PVA／HA复合水凝胶的结构和摩擦学性能

将聚乙烯醇(PVA)和纳米羟基磷灰石(HA)按一定比例共混,采用反复冷冻-融化法制备出PVA/HA复合水凝胶.观察了PVA/HA复合水凝胶的微观结构和晶态结构,并在小牛血清稀释液润滑条件下进行了PVA/HA复合水凝胶与牛膝关节软骨的摩擦磨损试验.结果表明:随着冷冻-融化循环数的增加,PVA/HA复合水凝胶结构中氢键的作用增强,缠结结构链上的交联点增多,复合水凝胶的结晶度也随之提高,微孔结构趋于完整,因而使其压缩刚度增大;PVA/HA复合水凝胶与牛膝关节软骨的摩擦系数、接触变形和磨损量都随着冷冻-融化循环数的增加而显著减小,使复合水凝胶的减摩性和耐磨性提高.     

纳米材料掺杂型聚乙烯醇双交联复合水凝胶的力-化学性质

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料,氧化石墨烯(GO)和羟基磷灰石(HA)为共掺杂物,先以戊二醛作为交联剂,采用化学交联法制备了GO/HA/PVA单网络单交联复合水凝胶,再通过循环冷冻-解冻技术使PVA聚合物链间进一步发生氢键交联,制备得到GO/HA/PVA双网络双交联复合水凝胶。采用HRSEM、XRD表征了水凝胶的微观形貌和晶相结构,并研究了GO与PVA、HA与PVA在不同质量比及不同冷冻-解冻循环次数时制备所得GO/HA/PVA复合水凝胶的力学性能。结果表明:随着GO与PVA质量百分比的增加(0%～2.6%),该凝胶拉伸力学强度不断增强;随着HA与PVA质量比的增加(0.22～1.10),该凝胶的拉伸强度先增强后减弱;随着冷冻-解冻循环次数增加(0次、3次、7次)该凝胶的拉伸强度逐渐增强,弹性模量也逐渐提高。当GO与PVA质量百分比为1.9%、HA与PVA质量比为0.66、冷冻-解冻循环次数N=7次时,制备所得凝胶的拉伸力学性能最优(拉伸强度为695 kPa,断裂应变为286%,弹性模量为78 kPa)。此外,深入研究了不同冷冻-解冻循环次数对水凝胶含水率和溶胀率的影响规律。结果表明:不同冷冻-解冻循环次数(0次、3次、7次)的凝胶含水率为79.3%～81.7%,平衡溶胀率为50.1%～72%,且均在60 min后达到溶胀平衡。该水凝胶有望作为软骨替代材料应用于临床医学领域。     

PVA/P(AA-AM)复合水凝胶的制备及性能

采用水溶液聚合方法合成了不同组成的丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物(P(AA-AM))。将聚乙烯醇(PVA)与所合成的P(AA-AM)共混,以戊二醛为交联剂,制备出了不同结构的PVA/P(AA-AM)复合水凝胶。采用扫描电镜观察了凝胶形貌,研究了复合水凝胶的结构与性能关系。结果表明,复合水凝胶溶胀性能与所用交联剂加量有关,复合水凝胶的溶胀度随着交联剂加量增加先增大后减小,在交联剂加量为0.5%时水凝胶溶胀度达到最大值。复合凝胶中的聚合物组成对溶胀度影响显著,随着P(AA-AM)含量提高,水凝胶的溶胀度逐渐增大。适当结构的复合水凝胶具有pH敏感性,敏感程度随着凝胶中P(AA-AM)含量的增加而增强。     

