18Cr10NiNb耐热钢析出相的热力学计算和平衡相分析

将18Cr10NiNb耐热钢在650℃进行10,000h的时效试验,用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了18Cr10NiNb奥氏体耐热钢的组织,通过热力学计算研究了500-1400℃碳、铌和氮含量的变化对平衡析出相的影响。结果表明:在18Cr10NiNb钢的时效过程中在晶内析出了富Nb的MX相,在晶界析出了富Cr的M_(23)C_6相。根据热力学计算,其平衡析出相为MX,M_(23)C_6和σ相。MX相和M_(23)C_6型碳化物的最高溶解温度分别约为1340℃和840℃。MX相的数量随C和Nb含量的提高而增加。σ相的数量随着C含量的提高而减少。添加0.2%的N元素后,MX相为含有N、Nb、Cr和少量C的复杂碳氮化物,且在其平衡组织中出现了Cr_2N相。     

G18CrMo2-6钢在高温回火过程中第二相的演变

应用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和能谱技术等手段研究了G18CrMo2-6钢正火组织中第二相在680℃下保温一系列时间段的转变。结果表明,在正火后贝氏体中析出相主要为马氏体/奥氏体(M/A)组元和合金渗碳体(M_3C);在回火保温初期M/A分解为铁素体(α)与M3C组织,随着保温时间延长M3C逐渐球化并溶解,M_(23)C_6在晶界析出并长大,同时基体上有细小弥散的MC相析出。即回火保温过程中组织随时间的延长发生M/A→α+M_3C,M_3C→M_(23)C_6+MC的变化。     

一种SCWR包壳管用9-12%Cr低活性F/M钢的组织及析出相研究

运用Thermo-Calc软件进行热力学计算,预测了一种新型9-12%Cr低活性F/M(铁素体/马氏体)实验钢的组织。对淬火回火热处理后的显微组织进行了观察,并对析出物进行电子衍射结构分析和EDS化学成分检测。结果表明,实验钢是典型的回火板条马氏体组织,位于各种晶界上的析出物均为富Cr的碳化物M_(23)C_6,其化学成分随碳化物的形貌变化而变化。对实验钢进行60%冷变形并随后在820℃退火10-300 min,M_(23)C_6在完全再结晶、奥氏体相变过程中进一步球化,Cr、W不断富集,Cr/Fe逐渐升高至2后成分趋于稳定,化学组成接近于(Cr_(15)Fe_6W_2)C_6。     

1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb（GX—8）钢的回火转变研究

本文叙述了1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb(GX—8)钢的回火转变机制的研究结果。该钢经300℃回火析出Fe_3C型碳化物,400～500℃回火析出M_7C_3与M_2X,500～600℃回火析出M_2X和M_(23)C_6,600℃以上回火析出M_(23)C_6。由于在不同温度下回火,析出的碳化物类型、形态、数量和分布的不同,因而使钢具有不同的物理、力学和化学性能。     

Q460FRW耐火钢的组织稳定性

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算Q460FRW耐火钢的平衡态析出相。利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜观察和分析Q460FRW耐火钢600℃保温处理前后的基体与析出相演变。结果表明:600℃下的平衡态析出相由M7C3,M23C6(M=Fe,Cr,Mo,Mn)和MX(M=Nb,Ti;X=C,N)构成。热机械控制工艺下,组织主要由粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体构成。600℃保温处理后,粒状贝氏体中的M/A组元逐渐分解,针状铁素体逐渐转变为块状铁素体。随600℃下保温时间的延长,富Cr/Mn的M7C3相尺寸持续增加,富Nb/Ti的MX相尺寸在小幅度增加后保持稳定,未发现M23C6型析出相。在保温过程中,Mo主要以固溶态存在,其对耐火性能的作用主要为固溶强化。     

