梯度复合B_4C/Cu面向等离子体材料的制备与表征

基于Ｂ４Ｃ和Ｃu材料具有明显电阻率及熔点差的特点,提出了在超高压下通电快速烧结Ｂ４Ｃ／Ｃｕ梯度复合材料的新工艺．在 ２～４ＧＰａ、１２ｋＷ,４０ｓ及适当的热处理条件下成功制备出了成分分布从０～１００％的接近理论密度的Ｂ４Ｃ／Ｃu层状复合材料;显微观察显示材料的成分和结构是呈梯度分布的．化学溅射实验表明其产额比 ＳＭＦ ８００核纯级石墨降低 ７０％;在Ｔｏｋａｍａｋ原位等离子体辐照下,材料表面无明显损伤．     

NiFe／Co／Cu／Co结构自旋阀GMR效应及Co夹层的影响研究

用射频磁控溅射发射法成功制备了ＮｉＦｅ／Ｃｕ／Ｃｏ自旋阀多层膜材料,改变Ｃｕ层的厚度,研究材料的ＧＭＲ效应与Ｃｕ层厚度的关系,结果表明Ｃｕ为２．５ｎｍ时样品的ＭＲ值最大,其磁电阻效应ＭＲ可达１．６％,在ＮｉＦｅ和Ｃｕ之间插入一Ｃｏ薄夹层,通过对不同温度厚度Ｃｏ夹层的样品的ＭＲ曲线及磁滞回线的研究,讨论了Ｃｏ夹层对样品磁电阻的影响并分析了原因,结果表明插入适当的Ｃｏ层将提高材料的磁电阻效应,可达２．     

聚变第一壁新材料性能研究初步

对ＨＬ－１Ｍ的硅化石墨样品和北京科技大学研制的耐高温等离子体冲刷的功能梯度材料的真空性能和耐溅射性能进行初步比较研究。证明铜基上的碳化硼（Ｂ４Ｃ／Ｃｕ）和ＳｉＣ／Ｃ这两种梯度材料适于用作面向等离子体的聚变第一壁材料。     

Cu—Co／Ni合金对渗钨石墨的润湿性研究

本文首先在 １． ３３ × １０－３Ｐａ真空下对石墨表面进行了渗钨处理，并在石墨表面生成 了一层Ｗ＋Ｗ２Ｃ＋ＷＣ 表面膜．然后，用座滴法于１．３３×１０－４Ｐａ真空下测定了Ｃｕ－ Ｃｏ／Ｎｉ合金对不同条件下渗钨石墨的润湿角。实验发现，渗钨处理可以大大改善Ｃｕ－ Ｃｏ／Ｎｉ合金对渗钨石墨表面的润湿性。     

功能梯度材料的制备方法研究进展

在对功能梯度材料的制备方法进行综述的基础上，比较了几种实验方法的优缺点，并讨论了FGM材料的试验研究前景。采用粉末冶金法制备了SiCp／A1FGM，测量其密度并观察了其微观组织形貌，结果表明材料层间没有明显裂纹和孔隙，致密度良好，相对密度达到97％，与设计要求吻合。     

激光蒸凝法制备氧化铜纳米粒子

以１５０Ｗ ＣＷ ＣＯ_２激光器为光源,Ｃｕ（ＡＣ）_２·Ｈ_２Ｏ为靶材,采用激光蒸凝法制备出了氧化铜纳米粒子．初步研究了反应参数对纳米粒子性能的影响,并用Ｘ射线衍射、电子衍射、透射电镜等技术对纳米粒子的性能进行了表征,同时对纳米粒子的形成机理进行了初步的探讨．实验结果表明;激光功率密度、反应压力、载气种类及流量等工艺参数对产品的粒度、晶型等性能均有影响．在惰性气氛下,产物主要是Ｃｕ和Ｃｕ_２Ｏ,粒径为１０～３０ｎｍ;在氧气气氛下,产物主要是Ｃｕ、Ｃｕ_２Ｏ和ＣｕＯ的混合物,粒径为１０～５０ｎｍ．     

纳米Cu颗粒的制备及其微观结构

采用磁控溅射与液氮冷凝方法,在表面沉积有方华膜的电镜载网上制备支撑纳米Ｃｕ颗粒;对样品的微观结构进行了ＴＥＭ／ＥＤ观察。结果表明,用该方法制备的Ｃｕ颗粒呈球状,其尺寸基本服从正态分布。当Ｃｕ颗粒的直径为２ｎｍ时,其电子衍射花样为弥散环;当其直径大于８ｎｍ时,则一般表现出晶体结构。具有晶体结构的Ｃｕ颗粒晶格常数随其直径大小的不同,呈现出不同程度的收缩效应,与块状Ｃｕ材料相比,最大收缩量为５％。     

Si作过渡层的Co／Cu／Co三明治膜中高灵敏度巨磁电阻效应？…

用高真空电子束蒸发方向制备了以半导体材料Ｓｉ为过渡层的Ｃｏ／Ｃｕ／Ｃｏ三明治膜并研究了其巨磁电阻效应。当Ｓｉ过渡层厚度达到０．９ｎｍ时,三明治膜中开始出现较强的平面内磁各是性。在Ｓｉ １５ｎｍｍ／ｃｏ５ｎｍ／Ｃｕ３ｎｍ／Ｃｏ５ｎｍ结构中,在其易轴上得到了５．５％的巨磁电阻值和０．９％／Ｏｅ的高磁场灵敏度。研究了过渡层Ｓｉ／Ｃｏ界面之间的相互扩散,发现在过渡层Ｓｉ与Ｃｏ层间形成了Ｃｏ－Ｓｉ化合物。这     

低密度金属泡沫的研制

金属泡沫是一种具有亚微米微结构的低密度金属材料，其密度可达固体密度的０．５％～１０％。文章论述了金属泡沫的制备原理及工艺，并对Ｃｕ，Ａｕ，两种金属泡沫的密度，结构和成份进行了分析测试，揭示了金属泡沫独特的微结构和一些相关特征。     

Si作过渡层的Co/Cu/Co三明治膜中高灵敏度巨磁电阻效应和平面内磁各向异性

用高真空电子束蒸发方法制备了以半导体材料Ｓｉ 为过渡层的Ｃｏ／Ｃｕ／Ｃｏ三明治膜并研究了其巨磁电阻效应。当Ｓｉ 过渡层厚度达到０．９ｎｍ 时,三明治膜中开始出现较强的平面内磁各向异性。在Ｓｉ１．５ｎｍ／Ｃｏ ５ｎｍ／Ｃｕ ３ｎｍ／Ｃｏ ５ｎｍ结构中,在其易轴上得到了５ ．５％ 的巨磁电阻值和０．９ ％／Ｏｅ 的高磁场灵敏度。研究了过渡层Ｓｉ／Ｃｏ 界面之间的相互扩散,发现在过渡层Ｓｉ 与Ｃｏ 层间形成了ＣｏＳｉ 化合物。这个硅化物界面层诱导了三明治膜的平面内磁各向异性,从而导致了易轴上高灵敏度巨磁电阻效应。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...