法向载荷对紫铜的微米划痕测试的影响

使用Rockwell C金刚石圆锥压头对紫铜进行微米划痕实验,研究了法向载荷对样品的微米划痕测试的影响。结果表明:随着法向载荷的增大,压入深度和残余深度均线性增加,弹性恢复率线性减小;划痕宽度随压入深度的增加先非线性地增大,之后趋于线性增加。当法向载荷在0.08~0.11N的范围内时,摩擦力线性增大,摩擦系数趋于一个常数,摩擦机制为粘着摩擦;当法向载荷在0.11~17N的范围内时,摩擦力和摩擦系数非线性地增大,摩擦机制为犁沟摩擦;当法向载荷在17~28N的范围内时,摩擦系数趋于一个常数,摩擦力线性增大,摩擦机制为微切削。     

高强度聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨烯复合水凝胶

采用冷冻-解冻方法制备了物理交联的聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨烯复合水凝胶。采用热失重、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热、扫描电镜、力学性能、溶胀性能及离子强度敏感性等分析对制备的复合水凝胶进行了表征,研究了氧化石墨烯(GO)含量、冷冻-解冻循环次数、聚乙烯醇(PVA)浓度对复合水凝胶性能的影响。研究结果表明,复合水凝胶呈现出三维多孔网络结构;随着GO含量的增加,水凝胶的热稳定性增强、熔融温度上升,拉伸强度和压缩强度也得到明显提高,说明GO在复合水凝胶中起到了物理交联剂的作用;复合水凝胶的平衡溶胀比随着GO含量的增加而增大,但当GO的质量分数超过0.4%时逐渐减小;增加冷冻-解冻循环次数或PVA浓度,水凝胶的拉伸强度和压缩强度增大,力学性能得到显著改善。     

聚乙烯醇水凝胶/不锈钢摩擦性能研究

利用球-盘摩擦试验机研究润滑状态、载荷、滑动速度和不锈钢球直径对PVA水凝胶/不锈钢球摩擦副摩擦系数的影响.研究结果表明PVA凝胶内的自由水对摩擦副起着良好的润滑作用.在摩擦的起始阶段,干摩擦和润滑剂润滑状态下的摩擦系数相差甚微,随摩擦时间的延长,干摩擦状态下的摩擦系数在短时间内急剧上升,而润滑剂润滑状态下的摩擦系数基本保持不变;摩擦副的摩擦系数随滑动速度和不锈钢球直径的增加而下降,当滑动速度从45r/min升至225r/min时,摩擦副的摩擦系数下降54.24%;摩擦系数随载荷的增加而上升,但在低载荷区,摩擦副的摩擦系数的上升速率明显大于其在高载荷区的上升速率.随着载荷的增加,凝胶中自由水对摩擦副的润滑作用逐渐增强.     

纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶的溶胀性

采用溶液共混合成法制备了纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乙烯醇(n-HA/PVA)复合水凝胶材料,研究了n-HA含量、冷冻循环次数与复合水凝胶含水率、溶胀比和溶解率之间的关系.结果表明水凝胶含水率、溶胀比和溶解率受冷冻-融化循环次数和n-HA含量的影响.随着n-HA的含量增加,含水率、溶胀比和溶解率逐渐减少.随着冷冻-融化循环次数的增加,含水率和溶解率逐渐降低而溶胀比逐渐增大.     

纳米细菌纤维素/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶在模拟体液中的疲劳行为

聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合水凝胶作为半月板及软骨等长期承重植入体,在生理环境中的疲劳行为关系到植入体的持久性和稳定性。采用弥散增强的方法将纳米细菌纤维素(BC)均匀分散在PVA水凝胶基体中,制备了纳米BC/PVA复合水凝胶。在模拟体液(SBF)环境中,采用压缩疲劳过程分析、疲劳前后刚度变化分析及疲劳前后尺寸稳定性分析3种方法,测试和评价了复合水凝胶的抗疲劳性能和力学稳定性。结果表明:纳米BC/PVA复合水凝胶在模拟人体环境中具有良好的抗疲劳性能,能够满足体内植入物的抗疲劳性能需求;纳米BC的加入可以有效提升复合水凝胶的力学稳定性和抗疲劳性能,但随着纳米BC含量的进一步升高,复合水凝胶的抗疲劳性能有所减弱,当PVA与纳米BC质量比为30∶1时,纳米BC/PVA复合水凝胶疲劳前期与后期最大位移变化量最小(0.002mm),疲劳前后刚度变化最小(5.41%),且疲劳前后尺寸稳定性最强,变形量仅为0.427mm,抗疲劳性能达到最佳。     

