转子对高压涡轮叶尖间隙变化规律的影响

基于涡轮叶尖间隙主动控制的需要,初步分析了涡轮叶尖间隙的变化机理,建立了机匣、叶片和转子的简化模型。在此基础上,分别仿真计算转速变化和发动机起动过程瞬态温度下转子的径向变化,讨论了转子在飞行器机动飞行情况下的振动幅值对叶尖间隙的影响。结果表明,转子振动幅值和径向位移对叶尖间隙变化有重要作用。     

航空发动机热态下不均匀叶尖间隙的热固耦合分析

涡轮叶尖间隙对发动机性能有很大影响。孔探图像显示高压涡轮叶片前缘与机匣衬套之间摩擦严重,且发动机排气温度裕度持续偏低。为了精确获得航空发动机在工作环境最恶劣工况下的叶尖间隙值,对涡轮盘与叶片进行热固耦合有限元分析。采用SolidWorks 2014建立高压涡轮盘与高压涡轮叶片模型,借助ANSYS Workbench获取工作状态下涡轮盘与叶片的温度场分布与结构变形量,得到高压涡轮叶尖前缘与后缘的实际间隙值,为改进高压涡轮单元体维修方案,提高发动机性能提供合理建议。     

基于模型的涡轮叶尖间隙快速预测方法

针对发动机涡轮叶尖间隙变化预测需求,以涡轮叶尖间隙热控制法为研究对象,采用了一种简化的涡轮叶尖间隙计算模型,针对某型发动机高压涡轮的结构特点,分别建立了涡轮机匣、轮盘、叶片的计算模型。以发动机数学模型计算结果作为输入,对高压涡轮叶尖间隙变化进行了仿真计算,结果表明模型计算的涡轮叶尖间隙变化与实际工作过程相符,可在发动机初步方案设计阶段为叶尖间隙评估提供一种快速预测方法。     

某发动机转静子刮磨故障分析

涡轮叶片的叶尖间隙对部件的效率有很大影响,间隙大则效率低,间隙小则叶片叶尖与外环容易产生刮磨。刮磨不仅会加剧转子的振动,还会影响发动机的安全运行,所以必须合理控制叶尖间隙。某型发动机在前期的发动机调试过程中,涡轮工作叶片叶尖与涡轮外环存在较为严重的刮磨,通过分析和调整叶尖间隙,顺利解决了叶尖刮磨,为某型发动机的性能达标做出了贡献。     

螺栓联接参数对静子机匣同心度影响的研究

航空发动机静子机匣的同心度与转静子碰磨及气流泄漏直接相关,严重影响发动机工作效率及可靠性。良好的转静子同心度和转子叶片叶尖间隙分布的合理性是发动机高效、稳定工作的关键。建立了压气机静子机匣有限元三维模型,通过有限元计算来模拟螺栓的数量、位置和预紧力大小对机匣同心度的影响,并基于神经网络和Monte Carlo方法得到了多个螺栓位置和预紧力变化对于同心度影响的直方图。的研究为航空发动机静子机匣及其叶尖间隙设计提供了参考。     

某型高压压气机12级转子叶尖间隙理论分析与数值模拟

以某型发动机轴流高压压气机为对象,研究该压气机第12级转子与机匣在运行过程中受温度、气动和离心载荷综合作用下的径向变形。先通过改进预测涡轮叶尖间隙的理论简化模型,来预测该压气机在各工况下叶尖间隙变化规律;再通过三维建模,运用有限元软件ANSYS对压气机各工况进行流-固-热耦合瞬态分析模拟,得到叶尖间隙变化规律,提取间隙变化最大时的各部件径向变形并沿轴向展开。结果表明:两种方法获取的间隙变化规律趋于一致,但理论分析能较快获取规律,而数值模拟结果更加精确,并可以确定叶片顶端最易刮伤的结构位置。研究结果对快速预测叶尖间隙,确定装配间隙和机匣涂层的分布有着重要的参考价值。     

