Lead acid battery storage configurations for improved availablecapacity

Battery storage is a crucial element in alternative energy and electric vehicle systems. Three battery storage configurations: a conventional; a parallel; and a dual, were analyzed for both shallow cycle and deep cycle lead-acid batteries to determine if capacity improvement is achievable. Daily profiles for the weekly irradiance, daily loads, and ambient temperature are simulated. Cycle tests were performed monthly to determine the effect each configuration had on the available battery capacity. Results for each battery type differ. Available capacity was improved using the parallel configuration with shallow cycle batteries and the dual configuration with deep cycle batteries     

Lead–acid battery chemistry adapted for hybrid electric vehicle duty

Lead–acid batteries that are intended for traditional tasks such as SLI or deep cycle duty do not perform well in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). With the benefit of a few straightforward modifications in design, however, batteries deploying lead–acid chemistry can satisfy the performance requirements of power-assist HEVs in both bench- and in-vehicle tests.     

模块化多电平复合变换器电池储能系统容错控制策略

模块化多电平复合变换器电池储能系统(modular multi-level hybrid convert-battery energy storage system,MMHC-BESS)适用于中低压电网,有利于解决可再生能源并网问题.但随着子模块数量的增加,系统的可靠性面临着巨大的挑战.为增强储能系统的容错运行能力,针...     

Optimisation of a photovoltaic battery ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system

Autonomous photovoltaic panels are intermittent sustainable energy sources which require energy storage to balance generation and demand, as photovoltaic generation is time and weather dependent. Traditionally batteries are the most common storage technology for photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic batteries can encounter extended periods of low State of Charge (SOC), resulting in sulphation and stratification, reducing battery lifetime.Standalone photovoltaic systems are often used in remote areas away from the national grid for water irrigation system, requiring dc motor starting resulting in high inrush current, cathodic protection systems for oil and gas pipelines, emergency phones, warning signs, and telecommunication repeater stations, resulting in pulse discharging of the battery. A combination of depleted battery SOC and high burst current can result in premature loss of load due to stringent battery Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) limits implemented by the battery management system.A combination of Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) batteries and ultracapacitors in a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS), which increases the power density of the overall system, is examined. Operating the ultracapacitor bank under high power conditions reduces the strain of large current extraction from the battery bank. The addition of the ultracapacitor bank presents the need for a methodology to optimise the photovoltaic system to prevent excess battery storage.This paper outlines the methodology utilised to optimise the combination of photovoltaic panels, batteries, and ultracapacitors for a given solar radiation and load profile employing Matlab software.     

A simplified model for estimating the monthly performance of autonomous wind energy systems with battery storage

This paper presents a simplified algorithm to estimate the monthly performance of autonomous small-scale wind energy systems with battery storage. The novel model is drawn based on the simulation results, using eight-year long hour-by-hour measured wind speed data from five different locations throughout the world. An hourly constant load profile is used. The renewable energy simulation program (ARES) of the Cardiff School of Engineering is used. The ARES simulates the battery state of voltage (SoV) and is able to predict the system performance.The monthly performance values obtained from the simulations are plotted against increasing energy to load ratios for varying battery storage capacities to obtain performance curves. The novel method correlates the monthly system performance with the parameters of the Weibull distribution function, thus offering a universal use. The monthly performance curves are mathematically represented using a 2-parameter function. The novel method is validated by comparing the simulated performance values with those estimated from the simplified algorithm. The standard errors calculated in estimation of the system performance using the simplified algorithm are further presented for each battery capacity.     

A model for latent heat energy storage systems

In this study, a theoretical approach is proposed for the prediction of time and temperature during the heat charge and discharge in the latent heat storage of phase changed materials (PCM). By the use of the average values of the mean specific heat capacities for the phase‐changed materials, analytical solutions are obtained and compared with the available experimental data in the literature. It is shown that decreasing the entry temperature of the working fluid from ?4 to ?15°C has a very dominant and strong effect on the PCM solidification time. The effect of the working fluid flow rate and the material of PCM capsules on the time for complete solidification and total charging is also investigated. The agreement between the present theoretical model results and the experimental data related to the cooling using small spheres and the heat storage using rectangle containers is very good. The largest difference between the present results and the experimental data becomes about 10% when the fluid temperature approaches the phase change temperature at high temperatures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic modelling and multi-objective optimization of off-grid hybrid energy systems by using battery or hydrogen storage for different climates

The energy storage problem is an essential issue in renewable energy-based power systems. A comprehensive study is performed to evaluate off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems with a battery bank or a hydrogen system employed as the energy storage option. Dynamic modelling is proposed to see daily and seasonally changes in the system. The economic feasibility of the system and its environmental impacts are investigated in three locations. A multi-objective optimization method based on the Taguchi approach is employed to minimize both levelized cost of energy and the CO₂ emissions. Various weight factors were assigned to understand the response of different optimization targets. The results highlight that the hybridization of energy resources allows the annual emissions to be cut by 68–78% for battery storage, 84–90% for hydrogen storage, compared to a diesel-only system. Despite having higher costs, the systems with hydrogen storage can store energy in the long term; therefore, they have lower CO₂ emissions.     

