芳香族硝基化合物的高速热分解

芳香族硝基化合物的高速热分解１引官随着高速热分解技术的发展，含能材料热分解机理的研究近几年来趋于活跃，但至今还没有进行以单种含能材料热分解研究为主的系统研究。本文选择具代表性的含能材料卜取代硝基苯类，在３８６～７６４℃的温度范围进行高速热分解，探讨其...     

热分解动力学在含能材料中的应用

文章主要介绍了热分解动力学在含能材料中的重要性,列举了热分解动力学的主要分析方法及几种常用的反应机理,并对其进行简要分析。热分析技术具有快捷简便、准确度高以及适用范围广的特点,在含能材料的热分解动力学中发挥重要作用。热分解动力学广泛应用于含能材料的动力学参数的求解、反应机理的推断以及动力学补偿效应的确定,为其有效使用寿命的预测以及安全性能的评定等提供科学依据。同时,热分析技术的自身完善以及与其他技术的联机使用将促进热分解动力学的不断发展。     

高能复合固体推进剂的研究进展

高能化始终是复合固体推进剂的研究热点.介绍了当今复合固体推进剂高能化研究进程中国内外在氧化剂、金属燃烧剂和含能粘合剂体系方面的主要研究成果.借助先进的技术途径改善氧化剂和金属燃烧剂的燃烧性能是目前国内复合固体推进剂的研究重点.超高能量密度材料(氮原子簇化合物和多异氰基立方烷类化合物)和贮氢类金属燃烧剂三氢化铝以及一些新型的含能粘合剂等新型含能材料的出现,为下一代高能复合固体推进剂的研究指明了方向.     

后CHNO类含能材料的发展思考

现代武器装备对含能材料提出了更高要求,传统含能材料的发展遇到了新挑战。分析了传统CHNO类含能材料存在能量与感度及稳定性陷阱、贮能释能已接近极限等技术瓶颈。综述了国内外笼形化合物、氮簇化合物及聚合氮、金属氢等方面的新进展和研究动向。提出了基于炸药爆炸行为与反应速率调控的新技术,运用多尺度设计理论和方法,拓展了含能分子贮能体系的新思路,主要包括基于原子组合的化学键贮能设计、基于分子组合的分子间贮能设计、基于微纳米结构复合的贮能设计等途径,探讨未来高能量密度含能材料(HEDM)的发展思路。     

高氯酸铵/Fe2O3/石墨烯纳米复合材料篚制备及其热性能研究

摘要：采用溶胶-凝胶和溶剂-反溶剂法经超临界流体干燥技术制备了石墨烯基复合含能材料。用扫描电镜、比表面积分析仪、X射线衍射仪和热失重／差示扫描量热仪对复合含能材料进行了表征。研究结果表明高氯酸铵、Fe2O3和石墨烯成功复合;在复合含能材料中．高氯酸铵以纳米级尺寸存在,由谢勒公式计算得到AP的平均粒径为70nm;与空白样高氯酸铵相比,复合含能材料的热分解明显提前,高温分解放热峰温降低了93．8℃,Fe2O3和石墨烯对高氯酸铵的热分解具有良好的催化作用。     

基于唑类离子的含能离子盐的研究进展

近年来唑类含能盐已成为新型含能材料的研究热点,以咪唑、1,2,3-三唑、1,2,4-三唑以及四唑含能离子盐为代表的唑类含能盐的研究和应用发展迅猛.根据近五年来国内外在该领域的研究成果,综述了各类唑类含能盐的研究成果.唑类含能盐的研究重点将基于量化计算,使用简化的合成路线,合成出等效安全的新型含能离子盐.     

含能金属有机骨架材料的研究进展

含能金属有机骨架材料是由富氮杂环含能配体与金属离子通过自组装形成的具有不同维度和结构的新型含能材料.目前含能材料面临能量与稳定性及感度相矛盾的技术瓶颈,含能金属有机骨架材料由于其结构的可设计性成为近十年来领域内研究热点.按骨架材料本身的电性分类,分别介绍了不同电性的含能金属有机骨架材料的研究进展,并从特征离子的角度分析...     

全氮多氮含能化合物研究进展与应用前景分析

含能材料是用作混合炸药、发射药、推进剂和火工品的高能量组分的化合物,是武器发射、推进和毁伤的能源.为了满足日益增长的先进武器等方面需求,近几十年来,全氮与多氮杂环含能化合物因高氮含量和高生成热成为了研究热点.现代含能化合物不仅应具有更高的能量密度,更要兼顾低感度与良好的热稳定性.全氮化合物由于其独特的分子组成和结构一直...     