浅谈民用大涵道比发动机风扇转子叶尖间隙控制

本文针对民用大涵道比发动机装配时风扇叶片叶尖间隙周向差异大,局部间隙超差、机匣涂层局部磨损现象,分析影响叶尖间隙的重要因素,找出原因,提出控制措施,并指出在设计过程中,通过控制叶尖间隙相关的轴向、径向尺寸及公差,风扇机匣变形,从而获得一致性好的安装间隙;同时控制影响发动机工作可靠性的重要因素,如风扇盘与风扇轴的连接,最终可获得理想的工作间隙。     

转子裂纹对叶尖间隙动态变化规律的影响

为指导叶尖间隙的动态测量和主动控制,建立了航空发动起涡轮转子缩减模型,在考虑转子部件所受热应力、离心力基础上,重点考虑了不同深度的裂纹发生在叶片和转子盘不同位置时对叶尖间隙的影响。结果表明:叶尖间隙变化范围随裂纹深度变大而变大;保持裂纹深度与叶片宽度比为0.5,分别取裂纹距离叶尖0.005,0.025和0.04m时,叶尖间隙变化范围较正常工况下最大偏移量分别为0.11,0.38和0.9mm;裂纹位于叶根时叶尖间隙的变化范围较均匀应力作用下叶尖间隙变化范围明显增大,且在发动机加、减速过程中的叶尖轨迹呈现明显不对称现象。     

基于频谱的篦齿轴向窜动与叶尖间隙测量方法

航空发动机低压涡轮带冠叶片篦齿和机匣之间的叶尖间隙参数以及篦齿轴向窜动参数的在线高精度测量是保证涡轮发动机安全运作和气动效率的关键。传统的电容式叶尖间隙测量系统对噪声敏感度大,且不能对篦齿的轴向窜动参数同时进行测量。因此研制了一种“人”字形电容传感器,提出了一种基于频谱的篦齿叶尖间隙参数和轴向窜动参数的提取方法。建立了“人”字形电容传感器测量模型。仿真分析了测量信号的幅度谱特征并提出了一种最优谱线选择方法。提出了基于转速和信号特征频率估计的自适应频域滤波,信号整周期等角度采样,幅度谱估计以及二元多项式曲面拟合相融合的信号处理方法,实现了叶尖间隙参数和轴向窜动参数的动态测量。在实验室环境下搭建了篦齿叶尖间隙参数和轴向窜动参数测试实验平台,完成了标定和测量实验。实验结果显示,篦齿盘工作在1 900 r/min以下时,测量系统在0.5～1.5 mm叶尖间隙及±1 mm轴向窜动范围内,叶尖间隙测量精度达18μm,轴向窜动测量精度达30μm。     

基于激光自混合原理的涡轮叶片转速与叶尖间隙动态同步测量方法

针对在高温等恶劣环境下,航空发动机高转速下涡轮叶尖间隙测量稳定性差、易受干扰、精准度低等问题,提出一种基 于激光自混合原理的涡轮叶片转速与叶尖间隙动态同步测量方法。 首先,提出基于三镜 F-P 腔模型的自混合干涉模型,并以此 为基础构建测速和测距的数学模型;其次着重研究了涡轮叶片转动下动态自混合干涉信号的处理,将采集到的信号依次经过带 通滤波以及小波降噪处理,再用 FFT 进行处理得到频率,由此求得叶尖间隙值;之后分别进行静态和动态激光自混合干涉测距 实验进行验证;最后探讨影响动态测量的误差源,并对测量系统以及算法进行优化补偿。 实验结果证明,该方法可以有效地提 高涡轮叶片转速与叶尖间隙的同步测量的稳定性及精度,测速相对误差为 1% ,叶尖间隙测量误差为 23 μm。     

A study on an axial-type 2-D turbine blade shape for reducing the blade profile loss

