7075Al/SiCp复合材料的热压缩变形流变应力和组织行为

采用圆柱试样在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对喷射沉积7075Al/SiCp复合材料进行高温压缩变形实验,实验条件为:变形温度300～450℃,应变速率0.001～1s-1.结果表明:7075Al/SiCp复合材料的流变应力大小受到变形温度和应变速率的强烈影响,流变应力随应变的增加而逐渐增加,出现一峰值后逐渐下降;流变应力随变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低而降低.可用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述7075Al/SiCp复合材料高温压缩变形流变应力.随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,7075Al/SiCp复合材料热变形过程中SiCp的分布逐渐均匀化,有利其热加工性能的改善.     

纳米Al_2O_3弥散强化铜复合材料的产业化制备及研究

采用内氧化法以水雾化铜铝粉为原料制备出铝含量(质量分数)分别为0.15%、0.40%、0.60%的Al2O3弥散铜复合材料。研究了Al2O3弥散强化铜材料的组织与性能,结果表明,弥散铜材料的晶粒细小,晶粒大小约为10μm;γ-Al2O3在基体中均匀分布,平均尺寸约为6nm,间距为40nm;挤压态为Al含量0.60%的弥散铜棒材(Φ25mm)不经任何中间热处理,直接冷拉拔即可得到Φ3mm的铜丝,其抗拉强度高达680MPa,电导率达78%IACS。     

Al_2O_3弥散强化铜棒材高温力学性能与软化行为研究

研究了ODS15、ODS20和ODS60三种Al_2O_3弥散强化铜棒材在650℃下保温1 min和15 min的高温力学性能,并依据ISO5182对ODS60弥散强化铜棒材的硬度、抗拉强度、屈服强度、软化行为进行研究。结果表明,铝含量不同的三种弥散强化铜棒材在650℃保温1 min与保温15 min的高温强度基本一致;随着铝含量的增加,高温强度随之升高;ODS60弥散强化铜硬度、屈服强度、抗拉强度的软化温度分别为970℃、950~960℃、960~970℃。     

Cu-Al2O3纳米弥散强化铜合金的短流程制备工艺及性能

研究了一种简化的短流程工艺,成功地制备出几种不同成分的Cu-Al2O3弥散强化铜合金.对Cu-0.3wt%Al合金粉末内氧化的研究表明,在700℃～900℃内氧化时,早期进行得非常迅速,硬度的提高主要发生在1 h以内;不同温度下内氧化达到硬度峰值的时间也各不相同,且900℃内氧化时硬度的峰值为最高(HV=141).随Al2O3体积分数的增加,挤压态合金σb和σ02均逐渐升高,但其增速随Al2O3的增加有逐渐减缓之势.经不同变形量的冷拉拔后,σb和σ0.2基本呈相对均匀的速度增加,且随Al2O3含量的增加,加工硬化的速率逐渐变慢,延伸率则相应降低,电导率的下降幅度不大.所有Cu-Al2O3合金在退火后均能保持其大部分强度(≥72%).     

Cu-Ni-Si合金时效的正交试验研究

采用正交试验对Cu-3.2Ni-0.75Si-0.3Zn合金的时效工艺进行了研究。结果发现,各因素对合金导电率和显微硬度影响程度的主次顺序分别为:时效温度>合金状态>时效后冷变形量>时效时间和时效温度>冷变形量>合金状态>时效时间。在保证合金性能不降低的情况下,该合金热轧板材经60%冷变形后,可直接进行时效而省去固溶处理。合金经最佳工艺时效和60%冷变形后,导电率和显微硬度分别可达41.96%I-ACS和263.4Hv。     

含Sc超高强Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Zr合金的热变形行为和微观组织

采用热模拟实验对含Sc超高强Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Zr合金在应变速率为0.001～10s-1、变形温度为380～470℃的条件下进行了热压缩实验.研究了实验合金的流变应力行为和微观组织演变.结果表明:流变应力随变形温度升高而下降;随应变速率增加峰值应力也相应增加.随变形温度升高和应变速率降低,合金动态再结晶的程度加深,亚晶尺寸变大.含Sc超高强Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Zr合金,形成了Al3Sc弥散相,该相可强烈抑制再结晶.合金主要软化机制为动态回复伴随动态再结晶.     

基于正交试验的Cu-Ni-Si合金加工工艺研究

利用L9(34)表对Cu-3.2Ni-0.75Si-0.3Zn合金的时效工艺进行了正交试验,结果发现,各因素对合金导电率和显微硬度影响程度的主次顺序分别为:时效温度＞合金状态＞时效后冷变形量＞时效时间和时效温度＞冷变形量＞合金状态＞时效时间.在保证合金性能不降低的情况下,该合金热轧板材经60%冷变形后,可直接进行时效而省去固溶处理.本试验所得合金的性能为:抗拉强度830MPa,显微硬度220Hv,导电率51%IACS,延伸率6%;同时材料厚度＜0.120 mm.     

GH3625合金管材冷变形行为及热处理工艺研究

通过室温压缩试验、数学模型拟合、光学显微镜和洛氏硬度计等手段,并建立GH3625合金管材冷变形本构方程,研究了冷变形及热处理对GH3625合金管材组织和性能的影响。研究表明,GH3625合金管材加工硬化规律基本符合Hollomon方程,其中冷变形量是影响加工硬化的主要因素;随着冷变形量的增大,晶粒的变形程度增大,晶粒的变形均匀性逐渐改善,平均晶粒尺寸减小;合金的平均晶粒尺寸随热处理温度的升高呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,在1 100~1 250℃范围内晶粒长大激活能为180.46kJ/mol;硬度随热处理温度的升高而降低,且在晶粒长大过程中合金的硬度值与平均晶粒尺寸满足Hall-Patch关系式。     

原位合成法制备Cu-Al_2O_3复合材料及其性能研究

为改善Al2O3颗粒的分散性,提高Al2O3颗粒与Cu基体的结合力,采用原位合成法制备Al2O3弥散强化铜基复合材料,并研究了Al2O3含量变化对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料的相对密度和导电性随着Al2O3含量的增加而下降,而硬度随Al2O3的增加而增加。与外加法相比,原位合成法制备的Al2O3弥散强化Cu基复合材料在提高硬度的同时,仍能保持很好的导电性。     

内氧化-高速压制法制备Al_2O_3弥散强化铜合金的性能研究

以Cu-0.18%(质量分数)Al合金粉末为原料、Cu2O为氧化剂,采用内氧化法制备Al2O3弥散铜合金粉末,采用高速压制(HVC)对粉末进行成形,经氢气中960~1 080℃烧结制备弥散强化铜合金,研究合金粉末的HVC成形效果和烧结温度对合金致密度、硬度、导电率和压缩强度等性能的影响。结果表明,HVC成形Al2O3弥散铜合金粉能获得良好的成形效果,压坯密度达到8.71 g/cm3(98.4%致密度)。与压坯相比,烧结后合金的致密度并无明显变化,但其导电率显著提升,硬度有所降低,压缩强度升高。随烧结温度的升高,合金的导电率有所升高,硬度略有降低,压缩强度基本保持恒定。经1 040~1 080℃烧结制备合金的导电率、硬度分别达到80%IACS和77 HRB以上,压缩强度达到450 MPa,能基本满足点焊电极的实际应用需求。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...