透明超疏水涂膜的研究进展

透明超疏水涂膜不但具有超疏水表面的独特性能,而且对可见光具有良好的透光性,在生产和生活中有着广泛的应用潜力,已逐步成为超疏水表面领域的一个研究热点。介绍了超疏水涂膜的透明性,并归纳了近年来透明超疏水涂膜制备方法取得的新进展。根据现有的理论和研究,提出利用氟硅烷类低表面能物质,与溶胶-凝胶法、相分离技术、等离子体刻蚀等能提供表面微观结构和粗糙度的技术有机结合,并控制好粗糙度与可见光透过率之间的关系,可制备出适用的透明超疏水涂膜。     

复合SiO2粒子涂膜表面的超疏水性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同粒径和形状的SiO2粒子,并利用氟硅氧烷的表面自组装功能制备了具有仿生类"荷叶效应"的超疏水涂膜.通过原子力显微镜、扫描电镜和水接触角的测试对膜结构及性能进行了表征,探讨了SiO2粒子的粒径和形状对材料微观结构,表面粗糙度和疏水性能的关系.结果表明,含单一粒径涂膜表面水接触角符合Wenzel模型;而复合粒子构成了符合Cassie模型的非均相界面,单纯的粗糙度因子不能反映水接触角的变化,复合粒子在膜表面的无规则排列赋予涂膜表面不同等级的粗糙度,使得水滴与涂膜表面接触时能够形成高的空气捕捉率和较小的粗糙度因子,这与在涂膜表面能形成自组装分子膜的氟硅氧烷共同作用赋予了涂膜超疏水性能.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备超疏水PMHS-SiO2涂膜

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了二氧化硅(SiO_2)溶胶,并以含氢硅油(PMHS)为改性剂,对SiO_2粒子表面进行疏水化处理,然后在玻璃基片上提拉成膜和加热凝胶化,制备出超疏水PMHS-SiO_2涂膜。通过接触角测定、红外光谱、透射电镜、扫描电镜、湿热老化等手段对涂膜的制备条件、结构与性能进行了研究。结果表明,在PMHS/SiO_2质量比为1:1、改性时间为4 h、涂膜热处理温度170℃、热处理时间3 h的条件下,可制得具有优良超疏水性的PMHS-SiO_2涂膜,其水接触角可达163°,滚动角可低至3°-5°,且具有优异的耐湿热老化性能。对改性前后的SiO_2溶胶和PMHS-SiO_2涂膜的结构形态研究发现,PMHS与SiO_2表面产生了化学结合,形成了PMHS-SiO_2杂化交联材料;涂膜表面被疏水性PMHS包覆,同时较均匀地分布着许多粒径为50-400 nm的微米-纳米双重粗糙度的微凸体,这是产生优异的超疏水性能的主要原因。     

超疏水表面的制备技术及其应用

就超疏水膜的制备技术及其应用的最新成果进行了概括.利用含氟材料极低的表面能,将掺杂技术、气相沉积、溶液凝胶、等离子刻蚀、等离子沉积、碳纳米管阵列排布等技术有机结合,可获得适宜的表面粗糙度和微观构造,能显著提高材料的超疏水性能.其独特超疏水的性质,在国防、工农业生产和日常生活中有着广泛的应用前景.     

微纳米结构超疏水膜层的构建与性能研究进展

介绍了超疏水膜层制备的理论,综述了微纳米结构超疏水膜层的构建方法与纳米粒子在超疏水膜层制备中的应用。微纳米结构与低表面能是形成超疏水膜层的2个关键要素,目前的制备方法在一定程度上实现了基体表面的超疏水性能,但试验设备贵、操作复杂、成本高;改性纳米粒子在超疏水膜层制备中具有重要应用,但存在官能团不稳定、改性剂成本高、表面微观结构脆弱等问题。因此,研究易于操作、低成本的制备技术、获得耐用性好的膜层是超疏水材料的重要研究方向。     

制备超疏水表面的研究进展

综述了国内外近年来制备超疏水表面的方法,重点介绍3种简易制备粗糙表面的技术（相分离技术、模板技术、溶胶．凝胶法）,探讨了3种制备方法中不同种类的优缺点及发展方向,最后展望了超疏水表面的应用,提出了未来超疏水表面制备所面临的问题。     

超疏水涂膜的研究进展

从固体表面的润湿性理论出发介绍了三种不同的接触角模型和理论方程,阐明了实现超疏水性的两个必要条件:低表面能表面和特定的细微粗糙度。同时综述了国内外制备超疏水涂膜时常用的疏水材料和制备粗糙表面的方法、动态疏水性及其应用前景。     

硅酮胶溶液制备透明超疏水膜的研究

以未固化中性硅酮胶溶于石油醚形成溶液,采用浸渍提拉法在玻璃片表面形成涂膜,然后通过热处理制备超疏水膜。讨论了溶液浓度、热处理温度和时间对超疏水薄膜的影响。结果表明:0.05g/mL的溶液提拉所制备的膜在450℃温度下热处理1h后其可见光透过率超过85%,与水的接触角达160°,滚动角2°。SEM结果表明其表面由粒径约25nm的球状颗粒聚集成多孔结构。     

电沉积法制备低碳钢超疏水表面及其耐蚀性能

电沉积法制备超疏水表面优势明显,但施加电压较高。采用一步快速电沉积法在低碳钢表面制备超疏水膜,测试了超疏水膜的接触角、形貌,通过动电位极化曲线研究了超疏水膜在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性能,优选了超疏水膜的制备工艺。结果表明:超疏水膜最佳制备工艺条件为电解液组成0.20mol/L硬脂酸+0.1%HCl,电沉积电压8V,电沉积时间16h;最优工艺所制备的超疏水膜接触角达到了153°,在3.5%NaCl溶液中的缓蚀效率高达99.1%。     

炭膜表面疏水改性及老化性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为混合硅源,合成疏水硅溶胶,将其浸渍涂覆在卷式炭膜上,经干燥、热处理制备了具有高疏水性能的疏水炭膜.考察了硅溶胶制备工艺和膜热处理工艺对所制备炭膜疏水性能的影响.采用水接触角测试仪、TG、FTIR、AFM、SEM和TEM等测试手段,对疏水炭膜的表面结构和疏水性能进行了表征.结果表明,通过硅溶胶表面改性,在炭膜表面引入了甲基化的二氧化硅的表面结构,提高了其疏水性能.硅溶胶的制备工艺对所制备疏水炭膜的表面化学结构、形貌及粗糙度有较大的影响.其中硅溶胶合成反应温度对提高膜表面疏水性能的影响最为显著;膜表面甲基基团含量对改善炭膜表面的疏水性能起到决定性作用.通过控制硅溶胶合成和膜的热处理工艺可以有效地调控疏水炭膜的表面疏水性能;在最佳条件下制备的疏水炭膜,其表面粗糙度为34.263nm;水接触角达到138°左右,表现出良好的疏水性能.气体渗透性能测试表明,炭膜疏水改性对炭膜的气体渗透性能影响较小,但明显地提高了炭膜的抗老化性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to