氮氧自由基类有机磁体的研究与展望

氮氧自由基因其结构优势已成为有机磁体的重要构件.从纯氮氧自由基类有机磁体和含金属的氮氧自由基类有机磁体两方面综述了氮氧自由基类有机磁体的结构、种类及发展历史.分析指出氮氧自由基类有机磁体目前存在的主要问题是转换温度Tc较低及磁构关系不明确,但由于其具有诸多的优越性能而将得到大力研发.     

LLM-105 Pb(Ⅱ)含能配合物的合成及对AP的热分解催化作用

合成了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)Pb(Ⅱ)含能配合物,采用FT-IR和元素分析表征并分析了其结构,该含能盐分子式为Pb(C4H2N6O5)。测试了LLM-105 Pb(Ⅱ)含能配合物的撞击感度和摩擦感度,感度值分别为102 cm和18%。采用TG-DTG和DSC技术研究了LLM-105 Pb(Ⅱ)含能配合物的热分解行为,配合物有一个分解放热峰,峰温为240.7℃,热分解剩余残渣量为56.2%。采用TG-DTG和DSC技术研究了LLM-105 Pb(Ⅱ)含能配合物对高氯酸铵(AP)热分解的催化作用,结果表明:LLM-105 Pb(Ⅱ)含能配合物可使AP热分解速度加快,高温分解峰温提前63.8℃,对AP的热分解具有良好的催化效果。     

Preparation and characterization of GA/RDX nanostructured energetic composites

Graphene aerogel (GA) with nano-porous structure was assembled through the formation of physical cross-links between graphene sheets by a facile sol–gel method and supercritical CO ₂ drying process. Then hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) was added and trapped in the nano-porous three-dimensional networks of GA to obtain a novel GA/RDX nanostructured energetic composite. The composition, morphology and structure of the obtained GA/RDX nanostructured energetic composite were characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen sorption tests and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the thermal decomposition characteristic was investigated by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that GA could be a perfect aerogel matrix for the fabrication of GA/RDX nanostructured energetic composite due to its unique nano-porous structure and attributes. It was also demonstrated that RDX homogeneously disperses in the as-prepared GA/RDX nanostructured energetic composite at nanometric scale. GA showed promising catalytic effects for the thermal decomposition of RDX. After incorporating with GA, the decomposition of RDX was obviously accelerated.     

硼粉型含能微囊乳化炸药的制备及其爆轰性能研究

针对传统乳化炸药高能敏感问题,采用悬浮聚合法设计了一种利用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）包覆硼粉的含能微囊。利用该硼粉型含能微囊作为添加剂制备了乳化炸药。通过激光粒度分析仪和扫描电镜,对硼粉型含能微囊的微观结构进行了表征;利用同步热分析仪、爆热弹和空中爆炸测试系统,研究了硼粉型含能微囊对乳化炸药热稳定性、爆热以及冲击波参数的影响。实验结果表明:硼粉能够提高乳化炸药的冲击波特征参数和爆热,其中,冲击波峰值压力和爆热分别提高了29%和42%以上;而微囊包覆技术可以增加含硼乳化炸药的初始分解温度和活化能,改善其热稳定性。利用微囊包覆含能添加剂的方法,可以在不影响乳化炸药安全性的前提下提高其做功能力,改善工程爆破和爆炸加工效果,为研制安全高能乳化炸药提供了新的思路。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备HMX-AP-SiO_2纳米复合含能材料

以正硅酸乙酯为前驱物,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备奥克托金(HMX)-高氯酸铵(AP)-SiO2纳米复合含能材料,采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析、BET比表面积等方法对其结构进行表征。结果表明,HMX-AP-SiO2纳米复合含能材料是以SiO2为凝胶骨架,HMX与AP进入凝胶孔洞形成的,其具有纳米网孔结构;差热分析表明,溶胶-凝胶法制备的复合材料的热分解峰温度较物理混合相比大大提前,分解热高于物理混合物。     

非爆炸且不可还原农用硝酸铵的热稳定性评估

绍了一种测试含能材料热稳定性的新方法——加速度量热仪，并用此法研究了硝酸铵和非爆炸且不可还原农用硝酸铵的热分解过程，得到了绝热分解温度与压力随时间的变化、自加热速率与分解压力随温度的变化曲线，计算了分解动力学参数表观活化能和指前因子，讨论了放热反应系统的热惰性因子对测试结果的影响，表明非爆炸且不可还原农用硝酸铵具有良好的热稳定性、安全性及其热稳定性的提高是爆炸特性得以消除的原因。     

