啤酒酵母絮凝机理研究进展

啤酒酵母絮凝机理的假说有絮凝共生假说、类外源凝集素假说、类外源絮凝素假说等。啤酒酵母絮凝表型可分为FLO1型和NewFLO型;对啤酒酵母絮凝基因的研究有结构基因——见O基因家族、调节基因及其他相关絮凝基因。对啤酒酵母絮凝性状的改良研究可应用于调控啤酒酵母絮凝性状,利于啤酒生产;利用酵母絮凝性状构建絮凝选择栽体;利用絮凝素蛋白构建酵母细胞表层展示体系;利用酵母絮凝蛋白对细菌的吸附,应用于医疗行业。     

影响啤酒酵母絮凝的外部因素探讨

介绍了啤酒酵母絮凝性在啤酒生产中的重要意义，论述了营养因素、温度与pH值、酒精浓度、菌种传种代数、酵母接种量、原料、通风溶氧状况以及卫生条件控制等诸多外部环境因素对啤酒酵母絮凝的影响。     

啤酒酵母提前絮凝的研究进展

酵母提前絮凝是啤酒企业时有发生的现象,因其复杂的影响因素至今对酵母提前絮凝的发生机理及提前絮凝因子的本质没有明确的证实,也因此给整个啤酒酿造产业链造成了极大的困扰。近年来,随着环境污染及各种恶劣天气的出现,导致啤酒酵母提前絮凝发生相对增多,对麦芽企业及啤酒企业造成一定经济和名誉损失。作者综述了啤酒酵母提前絮凝的国内外最新研究进展,包括机理假说、提前絮凝因子的来源、形成机制及控制研究,以期对啤酒产业链提供有效解决酵母提前絮凝的思路和方法。     

采取工艺措施提高啤酒酵母的絮凝性

啤酒酵母按凝絮性可分为粉末型酵母、凝聚性酵母和絮凝性酵母。絮凝性酵母是目前啤酒酿造中用于快速发酵制造清爽型啤酒常采用的酵母。影响啤酒酵母絮凝性的因素有很多,本文探讨的是如何利用工艺条件来提高啤酒酵母的絮凝性。1 问题的提出我工厂在生产过程中发现有的发酵液降温储酒后,大量酵母仍悬浮在酒液中,沉降效果不好,导致酵母自溶,嫩啤酒浊度高达30EBC 以上,过滤困难,清酒回滤率高,严重影响了过滤效率和过滤清酒质量,为解决这一问题,我们从工艺方面进行了一系列     

啤酒酵母絮凝性的讨论

本文从啤酒酵母的絮凝特性及主要影响因素，分析了啤酒酵母絮凝性对啤酒生产过程及啤酒质量的影响，介绍了啤酒酵母絮凝性的测定方法。     

激光-氯化锂复合诱变选育絮凝性适中的啤酒酵母

以絮凝性弱而其他发酵指标皆可的啤酒酵母菌Fs为出发菌株,以激光-氯化锂为复合诱变剂诱变啤酒酵母得到一株絮凝性适中的啤酒酵母,絮凝性为37.9%,比原菌株提高了1.61倍.用该菌株酿造的啤酒,发酵液中双乙酰含量为0.048mg/L,风味指标几乎不变.     

接种酵母质量对啤酒风味的影响

影响成品啤酒风味物质含量的因素较多,本文主要针对啤酒酵母开展研究,通过肝糖染色法评价接种酵母质量,继而测定发酵液中几种典型风味物质含量的差异,分析接种酵母质量对啤酒风味的影响。     

弱絮凝性下面啤酒酵母菌株的选育

在啤酒工业中,啤酒酵母的絮凝特性是决定啤酒高质量生产的重要因素之一。下面啤酒酵母菌株L-1应用于大生产存在酵母悬浮稳定期较短等问题,导致发酵不彻底,影响了最后的啤酒风味质量。基于此,该研究以菌株L-1为出发菌株,进行常压室温等离子体诱变并对诱变菌株进行初筛和二轮复筛,获得了絮凝性减弱且遗传稳定性能较良好的3株目的菌株179、293和361,其絮凝能力分别降低了6.67%、6.67%和5.56%,死亡率分别降低了31.21%、34.57%和16.93%,对应的发酵液中乙醛含量分别降低了19.53%、19.17%和15.83%,同时其消耗碳源、α-氨基氮、产酒精能力等指标均有所提高,主要高级醇含量无明显变化。这些菌株的获得在啤酒工业生产中具有一定的实际应用潜力。     