3D成型SiO_2/PVA水凝胶支架的摩擦行为

利用3D成型技术,通过先成型后冷冻交联2步法制备不同孔隙率的SiO_2/聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶支架,研究了SiO_2/PVA水凝胶支架的重复摩擦行为,分析了SiO_2/PVA水凝胶支架的摩擦原理。结果表明:SiO_2/PVA水凝胶支架能够保持三维贯通的立体结构,最大孔隙率可达42.3%。低摩擦速率(10-6~10-3 m/s)下,SiO_2/PVA水凝胶支架摩擦力稍高于块体SiO_2/PVA水凝胶,且随孔隙率的提高而稍有降低;而高摩擦速率(10-2~1m/s)下,SiO_2/PVA水凝胶支架和块体SiO_2/PVA水凝胶的摩擦力相近,孔隙率对支架摩擦力影响不明显。低正压力载荷(0.3kPa)下,SiO_2/PVA水凝胶支架重复摩擦性优于块体SiO_2/PVA水凝胶,这与支架结构能保持稳定的水润滑层相关。     

不同条件对PVA/CS复合水凝胶溶胀性能的影响

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、壳聚糖(CS)为原料,戊二醛为交联剂,制备出PVA/CS复合水凝胶载体材料,改变PVA/CS的质量配比、交联剂含量、pH值和温度,考察了不同条件下对复合水凝胶溶胀性能的影响.结果表明,当PVA/CS质量比为3:1、交联剂体积分数为4%时所合成凝胶的溶胀性能较好;随着温度的升高,溶胀度不断减小;凝胶在酸性条件的溶胀性能远远优于碱性条件的溶胀性能.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to     

Win-Win Cooperation

正The Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's recent trip to the UK has reinforced the China-UK comprehensive strategic partnership;just as the British Prime Minister David Cameron put it,"the relationship is gaining in strength,depth and understanding"after a bucket of business deals being inked worth more than 30 billion US dollars.From the first agreement signing in 2004 to the new agreement of mutual standards recognition and adoption in     

Systematic Approach for Emerging Industry

正A national directory of standards complexes for strategic emerging sectors was recently developed and released jointly by 12governmental departments,namely,SAC,NDRC,MOST,MIIT,MEP,MOA,AQSIQ,State Forest Administration,State Administration of Science and Technology for National Defense,State Oceanic Administration and National Railway Administration.     

Strictest Pollutants Emission Standards

正Four new national standards on air pollutant emission control offi cially issued by the Ministry of Environment Protection(MEP)together with AQSIQ and SAC has been brought into force from July 1,2014.The Emission standard for air pollutants of coal-burning,oil-burning and gasfi red boilers,which is the strictest emission standard historically,will tackle the stubborn pollution problem of boilers and waste incineration in most of China’s regions.     

Instructions to Authors

New Carbon Materials is a bimonthly journal published with the permission of the Ministry of Science and Technology and of the State News and Publication Agency.The journal is sponsored by the Institute of Coal Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and is published by Science Press.Aims and Scope     

Progress on Standards Copyright Protection

正Recently,National Copyright Administration of China(NCAC)has rewarded 215 organizations and 179 individuals for their outstanding efforts on investigating standards copyright infringement and piracy in 2013.Hua Jianhua,the Deputy-Director of National Standards Copyright Protection Workgroup Office won a third prize of the national individual award.In 2012,SAC set up the national standards copyright protection working group,and developed policies to crack down standards infringement and piracy behaviors and to strengthen standards copyright protection.