超导块材磁体在高温超导磁悬浮车系统中的两种潜在应用

研究了超导块材磁体在高温超导磁悬浮车系统中的2种潜在应用。高温超导YBCO块材经过Lakeshore恒磁场充磁机充磁之后,利用高温超导磁悬浮测试装置研究了其在永磁轨道上方的悬浮和导向性能;实验发现2种不同充磁方向励磁的块材磁体表现出明显不同的行为,其中一种对悬浮力帮助比较大,另一种则对导向力帮助比较大。这一结果可以为某些特殊需求(如重载、弯道运行等)的高温超导磁悬浮车系统设计提供一定的实验依据。     

高温超导YBCO块材临界电流密度与悬浮力磁滞的关系

高温超导磁悬浮车系统利用处于超导态的高温超导块材与永磁轨道相互作用产生的钉扎力使磁悬浮车稳定地悬浮于永磁轨道上方,块材的性能决定了悬浮力的磁滞特性。利用数值计算的方法计算悬浮于永磁轨道上方的YBCO块材的悬浮力,分析了临界电流密度与悬浮力磁滞及最大悬浮力的关系。结果表明,块材悬浮力磁滞随着临界电流密度的增加而减小,当临界电流密度增加到一定程度,悬浮力磁滞消失;块材最大悬浮力随临界电流密度的增加而增加,当临界电流密度增加到一定程度,最大悬浮力趋于饱合。     

高温超导块材磁体悬浮系统的振动特性

指出了非直接场冷磁化产生的高温超导块材磁体在应用磁场中实现了稳定的悬浮或悬挂现象。利用Lakeshore公司的电磁铁和场控仪产生的均匀磁场作为磁化外场时,单块YBCO高温超导块材磁化率为77.8%,在应用外磁场下实现稳定悬浮的磁化外场区间仅为0.057～0.121T。为了验证高温超导块材磁体悬浮系统的稳定性,使用了一个随机信号形式的激励源,其幅值在0～14.5N之间且频率范围为0～400Hz。振动特性分析表明,高温超导块材磁体悬浮系统具有低频共振高频隔振性能;系统共振频率和动态刚度随着磁体俘获磁场的增大而增大;系统的阻尼系数表现出明显的先增后减的非线性特征。当超导磁体俘获磁场为0.091T时,即悬浮间距8mm,HTSMagnet-PM系统表现出最佳的动态特性,抗外界干扰能力最强。因此,这种非直接的场冷磁化方式产生的稳定悬浮现象,使得引入块材磁体成为了高温超导磁悬浮系统中可行的能量储备或改善系统稳定性的方法。     

高温超导块材与永磁体组成的混合磁悬浮

针对高温超导磁悬浮交通应用,提出了一种有别于目前常用的仅通过车载高温超导块材与永磁轨道间的磁斥力实现悬浮的混合悬浮,该悬浮方式通过车载永磁体与永磁轨道的作用为悬浮系统提供导向力,由于避免了磁滞效应而使导向可回复区间增大,进而提高系统的导向能力,有助于增大系统的曲线通过与抗干扰能力,同时永磁轨道下部空间磁场的利用也进一步提高了系统的悬浮能力。基于系统静态刚度的计算,现有高温超导磁悬浮系统双轨每米的悬浮重量仅为混合悬浮的40%,可回复导向力不到混合悬浮中车载永磁体与永磁轨道间稳定导向力的70%。混合悬浮为高温超导磁悬浮的重载应用提供了一种途径。     

高温超导块材的研究进展

近年来,高温超导块材的研究在以下几方面获得了新的进展,即YBCO和稀土REBCO的制备、单晶SmBCO的制备、Bi2223块材的制备、MgB2块材的研究以及REBCO块材的应用研究等。     