Losses on the turbine consist of the mechanical loss, tip clearance loss, secondary flow loss and blade profile loss etc.,. More than 60 % of total losses on the turbine is generated by the two latter loss mechanisms. These losses are directly related with the reduction of turbine efficiency. In order to provide a new design methodology for reducing losses and increasing turbine efficiency, a two-dimensional axial-type turbine blade shape is modified by the optimization process with two-dimensional compressible flow analysis codes, which are validated by the experimental results on the VKI turbine blade. A turbine blade profile is selected at the mean radius of turbine rotor using on a heavy duty gas turbine, and optimized at the operating condition. Shape parameters, which are employed to change the blade shape, are applied as design variables in the optimization process. Aerodynamic, mechanical and geometric constraints are imposed to ensure that the optimized profile meets all engineering restrict conditions. The objective function is the pitchwise area averaged total pressure at the 30 % axial chord downstream from the trailing edge. 13 design variables are chosen for blade shape modification. A 10.8 % reduction of total pressure loss on the turbine rotor is achieved by this process, which is same as a more than 1 % total-to-total efficiency increase. The computed results are compared with those using 11 design variables, and show that optimized results depend heavily on the accuracy of blade design.     

Modal characteristics according to the tip shape and assembly condition of the turbine blade

To determine the reliability of a 5 MW gas turbine engine blade in high cycle fatigue (HFC) fracture being developed by Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd., resonance characteristics are verified based on the turbine blade tip shape and assembly condition. In this study, the modal characteristics of compressor and turbine blades are investigated, and a Campbell diagram is established. During the preliminary study, modal analysis and holographic modal test of the first-, fifth-, and tenth-stage compressor blades were performed. Based on the preliminary study result, the natural frequency and Campbell diagram analysis for the turbine blades were performed. This research compared and verified the modal characteristic and resonance stability according to the tip shape and assembly condition of the blade to prevent any HCF fracture. In conclusion, the resonance stability of the shrouded blade is far superior to that of the squealer blade. Suitable assembly conditions must be applied.     

An experimental study of the performance characteristics with four different rotor blade shapes on a small mixed-type turbine

A small mixed-type turbine with a diameter of 19.9 mm has been substituted for a rotational part of pencil-type air tool. Usually, a vane-type rotor is applied to the rotational part of the air tool. However, the vane-type rotor has some problems, such as friction, abrasion, and necessity of accurate assembly etc.,. These problems make the life time of the vane-type air tool short, but air tools operated by mixed-type turbines are free of friction and abrasion because the turbine rotor dose not contact with the casing. Moreover, it is assembled easily because of no axis offset. These characteristics are merits for using air tools, but loss of power is inevitable on a non-contacting type rotor due to flow loss, tip clearance loss, and profile loss etc.,. In this study, four different rotors are tested, and their characteristics are investigated by measuring the specific output power. Additionally, optimum nozzle location against the rotor is studied. Output powers are obtained through measured pressure, temperature, torque, rotational speed, and flow rate. The experimental results obtained with four different rotors show that the rotor blade shape greatly influences to the performance, and the optimum nozzlc location exists near the mid span of the rotor.     

飞行试验中的发动机叶尖间隙测量方法

对飞行试验中的航空发动机叶尖间隙测量方法进行探讨,分析了实际飞行中影响发动机叶尖间隙的因素,在此基础上对叶尖间隙测量的试飞方法进行了探讨。     

涡轮叶尖间隙损失模型的分析研究

这里基于CFD数值计算的结果,对5种工程上常用的涡轮叶尖间隙流动损失模型进行了全面的分析比较。数值结果表明,由于在建立模型时使用的实验数据的局限性,使得现有不同涡轮叶尖间隙损失模型之间的计算结果具有相当大的差异。对三种不同负荷大小的涡轮叶片预测结果及与CFD数值计算的结果对比说明,对于轻负荷涡轮叶片,目前所有损失模型预测结果是偏大的,而对于高负荷不考虑旋转因素的涡轮叶片,所有损失模型预测结果是偏小的,但对于考虑旋转因素的高负荷涡轮叶片,Ainley-Mathieson损失模型和Yaras损失模型的预测结果与数值计算结果比较接近。     

COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS TO INCREASE TIP CLEARANCE AND ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE OF TURBOCHARGER CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR STAGE

Tip clearance between the blade tip and casing of a centrifugal compressor can be varied through two methods:by changing the blade height(M1)or by changing the casing diameter(M2). Numerical simulations are carried out to compare these two methods and their effect on the stage and impeller performance.The impeller and diffuser are connected through rotor stator boundary using frozen rotor approach.Overall stage performance and the flow configuration have been investigated for nine tip clearance levels from no gap to 1 mm.Impeller and diffuser performances are also pre- sented separately.It has been found that the overall and impeller performance are comparatively better for M1 below tip clearance of 0.5 mm whereas M2 is found advantageous above 0.5 mm of tip clear- ance.Both M1 and M2 show performance degradation with the increase in tip clearance.Two models have been proposed for the stage total pressure ratio and efficiency,which are found to be in agree- ment with experimental results.The impeller efficiency and the pressure ratio are found to be maxi- mum at tip clearance of 0.1 mm for both the cases however minimum diffuser effectiveness is also observed at the same clearance level.Diffuser effectiveness is found to be maximum at zero gap for both cases.As it is practically impossible to have zero gap for unshrouded impellers so it is concluded that the optimum thickness is 0.5 mm onwards for M1 and 0.5 mm for M2 in terms of diffuser effec- tiveness.Mass averaged flow parameters,entropy,blade loading diagram and relative pressure fields are presented,showing the loss production within the impeller passage with tip clearance.     

某型发动机涡轮叶片的蠕变寿命分析

针对某型航空发动机的涡轮叶片,开展了应力计算,进行给定转速和温度场条件下的弹塑性有限元分析,得到应力场;对叶片上的危险位置和最大应力值进行分析,计算提高工况时的涡轮叶片的应力场,分析温度场提高和转速提高对叶身应力分布的影响和最大应力值的变化程度;针对温度场和离心载荷分析计算的结果,对于涡轮叶片结构设计、故障预防维修以及航空发动机整体可靠性有重要意义。     

Reverse engineering of turbine blades based on design intent

The purpose of this paper is to describe a new approach to process the data points measured from turbine blade airfoils in order to make a valid shape via reverse engineering method. Currently, preliminary B-rep models can be created by fitting surfaces to point clouds using a 3D laser scanner. In case of a turbine blade, due to high shape complexity, the resulting model is often unsuitable in practice. A small change in blade geometry can lead to a large change in turbine performance. Therefore, control of the blade shape is critical to the design process. Authors believe that the only way to capture the valid shape of a blade airfoil out of the many manufacturing deviations is to incorporate design key-points during reverse engineering. Implementation of the new method using segmentation and constrained fitting algorithm (SCFA) on a heavy-duty industrial gas turbine blade has been reported and discussed.     

Numerical study on flow characteristics at blade passage and tip clearance in a linear cascade of high performance turbine blade

A numerical analysis has been conducted in order to simulate the characteristics of complex flow through linear cascades of high performance turbine blade with/without tip clearance by using a pressure-correction based, generalized 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes CFD code. The development and generation of horseshoe vortex, passage vortex, leakage vortex, tip vortex within tip clearance, etc. are clearly identified through the present simulation which uses the RNG k-ε turbulent model with wall function method and a second-order linear upwind scheme for convective terms. The present simulation results are consistent with the generally known tendency that occurs in the blade passage and tip clearance. A 3D model for secondary and leakage flows through turbine cascades with/without tip clearance is also suggested from the present simulation results, including the effects of tip clearance height.