高浓高温对啤酒酵母发酵性能的影响

以啤酒酵母S-6为实验菌株,研究了主发酵温度和原麦汁浓度对啤酒发酵的残糖、酒精度、风味物质和絮凝性等性能指标的影响。结果表明,原麦汁浓度一定时,主发酵温度对高级醇和乙酸酯的含量影响较大,主发酵温度由10 ℃提高至16 ℃时,高级醇含量提高了10%～20%,乙酸酯含量提高了8%～16%,但CO2累积质量损失、残糖、酒精度和絮凝性基本不受温度的影响;主发酵温度一定时,原麦汁浓度对酵母絮凝性影响较大,原麦汁浓度越高,酵母絮凝性越低,将高浓（18 °Bx）发酵液稀释50%至常浓（12 °Bx）,残糖、酒精度和高级醇的含量与常浓发酵液基本相同。该研究为选育高温高浓发酵低产高级醇同时强絮凝性酵母菌株提供了重要依据。     

啤酒废酵母抽提物促进啤酒酵母发酵的研究

利用啤酒废酵母制备得到的酵母抽提物对啤酒酵母发酵性能的影响来检测所制酵母抽提物的品质,并与英国OXOID公司进口酵母粉进行对照分析。实验结果表明,添加酵母抽提物提高了啤酒酵母的起发速度、发酵效率和存活率,并增强了所制啤酒的缓冲能力、风味稳定性和抗氧化能力,且自制酵母抽提物促进啤酒酵母发酵的效果略优于OXOID酵母粉。     

啤酒酵母凝集性的探讨

从啤酒酵母的凝集特性、作用机理及主要影响因素,分析了啤酒酵母凝集性对啤酒生产工艺过程及啤酒质量的影响,介绍了啤酒酵母凝集性的测定方法.     

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON FLOCCULATION AND IMMOBILISATION OF BREWER'S YEAST DURING PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL-FREE BEER

A method using immobilised yeasts has been developed and successfully applied for production of alcohol-free beer. The influence of environmental conditions present during alcohol-free beer production on the flocculation and immobilisation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. uvarum was investigated in the present study. In wort, the cells developed flocculation at the end of exponential growth, according to the NewFlo phenotype. In defined medium, the flocculation capacity appeared to be temporary and was lost rapidly during the stationary phase. No increase in cell wall hydrophobicity at the onset of flocculation was observed in either medium. Low growth temperatures increased flocculation capacity approximately four-fold, compared to growth at high temperatures. The optimum temperature for flocculation was at 25°C with cells grown at low or high temperature . A novel method using carboxyfluorescein-stained cells was developed to analyse the initial adhesion of cells to carrier. This method also allowed rapid analysis of the effects of immobilisation to DEAE-cellulose carrier during alcohol-free beer production process. It appeared that a high flocculation capacity stimulated adhesion to the DEAE-carrier .     

The Horace Brown Medal Lecture: Forty Years of Brewing Research

Horace Brown spent fifty years conducting brewing research in Burton‐on‐Trent, Dublin and London. His contributions were remarkable and his focus was to solve practical brewing problems by employing and developing fundamental scientific principles. He studied all aspects of the brewing process including raw materials, wort preparation, fermentation, yeast and beer stability. As a number of previous presenters of the Horace Brown Lecture have discussed Brown's achievements in detail, the focus of this paper is a review of the brewing research that has been conducted by the author and his colleagues during the past forty years. Similar to Horace Brown, fundamental research has been employed to solve brewing problems. Research studies that are discussed in this review paper include reasons for premature flocculation of ale strains resulting in wort underattenuation including mechanisms of co‐flocculation and pure strain flocculation, storage procedures for yeast cultures prior to propagation, studies on the genetic manipulation of brewer's yeast strains with an emphasis on the FLO1 gene, spheroplast fusion and the respiratory deficient (petite) mutation, the uptake and metabolism of wort sugars and amino acids, the influence of wort density on fermentation characteristics and beer flavour and stability, and finally, the contribution that high gravity brewing has on brewing capacity, fermentation efficiency and beer quality and stability.     

Carrier‐free,continuous primary beer fermentation

Developing a sustainable continuous fermentation reactor is one of the most ambitious tasks in brewing science, but it could bring great benefits regarding volumetric productivity to modern breweries. Immobilized cell technology is often applied to reach the large densities of yeast needed in a continuous fermentation process. However, the financial cost associated with the use of carriers for yeast immobilization is one of the major drawbacks in the technology. This work suggests that yeast flocculation could address biomass immobilization in a gas‐lift reactor for the continuous primary fermentation of beer. Nearly 25 g dry wt L^?1 of yeast was flocculated in the reactor before interruption of the fermentation. Stable sugar consumption and ethanol production (4.5% alcohol by volume) from an 11°P wort was evidenced. The key esters and higher alcohols measured in the young beer met the standards of a finished primary beer fermentation. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