YBCO体材料的制备与临界电流密度

本文报道了烧结YBCO块材、Ag基YBCO复合带和熔融织构生长YBCO体材的制备方法、临界电流密度及显微结构。对于烧结YBCO块材,由于存在晶间弱连接问题,J_c仅在10~2—10~3A/cm~2范围(77K、0T),且对外磁场(在0—0.004T范围内)和样品尺寸十分敏感。粉轧工艺制备的Ag基-YBCO复合带材,其显微结构和J_c-H关系与烧结块材类似,由于带材中YBCO层的横截面积较小,与烧结块材相比,带材的J_c有一定提高,最高J_c值达6600A/cm~2(77K,0T)。熔融生长的YBCO体材,具有强烈的c-轴织构。这种结构的样品,其J_c值在77K,0T下大于35000A/cm~2,而在2T磁场下大于18000A/cm~2,显示出熔融织构生长工艺明显改善了烧结YBCO体材中所存在的弱连接。     

高温超导材料3D打印技术取得突破

正高温超导YBCO (钇、钡、铜合金氧化物)块材因其高临界温度、高临界电流密度和高俘获磁场的优异性能,在无接触磁悬浮、储能旋转机械、准永磁体、混音器、磁透镜、便携式医疗器械、滤波器、航天导航陀螺等新型高性能器件与电磁装置开发研制中有着广泛的应用前景。尤其对于旋转机械、航天导航陀螺和便携式医疗器械的研制开发,在保持超导性的前提下,制备出更轻质的超导材料是这类应用追求的一个主要目标。     

径向型超导轴承的计算和实验研究

针对应用于离心式氦气冷压机的径向型高温超导磁悬浮轴承,给出了永磁转子磁场计算和结构设计方法,并开展了轴承径向力和径向刚度的计算研究,搭建了超导轴承性能测量平台,开展了轴承转子空间磁场测量和轴承性能测试。计算和测试结果表明,磁场计算方法可行,且结果准确,在距离永磁转子外表面1 mm处的最大外磁场强度约为0.5 T。轴承径向力在场冷和零场冷条件下的计算结果均随转子偏心量的增大而增大,与测试结果在线性度和趋势上具有很好的一致性。本文实验轴承径向刚度测试值为362.4 N/mm,与场冷条件下的径向刚度计算结果334.594 N/mm接近。本文所述的径向轴承磁力计算方法可用于超导轴承径向刚度的定性计算和设计,对超导轴承的应用研究具有一定的指导意义。     

钇基和镱基钎料钎焊YBCO高温超导块材研究

采用YBCO基和YbBCO基两种超导钎料对YBCO高温超导块材进行了钎焊连接,测试比较了原始超导块材和经过氧恢复处理的钎焊接头的磁浮力,以评价块材和钎焊接头的超导性能,并对YBCO超导块材的钎缝组织进行了微观分析。结果表明,在本文工艺条件下,钎焊接头的磁浮力密度最高可达原母材的79.4%。采用钎焊连接技术可以实现高性能YBCO超导块材的大尺寸化。微观组织分析表明,钎缝区出现了Y211相或(Y,Yb)211相的富集,211相的富集对接头的超导电性有不利影响。     

超导电性应用技术进展和研发动向（Ⅰ）

不论在日本,美国和欧洲,都在开展有关“超导电性应用基础技术研发”和以应用开发为目标的“超导材料和装置研发”的工作。主要围绕着以下4个方面:(1)超导块材;(2)第2代导体;(3)超导装置;(4)超导电性应用基础。超导块材的发展YBCO已成为主要的块材,同时研究用Nd,Sm,Gd等替代Y。GdBCO的捕获磁场已达到3T,为YBCO的3倍。其技术关键在于,通过对超导块材进行真空环氧树脂浸渍,机械强度提高到了100MPa。环氧树脂浸渍YBCO超导块材的捕获磁场在30K下已达到15T。为此超导块材的性能已达到实用的水平,飞轮储能系统和高效磁分离系统有了真正的…     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.