氩弧熔覆含Al_2O_3-TiB_2增强颗粒的自熔性镍基合金复合层的冲蚀磨损性能

为了提高Al2O3-Ti B2复相陶瓷涂层的冲蚀磨损性能并降低熔覆成本,以Ni60A自熔性合金粉末、Al2O3粉末以及Al-Ti O2-B2O3体系为原料,在Q235钢表面氩弧熔覆原位合成了Al2O3-Ti B2增强颗粒复合层。采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度仪及冲蚀磨损试验对熔覆层的显微组织、物相结构、显微硬度和耐冲蚀磨损性能进行分析。结果表明:熔覆层与基体之间的结合方式为冶金结合,界面无气孔、裂纹;熔覆层中有Al2O3,Ti B2,Fe2B和Fe19Ni3相生成;熔覆层的显微硬度最高可达771.9 HV,较基体提高了3.82倍;熔覆层的冲蚀磨损性能相对基体提高了2.49~4.70倍。     

不锈钢等离子渗碳工艺及渗层组织和性能的研究

采用渗碳工艺能够提高不锈钢的耐磨性,但不锈钢表面钝化膜的存在使一般渗碳工艺较难进行.采用离子渗碳工艺对1Cr18Ni9Ti进行了试验和渗后力学性能的研究,结果表明,等离子渗碳速度快,经等离子渗碳后炉冷、渗层碳浓度梯度平缓,表层维氏硬度为600～625 HV,过渡层维氏硬度为370～450 HV,表层和过渡层组织为细小粒状碳化物 奥氏体,心部主要为奥氏体,渗层耐磨性好,基体力学性能优良.     

超音速等离子喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层的力学性能及冲蚀磨损失效分析

为改善水轮机表面的抗冲蚀磨损性能,采用超音速等离子喷涂微米WC-10Co4Cr粉末制备碳化物金属陶瓷涂层。对涂层的显微硬度、孔隙率、结合强度、抗冲蚀性能进行了测试,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征和分析了WC-10Co4Cr涂层的物相组成、微观组织结构,并探讨了涂层在含沙水流中的冲蚀磨损失效机制。结果表明:获得的WC-10Co4Cr涂层的孔隙率为0.5%,平均显微硬度达1 226HV0.2,结合强度为70MPa,涂层的抗冲蚀磨损性能是基体的2.46倍,可有效提高基体的抗冲蚀性能,在含沙水流作用下的冲蚀磨损失效以犁削和剥落磨损为主。     

等离子熔覆铁基涂层的组织及冲蚀磨损研究

采用等离子熔覆法制备了铁基涂层.研究了涂层的组织结构,测试了涂层的显微硬度及耐冲蚀磨损性能,并利用扫描电镜对涂层显微组织、冲蚀表面形貌进行了分析.结果表明:涂层显微硬度是基体材料不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti的2倍,最高达到550,涂层冲蚀后质量损失是不锈钢对比试样1Cr18Ni9Ti和0Cr13Ni5Mo的1/2左右.     

CrMoV合金堆焊层组织结构及抗冲蚀磨损性能研究

采用手工电弧焊工艺在20钢基体表面制备CrMoV合金堆焊层进行相组成、显微组织、耐冲蚀磨损性能及冲蚀磨损机理研究。结果表明,堆焊层数增加母材稀释率减小,堆焊层显微组织主要为马氏体、残余奥氏体及合金碳化物。第二、三堆焊层显微硬度最高,堆焊层平均显微硬度达780 HV,为基体硬度的4倍多。在所有冲蚀角度范围内,CrMoV合金堆焊层耐泥沙冲蚀磨损性能优于20钢;冲蚀角度小于30°时冲蚀磨损机制以微切削为主,大于30°时以疲劳损伤及局部塑性变形为主;砂粒粒径增加,堆焊层及20钢的冲蚀磨损率均有所增加,但不与粒径的增加值成正比。     

Al含量对非平衡磁控溅射制备Ti1-xAlxN膜性能的影响

将电弧离子镀和中频非平衡磁控溅射工艺相结合制备了Ti1-xAlxN薄膜。利用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、划痕仪、摩擦磨损仪等分析检测仪器研究了不同Al含量Ti1-xAlxN薄膜的性能。结果表明：随Al含量增加,沉积速率变大;各种Al含量的膜层中都有Ti1-xAlxN相;当x为51at.%时薄膜有最高的显微硬度2741.8HV,此时摩擦系数达到最低值0.14;Al含量多时膜层Ti1-xAlxN表面粗糙;各种Al含量的膜层与基体的结合力大致相同,临界载荷都在16～20N左右。     