4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢的奥氏体晶粒度和孪晶及碳化物

对锻造的4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢经相应热处理后的奥氏体晶粒度、孪晶及碳化物类型进行了研究。认为固溶处理后的奥氏体晶粒度主要取决于固溶加热温度,与锻造温度关系不大。固溶加热过程实质是再结晶过程的继续,即二次再结晶。奥氏体晶粒的大小只能通过控制再结晶温度的高低和时间长短来实现。该钢热处理后,碳化物类型为M_(23)C_6和M_7C_3两种,而以M_(23)C_6居多。其中M_(23)C_6为(Cr、Fe、W、Mo)_(23)C_6和(Fe、Ni)_(23)C_6两种结构,而M_7C_3为(Cr、Fe)_7C_3。     

Inconel 740H蠕变过程中晶界M23C6的粗化行为

为了解700℃超临界电站锅炉过/再热器用主要候选材料Inconel 740H晶界M_(23)C_6相在蠕变过程中的粗化行为,对通过真空感应熔炼和真空电弧重熔双联工艺制备的合金,在750℃/200 MPa条件下分别开展蠕变中断与蠕变断裂试验,并利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、能谱分析仪等测试方法对晶界M_(23)C_6相进行表征.采用Image-Pro Plus软件对相参量进行定量统计,进而分析其变化趋势.研究表明:在所研究温度、应力及时间范围内,随着蠕变时间的延长,晶界富Cr的M_(23)C_6相逐渐由粒状、短棒状发展成为长条、半连续的链状分布;粒子沿平行于晶界方向的长大速率明显高于沿垂直于晶界方向的长大速率,但二者的粗化均表现出尺寸三次方与时间之间呈线性关系的规律;相数量的增加与蠕变时间亦呈线性关系;与尺寸的粗化相比,相数量的增长较为缓慢,外加应力在一定程度上促进了M_(23)C_6的析出.     

Inconel 625合金中析出相演变研究进展

本文综述了Inconel 625合金析出相的析出与演变行为,重点介绍了该合金不同类型析出相包括γ′相、γ″相、δ相、Ni_2(Cr,Mo)相以及MC,M_6C,M_(23)C_6型碳化物和Laves相;阐明不同成形工艺、热处理及高温蠕变过程中析出相的析出与演化行为,论述不同类型的析出相对合金性能的影响;指出Inconel 625合金快速成形及焊接过程中产生裂纹的主要因素,并提出未来重要的发展方向是如何通过选择与控制相析出来进一步提高Inconel 625合金的热强性和热疲劳性能。     

奥氏体热作工具钢的析出与强化

透射电镜(TEM)分析表明,奥氏体热作工具钢的强化相为晶内析出的MC,它与基体存在严格的晶体学取向关系:(111)_(MC)//(111)γ,[110]MC//[110]γ。在700℃时效,MC质点主要在基体中的空位上形核和长大;在800℃时效,MC质点同时在位错网和空位上形核和长大。晶界上存在两种碳化物:M_(23)C_6和M_7C_3。在700℃时效,M_(23)C_6与基体没有取向关系,而在800℃时效,这种碳化物与基体的取向关系为:(111)M_(23)C_6//(111)γ,[110]M_(23)C_6//[110]γ。     

P92钢高温蠕变过程中显微组织演变研究现状及强化途径

综合国内外的研究成果,论述了P92钢在高温蠕变过程中不同的析出相对P92钢性能的影响。结果表明M23C6相在高温蠕变过程中粗化较快,会失去对P92钢马氏体晶界的钉扎强化作用;Laves相形成初期能够提高P92钢的蠕变断裂强度,但是当Laves相到一定尺寸后会降低P92钢的蠕变断裂强度;Z相的析出不但增加了蠕变孔洞出现的几率,而且会减少基体中的MX相,降低MX相的弥散强化作用,所以Z相的析出对P92钢高温蠕变性能有不良影响。同时论述了可以采用形变热处理生产工艺和控制合金元素含量等措施强化P92钢的高温蠕变性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.