胶体电池在光伏系统中的适用性分析

根据储能用胶体电解液式铅酸蓄电池的性能特点,结合光伏发电系统的实际应用情况,从环境适应能力、荷电保持能力、抗欠充电能力、容量一致性、安全环保等方面分析了胶体电解液式铅酸蓄电池在光伏发电系统中的应用性能,并通过实际应用案例,分析并得出胶体铅蓄电池是光伏系统储能用电池理想选择的结论,同时为胶体铅酸蓄电池在光伏系统中的应用指出了进一步研究的方向。     

Simulations of economical and technical feasibility of battery and flywheel hybrid energy storage systems in autonomous projects

This paper deals with the feasibility of a Renewable Energy Sources (RES)-based stand-alone system for electricity supply based on a Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) located on the Greek Island of Naxos. The innovative use of flywheels in parallel connection with electrochemical batteries, as an integrated storage device in the same power plant, was selected to be simulated as it is a necessary buffer covering the load of a typical house. The optimal configuration for the electromechanical connection between the electrochemical batteries and flywheels is also considered in this study. Operational characteristics of the new storage systems were estimated and used in the simulations, while the financial aspects of the projects finalized using hand-made calculations and the HOMER software was used only for the energy calculations. It was found that an off-grid project using advanced and totally “green” technologies is possible and comparable to more conventional RES-based systems, in terms of energy and economical feasibility. Finally, it can be concluded that systems with low price flywheels are equivalent to those with electrochemical batteries.     

规模化电池储能系统的无功功率控制策略研究

无功功率补偿是电池储能系统并网运行时的重要应用。电池储能系统主要包括电池组、变流器以及设备监控系统等。电池储能用变流器可向电网提供无功功率。文章提出了规模化电池储能电站中各储能机组间的无功功率分配方法。采用仿真软件对电池储能系统的无功功率分配策略进行仿真分析,并基于张北储能试验基地的电池储能机组实例验证了控制策略的有效性。     

Lead carbon ultrabatteries for energy storage

储能技术在太阳能、风能等可再生能源发电、智能电网/微网建设等方面有着广阔的应用前景。铅酸电池具有价格低、较高电压、性能稳定、宽工作温度范围等优势,占据着固定储能市场的主导地位。但在智能电网、混合动力车的实际应用中,电池必须在不同的充电状态下操作,特别是在高倍率部分荷电模式。在这种操作模式下,硫酸盐沉积物积聚在电极表面,限制了铅酸电池的容量和循环寿命。铅碳电池是由铅酸电池和超级电容器组合形成的新型储能装置,它抑制了放电过程中负极板表面硫酸盐的不均匀分布和充电时较早的析氢现象,具有铅酸电池高能量和超级电容器高功率的优点,在部分荷电态大功率充放电状态具有较高的循环寿命,适合高倍率循环和瞬间脉冲放电等工作状态。本文介绍了铅碳电池的基本概念及原理,并对铅碳电池储能技术的发展历程和现状进行了总结。     

The effect of pumped storage and battery energy storage systems onhydrothermal generation coordination

A simulated battery energy storage (BES) system is considered for integration into Taiwan Power Company System to study the economic benefits of the BES. The system had a pumped storage power plant with four units. The authors applied multipass dynamic programming to the solution of the short term hydrothermal coordination problem considering pumped storage and battery energy storage systems. The algorithm can quickly converge to an optimal generation schedule while achieving the minimum production cost of power systems. Substantial savings of memory and CPU time were realized by using this efficient algorithm. The load, committed units, and available water usage data from 9:00 PM June 17, 1988 to 9:00 PM June 24 were used to test this algorithm. Results showed that within 20 minutes on a PC/386 this algorithm could find the optimal generation schedule of all the units and the switching time of the BES while satisfying all the constraints     

针对风电波动抑制的电池储能SOC鲁棒优化模型

针对风电系统输出功率波动问题,研究了基于风电波动异常数据判断及波动幅度情景划分的,能够有效抑制风电波动的电池储能系统SOC鲁棒优化模型。研究电网调度需求、风电功率预测及风电波动数据特性,建立了风电波动异常数据鲁棒判别模型,为风电波动场景划分提供数据支持;研究不同风电波动幅度场景电池储能系统SOC适应性指标,建立了在不同风险容许度下的SOC鲁棒优化模型;研究基于风电波动数据及其对应的电池储能系统SOC历史数据的SOC鲁棒优化模型求解方法,建立了基于χ2散度函数的SOC鲁棒优化算法;根据风电出力波动及电池储能系统特性,建立了基于特定区域电网的电力系统仿真模型,并根据风电波动特性对电池储能系统SOC优化结果进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,文章针对风电波动抑制建立的电池储能SOC鲁棒优化模型,对风电波动幅度具有明显的抑制效果,提升了电网运行稳定性。     