1Cr12Ni2W1Mo1V不锈钢表面等离子堆焊司太立熔覆层的组织及性能

为提高1Cr12Ni2W1Mo1V不锈钢的耐水蚀性能,采用等离子堆焊方法在其表面制备司太立熔覆层。研究了涂层的显微组织和显微硬度分布,分析了涂层的抗微粒冲蚀性能和耐水蚀性能。结果表明:司太立熔覆层与基体材料冶金结合良好,熔覆层组织细小、分布均匀,基体为枝晶状Co-Cr固溶体,枝晶间较均匀地分布着黑色碳化物,主要为M7C3和少量WC颗粒;司太立熔覆层的平均显微硬度(382.38 HV4.9 N)约为基材平均硬度(195.29HV4.9 N)的1.96倍,最高硬度值达到了421.00 HV4.9 N;堆焊第2层的硬度明显高于第1层的;司太立熔覆层合金的抗微粒冲蚀性能优于基材,其水蚀速度比基材小,在基材1Cr12Ni2W1Mo1V上堆焊司太立合金能有效提高其耐水蚀性能。     

对称型叠层陶瓷喷嘴的结构设计及其冲蚀磨损行为研究

为提高陶瓷喷砂嘴抗冲蚀磨损能力,缓解喷嘴入口、出口的高应力状态,采用热压烧结工艺制备了Al2O3＋（W,Ti）C/Al2O3＋TiC三层对称型叠层陶瓷材料及叠层陶瓷喷嘴.研究结果表明：叠层陶瓷材料表层较之相应单一材料而言,具有更高的硬度和断裂韧性;在相同的冲蚀磨损条件下,叠层陶瓷喷嘴的抗冲蚀磨损性能较非叠层陶瓷喷嘴有显著的提高;试验分析叠层陶瓷喷嘴的最佳层厚比为2.此外,采用有限元法对叠层陶瓷喷嘴在制备过程中的残余应力进行了理论计算,给出了叠层陶瓷喷嘴中残余应力与层厚比的关系.研究表明,残余压应力的存在,细化了晶粒,提高了叠层材料表层的硬度和断裂韧性,是叠层陶瓷喷嘴其抗冲蚀磨损能力提高的原因.理论分析最佳层厚比也为2,理论分析与试验结果相互印证.     

对称型叠层陶瓷喷嘴的结构设计及其冲蚀磨损行为研究员

为提高陶瓷喷砂嘴抗冲蚀磨损能力,缓解喷嘴入口、出口的高应力状态,采用热压烧结工艺制备了Al2O3+(W,Ti)C/Al2O3+TiC三层对称型叠层陶瓷材料及叠层陶瓷喷嘴.研究结果表明:叠层陶瓷材料表层较之相应单一材料而言,具有更高的硬度和断裂韧性;在相同的冲蚀磨损条件下,叠层陶瓷喷嘴的抗冲蚀磨损性能较非叠层陶瓷喷嘴有显著的提高;试验分析叠层陶瓷喷嘴的最佳层厚比为2.此外,采用有限元法对叠层陶瓷喷嘴在制备过程中的残余应力进行了理论计算,给出了叠层陶瓷喷嘴中残余应力与层厚比的关系.研究表明,残余压应力的存在,细化了晶粒,提高了叠层材料表层的硬度和断裂韧性,是叠层陶瓷喷嘴其抗冲蚀磨损能力提高的原因.理论分析最佳层厚比也为2,理论分析与试验结果相互印证.     

Ti_2AlNb基合金表面磁控溅射Al/Al_2O_3薄膜及扩散处理对其抗高温氧化性能的影响

为提高Ti2Al Nb合金的抗高温氧化性能,在Ti2AlNb合金表面磁控溅射Al/Al2O3薄膜,于真空退火炉内对其进行600℃,1 h扩散处理后,分别在650,750,850℃下氧化100 h。利用XRD,SEM,EDS技术对基体和扩散试样的相组成、微观形貌进行了分析;研究了Al/Al2O3薄膜扩散层的抗高温氧化性能及扩散处理对Al/Al2O3薄膜氧化动力学曲线的影响。结果表明:Al/Al2O3薄膜扩散层的氧化行为受氧离子渗入薄膜运动过程的控制,在高温条件下表层形成连续致密的Al2O3膜,使薄膜扩散层的氧化系数远低于基体,并且次表层的富铝相能有效阻止氧离子扩散通道的形成,减少基体与氧化性气体接触,从而显著提高Ti2Al Nb基合金的抗高温氧化性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from