酵母新絮凝特性的研究进展及应用展望

酵母絮凝是指酵母细胞之间相互作用形成絮状物的可逆过程。在发酵工业中,絮凝是酵母菌株最重要性质之一。酵母无性絮凝分为Flo型和NewFlo型,在发酵后期表达的NewFlo型絮凝对细胞与发酵液的分离及产品的质量有重要的意义。文中对酵母新絮凝的研究进展进行了综述,并展望了新絮凝特性在工业中的应用前景。     

A Method to Detect Anti‐metabolic Factors in Fermentations

Premature yeast flocculation (PYF) has been described as the rapid settling of yeast cells during fermentation despite the presence of sufficient nutrients. PYF can cause negative impacts on beer quality and thus can be quite costly to brewers and maltsters. To investigate the causative agent of PYF, small‐scale fermentations were undertaken in both test tubes and cuvettes (15 and 3.5 mL respectively) using worts prepared from PYF‐positive and PYF‐negative malt samples. Fermentations were carried out using six malts, for up to seven days. Turbidity and extract values were monitored for all samples. The small scale (test tube) assay exhibited clear yeast cell flocculation differences between malts. In the cuvette assay the wort fermented, but the yeast cells settled out of suspension rapidly. While this property made the cuvette assay unsuitable for detecting PYF malt, it did allow for measurement of impaired sugar uptake by the yeast independent of yeast in suspension effects. All wort samples fermented in the cuvette assay showed a similar decline in apparent extract (p > 0.05), indicating that (at least in the samples studied) premature yeast flocculation was not caused by a decline in yeast activity. We believe the simple cuvette assay reported here could have application in the measurement of anti‐metabolic factors in fermenting media.     

Effects of Fermentation Parameters and Cell Wall Properties on Yeast Flocculation1

Industrial wort was fermented with a NewFlo phenotype ale yeast in lab‐scale cylindrical fermenters. The effects of various fermentation parameters and yeast cell wall properties on yeast flocculation were studied during 120 h fermentation. The evaluation of the cell volume during the fermentation revealed a non‐normal distribution (p < 0.05) at most fermentation times. Overall yeast cell size initially decreased during the first 24 h of fermentation then increased during the 24–60 h fermentation period. Cell size subsequently declined until the end of fermentation presumably due to floc settling. While yeast flocculation began after 24 h fermentation, most flocs remained in suspension until 60 h when the average turbulent shear rate caused by CO₂ evolution declined to below 8 s^?1. Both the Helm's flocculence and cell surface hydrophobicity values rapidly increased to high numbers from 24 h onward. Changes in the orthokinetic capture coefficient (α₀) value with fermentation time, measured in fermenting worts, indicated a significant increase (p < 0.001) after 24 h of fermentation. Presumably, this change was due to increases in ethanol and the decline in sugar concentration with time. Although a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between zymolectin densities and cell surface areas, the total zymolectin level on yeast cell walls did not change significantly with fermentation time (p > 0.05). Interestingly, no significant difference existed in Helm's flocculation values of suspended and settled yeast cells (p > 0.05). The flocculation rate of LCC125 was readily inhibited by addition of glucose or maltose. Results suggest that fermentable sugar levels and shear force exert major influences on yeast flocculation during beer fermentations.     

SO2与啤酒的风味稳定性

啤酒中含有一定量的SO2,SO2可由酵母产生,也可由外源添加的亚硫酸盐类物质产生。SO2对于保护啤酒的风味生物稳定性具有重要的作用,阐述了啤酒中SO2的来源、含量及在保护啤酒的风味生物稳定性等方面的作用。     

125th Anniversary Review: Yeast Flocculation and Sedimentation in Brewing

Flocculation is prerequisite for bulk sedimentation of yeast during brewery fermentation. Although single yeast cells gradually sediment in green beer, this sedimentation rate is too slow without formation of large yeast flocs. The present review concerns the major determinants of yeast flocculation and sedimentation in brewery fermentations. Flocculation characteristics of yeast are strongly strain‐dependent and largely defined by which FLO genes are functional in each strain. In addition to the genetic background, several environmental factors affect flocculation. These can be, somewhat arbitrarily, classified as physiological factors, such as the calcium availability, pH, temperature and ethanol and oxygen concentrations in the medium or physical factors, such as cell surface hydrophobicity, cell surface charge and the presence of appropriate hydrodynamic conditions for the formation of large flocs. Once yeast flocs are formed, their size, shape and density and the properties of the surrounding medium affect the rate at which the flocs sediment. Higher gravity worts usually result in green beers with higher viscosity and density, which both retard sedimentation. Moreover, environmental factors during yeast handling before fermentation, e.g., propagation, storage and cropping, influence the flocculation potential of yeast in subsequent fermentation. Premature yeast flocculation (PYF) and the role of PYF factors are discussed. In conclusion, some potential options available to adjust yeast flocculation are described.