Optimal sizing of battery storage for hybrid (wind+diesel) power systems

Hourly mean wind-speed data for the period 1986–1997 [except the years 1989 (some data is missing) and 1991 (Gulf War)] recorded at the solar radiation and meteorological monitoring station, Dhahran (26°C 32′ N, 50° 13′ E), Saudi Arabia, have been analyzed to investigate the optimum size of battery storage capacity for hybrid (wind+diesel) energy conversion systems at Dhahran. The monthly average wind speeds for Dhahran range from 4.12 to 6.42 m/s. As a case study, the hybrid system considered in the present analysis consists of two 10 kW Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), together with a battery storage system and a diesel back-up. The yearly and monthly average energy generated from the above hybrid system have been presented. More importantly, the study explores the impact of variation of battery storage capacity on hybrid power generation. The results exhibit a trade-off between size of the storage capacity and diesel power to be generated to cope with specific annual load distribution [41,500], and for given energy generation from WECS. The energy to be generated from the back-up diesel generator and the number of operational hours of the diesel system to meet a specific annual electrical energy demand have also been presented. The diesel back-up system is operated at times when the power generated from WECS fails to satisfy the load and when the battery storage is depleted. The present study shows that for economic considerations, for optimum use of battery storage and for optimum operation of diesel system, storage capacity equivalent to one to three days of maximum monthly average daily demand needs to be used. It has been found that the diesel energy to be generated without any storage is considerably high; however, use of one day of battery storage reduces diesel energy generation by about 35%; also the number of hours of operation of the diesel system are reduced by about 52%.     

Hybridization strategies of power-to-gas systems and battery storage using renewable energy

In this paper, the hybrid concept to use renewable electricity to produce hydrogen with an electrolyser in combination with a battery is introduced and analysed. This hybrid system opens the possibility to optimise operation and to increase operation times of the system and thus to improve the techno-economic performance. To analyse the performance, a model has been developed, which designs and operates a single or hybrid power-to-gas system in a cost optimal manner. The underlying method is a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach, which minimises total system costs. The cost optimisation modelling is performed by a case study for a hybrid electrolyser/battery system directly coupled with a large PV power plant without grid connection. The results show, that batteries can support electrolyser operation in a reasonable way. This is however associated with higher hydrogen production costs and not competitive compared to the installation of additional electrolyser capacity or curtailment of electricity.     

High power battery systems for hybrid vehicles

Pure electric and hybrid vehicles have differing demands on the battery system of a vehicle. This results in correspondingly different demands on the battery management of a hybrid vehicle. Examples show the differing usage patterns. The consequences for the battery cells and the battery management are discussed. The importance of good thermal management is underlined.     

兼顾储能系统热管理与电池寿命的可再生能源储能电站经济调度

可再生能源储能电站的长期稳定运行与储能系统的热量管理息息相关,合理的热量管理策略能够保障储能电站的经济性与安全性.为了合理有效地进行储能系统热量管理,本文综合电池寿命成本,以日内实时调度的最高净盈利作为优化目标,提出了考虑热量管理与电池寿命损耗成本的储能电站调度策略.并利用分片McCormick方法将双线性项精细线性化...     

Analysis for the applications of lithium titanate battery in the MW-class energy storage systems

相对于传统型的锂离子电池,钛酸锂电池具有充放电响应速度快、倍率特性好、寿命长等优点,但钛酸锂电池单位容量的成本较高。本文从储能系统应用需求层面分析典型功率型储能系统对电池倍率和容量的要求,结合钛酸锂电池的特点,得出高倍率的钛酸锂电池应用于功率型储能系统相对于能量型锂电池,可以大幅度减少电池配置数量的结论,因此可发挥钛酸锂电池的竞争优势。     

Operation modes for partially failed vanadium redox battery (VRB) energy storage systems

围绕全钒电池系统在部分失效条件下如何保持正常运行全面展开实验验证与理论分析.从电池系统结构组成角度分析了导致全钒电池系统失效的若干情况,并借助实验模拟和实验数据统计分析,总结归纳出全钒电池系统在部分失效条件下的运行特性,从而提出采用降额定功率与倍额定功率两种部分失效运行模式.研究证实该两种运行模式对系统运行效率无显著影响,是实现全钒电池储能系统在部分失效紧急情况下仍能保持正常运转的合理操作.