝晶间.采用不同温度固溶处理,合金具有不同的蠕变寿命.当固溶温度提高到1320℃时,可使合金成分的均匀化程度提高,难溶元素得到充分扩散,降低合金的枝晶干/间成分偏析,并抑制合金中TCP相的析出,可显著提高合金的蠕变抗力.与1300℃固溶处理相比较,合金经1320℃高温固溶处理后,其在1072℃,137MPa条件下的蠕变寿命由37h提高到230h.     

近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久性能各向异性研究

通过不同取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久测试,研究了取向对980℃持久性能的影响。结果表明:[001]取向偏离主应力轴15°以内,DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久寿命相当,没有各向异性。这主要是由于近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金多个〈110〉{111}滑移系共同作用的结果。同时,原子扩散造成的γ′筏排和γ/γ′相界面形成的位错网也降低持久性能各向异性。     

热等静压对ZL111—T6铝合金叶轮组织和性能的影响

通过对比试验研究了热等静压处理对ZL111-T6铝合金增压器叶轮显微组织、拉伸性能及疲劳性能的影响。结果表明：热等静压处理可有效消除ZL111-T6铝合金叶轮内部的铸造疏松和缩孔缺陷;热等静压使ZL111-T6铝合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率都略有提高,同时使各项性能数据的离散度大幅度减小,提高了铸件产品性能的稳定性;相比未经热等静压处理的ZL111-T6铝合金叶轮,热等静压处理使其疲劳寿命提高了一倍以上。     

Hot Isostatic Pressing of Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coating Systems

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are important to aerospace and high performance gas turbine engines because they help to keep the temperature experienced by the base metal low; thus, prolonging the life span of the material. Plasma spraying is a technique commonly used to deposit the ceramic-based TBC. An intermediate layer is applied to enhance the bond between the substrate and the ceramic top coat. However, the oxidation of the bond coat due to the infiltration of gas through the porous ceramic layer is a major problem encountered in TBC. This in turn leads to spalling and eventual destruction of the whole coating system. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was performed on a number of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating systems to investigate the effects the process has on micro structure and other physical properties. Due to the fact that the majority of TBC is exposed to thermal cycling and thermal fatigue, it is hoped that the changes brought about by HIP in the porosity and microstructure will improve the life span and performance of TBC. HIP was performed in the temperature range 750-1300° C and pressures of 50-200 MPa. The bond coats that were studied include Ni-5% Al, Ni-20 percnt; Al, NiCrAl and NiCrAlY, while the ceramic coat was Zr0₂-5 wt percnt; CaO. Characterization of the coatings was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and image analyser. The results showed the porosity of the coatings to be dramatically reduced to near zero levels. In addition, the other physical properties like hardness and Young's modulus increased over a wide temperature range.     

Ultrasonic fatigue testing of cast steel G42CrMo4 at elevated temperatures

The fatigue life of cast steel G42CrMo4 in two different heat treatment conditions was investigated at room temperature (RT), 473 K and 773 K up to the range of very high cycle fatigue (VHCF), that is, 10⁹ cycles. The fatigue life is determined by casting defects, the hardness of the steel matrix and by temperature. Fatigue life data were discussed in correlation with crack‐initiating defects analysed on fracture surfaces. The SN curves obtained at RT and at 473 K show a large scatter. However, the SN curve at 773 K exhibits a larger slope parameter and a significantly reduced scatter. It is shown that the fatigue behaviour of the cast steel G42CrMo4 changes from 473 to 773 K in the range of VHCF. The fatigue lives of the specimens tested at 773 K were described with a crack growth model.     

SiC-C/SiC复合材料的高温低周应力腐蚀机理与寿命预测

研究了SiC涂层连续碳纤维增韧的SiC基复合材料(SiC-C/SiC)在低频拉-拉循环应力下,干氧环境、水蒸气环境、湿氧环境以及含硫酸钠蒸气环境中,1000℃、1200℃和1300℃高温下的应力氧化与应力腐蚀情况。通过比较复合材料在相同循环应力条件下、不同温度和环境中的寿命,揭示了复合材料在高温、循环应力状态下的腐蚀机理。研究发现,在循环应力状态下,氧气是导致SiC-C/SiC复合材料寿命下降的主要因素。1000℃<T<1300℃时,循环应力作用下SiC-C/SiC复合材料的失效机制是由碳纤维和氧气的反应机制控制的,其寿命随温度升高而线性下降。提出了SiC-C/SiC复合材料在拉-拉循环应力作用下的寿命预测公式,并利用试验结果验证了其正确性。      

Lifetime prediction of cast iron materials under combined thermomechanical fatigue and high cycle fatigue loading using a mechanism-based model