The effect of nitrate esters on the thermal decomposition mechanism of GAP

Thermal gravimetric analysis (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and in situ Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer (FTIR) experiments were used to investigate the thermal decomposition mechanism of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) crosslinked by using the curing agent isocyanate compound N-100 and the different ratios of plasticized-cured GAP/NG/BTTN, which are of potential interest for the development of high performance energetic propellants. The results of TG show the thermal decomposition temperature of GAP shifted to lower temperatures in the presence of NG/BTTN. The decomposition peak temperatures of cured GAP/NG/BTTN (1:1:1), cured GAP/NG/BTTN (1:0.5:0.5) and cured GAP/NG/BTTN (1:0.25:0.25) decrease by approximately 20 degrees C, 33 degrees C and 39 degrees C compared with cured GAP, respectively. This indicates that plasticizers NG/BTTN have good acceleration effects on the decomposition of cured GAP, especially for low content of NG/BTTN. At the same time, the results of DTA show that the decomposition heat of cured GAP/NG/BTTN is larger than that of cured GAP. In situ FTIR results show NG/BTTN not only accelerate the decomposition of -N3 groups and characteristic urethane links [Formula: see text], but also accelerate the decomposition of C-O-C groups.     

Synthesis of nickel picrate energetic film in a 3D ordered silicon microchannel plate through an in situ chemical reaction

Micro-energetic devices with energetic and functional diversity have attracted interest from scientific communities, through features such as the integration of energetic materials into micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). In this study, a method for the preparation of nickel picrate energetic films on the sidewalls of a silicon microchannel plate (Si-MCP) is presented. The Si-MCP was produced by a photoelectrochemical process and a thin film of nickel (Ni) was synthesized by electroless plating of Ni on the sidewalls of the Si-MCP. The thin film of nickel picrate was successfully produced via an in situ chemical reaction method by introducing picric acid into the 3D ordered nickel/silicon microchannel plate (Ni/Si-MCP). Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to study the morphological and structural properties of the thin film. The results demonstrate that picric acid reacted with Ni to form a nickel picrate thin film. Also, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to characterize the thermal decomposition of the energetic film. The approach can solve the problem of integrating organic energetic materials with MEMS devices. Also, nickel picrate can release a mass of energy and gas simultaneously, which further enhances the functional diversity of MEMS devices.     

Effect of nitrate content on thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose

Data on the thermal stability of energetic materials such as nitrocellulose was required in order to obtain safety information for handling, storage and use. In the present study, the thermal stability of four nitrocellulose samples containing various amount of nitrate groups was determined by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and simultaneous thermogravimetery-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) techniques. The results of TG analysis revealed that the main thermal degradation for the nitrocellulose occurs in the temperature ranges of 192-209 degrees C. On the other hand, the TG-DTA analysis of compounds indicates that nitrate content of nitrocellulose could has affect on its thermal stability and its decomposition temperature decrease by increasing its nitrogen percent. The influence of the heating rate (5, 10, 15 and 20 degrees C/min) on the DSC behaviour of the nitrocellulose was verified. The results showed that, as the heating rate was increased, decomposition temperature of the compound was increased. Also, the kinetic parameters such as activation energy and frequency factor for the compound was obtained from the DSC data by non-isothermal methods proposed by ASTM E696 and Ozawa.     

装填RDX基含铝炸药射孔弹的性能试验

为了提高含能射孔弹综合性能,降低致密油气储层的开采难度,对装填RL-F含铝炸药射孔弹的性能进行了研究。首先以RL-F含铝炸药为研究对象,对RL-F含铝炸药进行了机械感度、静电火花感度、5 s延滞期爆发点和DSC热分解测试;其次分别将RL-F含铝炸药和JH-16炸药装填在89型射孔弹中,进行了地面模拟装枪穿钢靶和穿柱状混凝土靶试验。结果显示:RL-F含铝炸药具有合适的机械感度,耐热性良好,适用于射孔弹压装工艺;与装填JH-16炸药的89型射孔弹穿深性能相比,装填RL-F含铝炸药的89型射孔弹地面侵彻钢靶和地面侵彻柱状混凝土靶穿深分别降低了10.6%和27.5%,而装填RL-F炸药在侵彻混凝土靶时射流孔道干净清晰、无杵堵,孔道无压实带。     

Special features characteristic of the use of differential scanning calorimetry for the investigation of the kinetics of thermal decomposition of energetic materials

The results of analysis of mathematical models of “ideal” differential scanning calorimeter are used for determining the experimental conditions which provide for the minimal level of errors of determination of the kinetic constants of exothermal reactions of thermal decomposition of energetic materials under conditions of constant-rate heating of samples and in the isothermal mode. The predicted estimates of admissible values of the basic parameters of models (mass of samples, rate of heating, temperature range of investigations, and so on) are based on the experimental data largely obtained in the investigation of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX).