矿用防冲方形折纹薄壁构件吸能特性数值分析

为有效防治煤矿冲击地压,或在一定程度上减小冲击地压事故造成的损失,提出了一种矿用防冲方形折纹薄壁构件,构件防冲体现在构件被压溃过程中吸收冲击能和压溃空间给煤岩提供了一定的能量释放空间。采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟了不同壁厚、轴向堆积不同模块个数的构件的吸能特性,并与常规方形薄壁进行了对比分析。结果表明:1方形折纹薄壁构件与常规方形薄壁构件相比有较低的压溃峰值载荷,有较高的总吸能和比吸能,防冲性优势明显。2减小折纹薄壁构件的壁厚和减小模块长度来增加构件轴向模块个数均能有效降低压溃峰值载荷,但同时也降低了总吸能和比吸能。根据模拟结果,选定了矿用防冲方形折纹薄壁构件尺寸,并进行了实验研究,证明了模拟的准确性。防冲构件与现有支架相结合使用,可使现有支架成为顶梁防冲支架、底梁防冲支架、两帮防冲支架、防冲液压支柱等。     

矿用扩径式吸能构件吸能防冲特性研究

为增强液压立柱的防冲性能,有效防治煤矿冲击地压,或在一定程度上减小冲击地压事故造成的损失,提出了一种与液压立柱结合使用的扩径式吸能构件。采用理论分析和试验研究方法,对构件吸能防冲特性进行研究,结果表明：轴向压缩下扩径式吸能构件具有非常好的稳定性和可重复性的变形破坏模式,且构件变形后向四周膨胀值仅为薄壁圆管厚度,几乎不占用其它空间。扩径式吸能构件压缩过程中具有较为理想的力-位移曲线。扩径式吸能构件冲程效率不受几何尺寸影响,扩径式防冲构件具有较小的载荷波动系数。理论推导得出了构件吸能防冲评价指标,并与试验结果具有较好吻合,为构件选取提供了理论依据。扩径式防冲构件是较为理想的吸能防冲构件。     

含随机不确定参数复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性评估方法研究

针对复合材料力学性能分散度大、加工精度低,导致复合材料薄壁吸能因素不确定等,提出含随机不确定参数复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性评估方法。考虑材料力学性能及结构特征尺寸的不确定性,评估准静态压溃条件下薄壁圆管峰值载荷及比吸能指标。据试样级材料性能实验确定各参数分布特征;用Plackett-Burman方法选实验点,采用显式求解有限元方法分析选出对比吸能、峰值载荷影响显著的参数;建立影响显著参数及结构吸能特性指标间二阶响应面函数;据参数分布抽样计算获得吸能特性指标分布情况。结果显示,对复合材料薄壁圆管而言,纤维方向拉伸、压缩强度及圆管壁厚、基体压缩强度对其轴向压溃的比吸能及峰值载荷影响显著。     

纤维铺层角度对复合材料薄壁圆管轴向压溃吸能特性影响研究

研究T700/3234复合材料薄壁圆管轴向压溃吸能特性受纤维铺层角度变化的影响规律。开展复合材料力学性能试验和薄壁圆管轴向准静态压溃试验。通过对比圆管轴向压溃峰值载荷及比吸能等指标的试验结果,验证建立的复合材料圆管有限元模型和分析方法。基于验证的有限元分析方法,探讨了复合材料纤维铺层角度的变化对薄壁圆管轴向压溃吸能特性的影响规律。结果表明,在准静态轴向压缩载荷下,随着纤维铺层角度的增大,比吸能先增大后减小;纤维角度为±45°时,初始峰值载荷最低,载荷效率最高,圆管易于进入渐进破坏吸能阶段。研究结果可为复合材料纤维铺层角度设计及复合材料薄壁结构有限元建模提供参考。     

冲击地压新型加肋板圆管式吸能防冲构件的仿真与试验

针对冲击地压下巷道支护设备防冲能力差,易遭受冲击性失效问题,提出一种防冲支架用加肋板圆管式吸能防冲构件,通过仿真和试验方法分析不同肋板厚度和布置形式下加肋板圆管式构件以及无肋板圆管构件的吸能防冲特性。结果表明:肋板的布置抑制了圆管构件压溃屈曲的圆环模式变形和欧拉失稳,使变形趋于稳定;随着肋板厚度增加,构件压溃变形阈值、吸能量、反力平均水平增加,反力波动增大,可用变形让位距离减小;一字形肋板布置构件变形普遍不规范,十字形构件出现开裂和偏斜变形现象,Y字形、肋板厚度较小构件变形普遍较规范,从一字形、Y字形到十字形构件,其变形阈值、吸能量、反力平均水平基本有所增加,可用变形让位距离减小;Y字形、肋板厚8 mm的构件为ZHD6000型防冲支架较理想的吸能防冲构件。     

圆弧刻槽薄壁圆管轴向压溃吸能特性数值研究

目的为了提高能量吸收效率,设置出一种合理的诱导结构,对吸能构件产生积极影响。方法薄壁圆管设计一种环向圆弧刻槽诱导结构,在不同长径比、径厚比和刻槽深度的条件下研究薄壁结构吸能特性。结果吸能量与圆管长径比和径厚比成反比,初始压溃载荷随刻槽深度增加而减小。结论在不同的条件下,刻槽结构能够有效降低初始载荷,并获得较为平稳的压溃载荷平台。     

含不确定性参数的复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性评估方法研究

由于复合材料性能分散度大、加工精度较低,为复合材料薄壁吸能结构引入了不可忽略的不确定性因素,为此,提出了一种含不确定参数的复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性的评估方法并进行了算例研究。复合材料薄壁圆管是一种典型的吸能元件,圆管的壁厚和内径是对其吸能特性有显著影响的特征几何尺寸,考虑了这两个参数的不确定性,在准静态压溃的条件下评估了薄壁圆管的引发比应力和比吸能这两个关键吸能指标。首先,利用区间分布来描述壁厚和内径的不确定性,其次应用有限元方法建立区间内不确定参数和结构吸能特性指标间的二阶响应面函数,最后对响应面函数进行区间摄动从而确定吸能特性指标的分布区间。算例研究结果显示,与比吸能相比,引发比应力受壁厚和内径不确定性的影响更大。此外,相比于内径,壁厚的不确定性对吸能特性影响更显著,因此为获得稳定的结构吸能特性应尽量提高复合材料圆管壁厚的加工精度。     

诱导结构对泡沫铝填充薄壁方管轴向压溃特性影响的研究

建立了泡沫铝填充薄壁方管的有限元模型,利用试验对泡沫铝填充薄壁方管的有限元模型的准确性进行了验证。研究了诱导结构的类型和数量对泡沫铝填充薄壁方管的轴向压溃变形模式、初始峰值力、压溃力效率和能量吸收能力的影响,结果表明:设计诱导结构可以提高能量吸收能力、减小初始峰值力、增加压溃力效率,甚至可以改变压溃变形模式。沿薄壁方管的轴向方向合理地增加诱导结构的数量,可以进一步的减小初始峰值力、增加压溃力效率、提高结构的能量吸收能力。通过等级评价方法,确定沿薄壁方管的轴向方向设计4组诱导四角方孔可以使泡沫铝填充薄壁方管获得最佳的综合吸能特性。     

铺层顺序对复合材料薄壁圆管轴向压溃吸能特性的影响研究

采用仿真和试验相结合的方法探讨复合材料薄壁圆管在准静态轴向压缩载荷下的失效吸能特性和吸能机理。首先,建立复合材料薄壁圆管"层合壳"有限元模型,通过显式动力学方法求解其在准静态轴向载荷下的压溃失效力学行为。仿真与试验结果在圆管轴向压溃变形过程、初始峰值载荷、平均压溃载荷及比吸能等主要吸能参数上具有很好的一致性,验证了"层合壳"复合材料圆管有限元模型和建模方法的有效性。其次,采用解析模型与仿真分析方法分别对[0/90]_3s、[0/90/0₂/90₂]_s、[0₃/90₃]_s三种不同铺层顺序的复合材料圆管的屈曲载荷与吸能特性进行了对比,进一步分析了铺层顺序对圆管失效吸能特性的影响。研究表明,0°与90°铺层交替程度对复合材料圆管的吸能特性影响较大,保证纤维失效方式在结构宏观失效中占主导地位能够提高材料失效吸收能量。     

CFRP薄壁C型柱轴向压缩破坏机制及吸能特性

为研究碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）薄壁C型柱轴向压缩破坏机制及吸能特性,制备了4种铺层方式、3种厚度组合共12种T700/MTM28 CFRP薄壁C型柱试件。考察C型柱低速轴向压缩过程中的失效模式及载荷变化,通过比较初始峰值载荷、平均压缩载荷、比吸能和载荷效率,分析铺层数及铺层角度对C型柱失效模式及吸能特性的影响。结果表明,纯0°铺层C型柱在轴压载荷作用下发生整体失稳,不具备实际意义上的能量吸收作用;0°/90°铺层、±45°铺层、45°/90°/-45°/0°铺层试件均发生了渐进式破坏,呈现出局部屈曲叠缩的失效模式。其中,45°/90°/-45°/0°铺层的C型柱比吸能随铺层数的增加而增加,具有更大的吸能设计与应用潜力。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...