In this paper the fatigue life of three cast iron materials, namely EN-GJS-700, EN-GJV-450 and EN-GJL-250, is predicted for combined thermomechanical fatigue and high cycle fatigue loading. To this end, a mechanism-based model is used, which is based on microcrack growth. The model considers crack growth due to low frequency loading (thermomechanical and low cycle fatigue) and due to high cycle fatigue. To determine the model parameters for the cast iron materials, fatigue tests are performed under combined loading and crack growth is measured at room temperature using the replica technique. Superimposed high cycle fatigue leads to an accelerated crack growth as soon as a critical crack length and thus the threshold stress intensity factor is exceeded. The model takes this effect into account and predicts the fatigue lives of all cast iron materials investigated under combined loadings very well.     

一种新型高锌Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的热处理工艺

采用热顶直冷半连续铸造法制备了一种Zn元素含量达9.6%(质量分数)的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金。利用金相显微镜、透射电镜进行微观组织观察,采用差热分析仪测试相转变温度。测试了硬度、拉伸性能并利用扫描电镜进行断口分析。表明:铸锭的铸态组织细小,晶间共晶相较少,共晶相的熔化温度为473.4℃。铸锭的均匀化工艺为465℃/24h,经均匀化处理后,晶界变为断续状,晶界相明显回溶。通过挤压法制备合金棒材,系统研究挤压棒材在不同温度下的单级和三级时效硬化曲线。表明在135℃/12h的单级时效制度下,合金挤压棒材的峰值硬度为197.7HBS,抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为727.5,718.0MPa和9.3%;在120℃/24h+190℃/5min+135℃/3h的三级时效制度下,合金挤压棒材的峰值硬度为204.7HBS,抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为764.0,749.0MPa和7.2%。     

热处理对选区激光熔化17-4PH不锈钢力学性能的影响

对选区激光熔化成形的17-4PH不锈钢分别进行真空热处理、热等静压高压淬火处理和组合热处理(热等静压固溶后快淬和马弗炉时效后水冷),在1040℃固溶处理2 h和在480℃时效4 h,观察其显微组织并研究了热处理对其力学性能的影响。结果表明,17-4PH不锈钢由回火马氏体和淬火马氏体组成,热处理后沉淀相弥散分布于晶粒内部,其颗粒尺寸为100~150 nm。真空热处理使合金内部孔隙的尺寸减小到3~7 μm,而热等静压使内部孔隙几乎完全闭合,使钢的密度基本上达到理论值。真空热处理+水淬使沉积态17-4PH不锈钢的抗拉强度和硬度都显著提高(分别提高到1300 MPa和448.5HV);热等静压在提高沉积态17-4PH不锈钢抗拉强度的同时使其延伸率显著提高到22.4%。断口分析结果表明,沉积态和热等静压样品的断口形貌为典型的韧性断裂,热等静压样品的韧窝更深、尺寸更大。真空热处理和组合热处理样品的断口形貌具有部分脆性断裂的特征且出现裂纹,与沉积态相比塑性略有降低。     

Creep‐fatigue behaviour of single‐crystal Ni‐base superalloy CMSX‐8

The creep‐fatigue behaviour of a lower cost, reduced rhenium Ni‐base superalloy, CMSX‐8, a variant of CMSX‐4, cast in a single crystal was experimentally evaluated over a broad range of conditions, from room temperature to 1100°C, and for two loading orientations: <001> and <111>. The fatigue lives depend on the orientation, cycle type, and temperature. The relative importance of these parameters on influencing the life is identified and discussed. From this understanding, a simple life model is constructed to capture the influence of these broad test conditions. The results are compared with those of the higher Re superalloy, CMSX‐4.     

热处理对TC4-DT钛合金组织性能的影响

研究了Ф300mm的TC4-DT钛合金几种热处理工艺参数对显微组织和室温性能的影响。研究表明α＋β区锻造Ф300mm的棒材晶粒较大,低倍呈现模糊晶,局部区域有明显的清晰晶,表明大规格棒材锻造均匀性较差。大规格的棒材＋双重退火热处理后,拉伸性能和断裂韧性均能达到Rm≥825MPa,RP0.2≥750MPa,A（纵向）≥8％,Z≥15％;KIC（T—L）≥90MPa·m1/2,具有良好的强度塑性匹配性能。α＋β相区锻造的Ф300mm棒材经965℃／1h Ac十550℃／6h AC和940℃／1h AC＋570℃／6h AC处理后,疲劳裂纹扩展速率在△K=11MPa·m1/2时,分别达到2．833036×10^-6mm／cycle和7．294209×10^-6mm／cyele。