感应电场对连续流动蓝莓果泥理化特性的影响

采用非接触型感应电场(IEF)对蓝莓果泥进行连续加工,考察不同激励电压(100、150和250 V)、温度(65、75和85 ℃)下果泥阻抗和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性随处理时间(9、18、27、30、36和45 min)的变化规律,并对比不同处理(鲜榨、常规热处理、IEF处理)后蓝莓果泥的色值、粒径分布、流变特性、风味和挥发性成分。结果表明,随着处理时间的增长和处理温度的升高,料液阻抗逐渐降低;250 V激励电压诱导形成的IEF对多酚氧化酶(PPO)的杀灭具有促进作用,经250 V、85 ℃和30 min的IEF处理后,蓝莓果泥 PPO活性完全丧失。IEF处理蓝莓果泥的L*和a*分别为30.37和6.42,显著高于鲜榨和常规热处理的果泥(P<0.05)。IEF处理的蓝莓果泥产品在粒径分布、黏度和风味上更接近鲜榨果泥。弱的感应电场/感应电流对蓝莓果泥中呈色物质、风味成分等具有一定的稳定作用,有利于减缓热处理导致的果泥颜色损失和风味变化。研究旨在为利用弱电效应实现果泥产品的高品质加工提供一定理论参考。     

蓝莓复合果泥超高压和热杀菌的比较分析

以蓝莓、草莓和苹果为原料,通过感官评价分析,研制出一款蓝莓复合果泥。利用超高压（UHP）和热杀菌（TS）处理果泥,分析处理前后和4 ℃贮藏40 d内其微生物、理化指标、色泽、花青素、香气和流变特性的变化。结果表明,两种处理后果泥菌落总数、大肠菌群和霉菌均未检出,贮藏40 d时仍符合食品标准限量。pH值在处理后和贮藏期内都显著降低（P<0.05）。可溶性固形物在UHP处理后无显著变化（P>0.05）,TS处理后显著增大（P<0.05）,贮藏结束时均为7.80 °Brix。TS处理后果泥花青素含量显著降低（P<0.05）,UHP组无显著变化（P>0.05）,贮藏期间,UHP组花色苷含量显著高于TS组。UHP和TS组果泥贮藏期间ΔE最大值分别为1.26和3.47,TS组果泥贮藏时出现明显颜色变化。电子鼻结果表明UHP比TS能更好地保留果泥的香气成分。流变仪结果表明UHP组果泥贮藏期间具有更好的稳定性。综上,UHP对蓝莓复合果泥的品质保存效果好,是一种适用于蓝莓复合果泥加工的杀菌方式。     

超声波结合热处理对莲藕多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶钝化效果研究

以莲藕中多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)为研究对象,研究超声波结合热处理对PPO和POD残留活力的影响.结果表明:在45℃条件下处理酶液10 min,PPO和POD活力分别为109.8％和104.3％;在0℃、260 W条件下处理酶液10 min,PPO和POD活力分别为80.6％和63.6％,表明超声波处理有一定程度的钝酶效果;在45℃、260 W条件下处理酶液10 min,PPO和POD活力显著降低,分别降低至28.8％和40.7％,表明超声波和热处理在莲藕PPO和POD钝化过程中有协同作用.PPO和POD是影响果蔬褐变的关键酶,试验为莲藕加工过程中防止褐变提供参考.     

1-MCP影响冷藏期蓝莓好果率的通径分析

采用逐步回归和通径分析方法,研究1-MCP处理(0,15和30 mg/L)对蓝莓冷藏期间果实品质及生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,在4℃冷藏条件下贮藏期间,1-MCP处理可延缓蓝莓果实好果率和硬度(p0.05)下降,减缓总酸下降和还原糖含量的积累,降低货架期内皱果率。冷藏期内蓝莓的好果率主要受到POD酶活性(0 mg/L1-MCP)、PPO酶活性(15 mg/L 1-MCP组)和·OH清除率(30 mg/L 1-MCP组)等生理生化指标的影响。15 mg/L1-MCP处理的冷藏蓝莓果实可大幅提高POD酶活性,维持PPO酶较低活性,蓝莓的褐变度主要通过PPO酶促褐变对好果率发生间接负向作用。货架期中蓝莓可溶性固形物含量随着1-MCP处理浓度的加大呈下降趋势。     

预浸泡对桃金娘果汁中抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的影响

本研究将桃金娘整果分别浸泡在不同温度的水、盐酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸和亚硫酸氢钠溶液中10、20、30 min,分析不同处理对桃金娘果汁中总多酚、总花青素、总黄酮和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,在40~60℃水中浸泡,桃金娘果汁中总多酚、总花青素、总黄酮含量和抗氧化活性显著降低,然而在80℃热水和1%盐酸中预浸泡可保持或增加抗氧化物含量。柠檬酸、抗坏血酸或NaHSO_3溶液能降低抗氧化物质的损失程度。同时研究了桃金娘中多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化酶(POD)在不同pH和温度下的稳定性。温度达到100℃、pH小于2时PPO和POD活性才被完全抑制。因此不同的预浸泡方式影响桃金娘果汁PPO和POD的酶活,而抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的稳定性与PPO和POD的活性负相关。     

预处理对蓝莓NFC果汁品质和风味的影响

为研究预处理对蓝莓NFC果汁品质和风味的影响,以新鲜蓝莓为原料,探讨热水漂烫和酶解前处理对蓝莓果汁感官品质、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、出汁率、可溶性固形物、花色苷含量、挥发性香气成分的影响。结果表明:热水热烫可使蓝莓PPO、POD活性显著降低,蒸汽热烫可在60 s内使POD残余酶活力降至7.10%, 80℃热烫2min对蓝莓褐变酶活性的钝化效果最佳,花色苷损失较少,色泽较好;优选果胶酶和纤维素酶按4∶1酶解处理,出汁率高达(81.8±1.5)%,可溶性固形物相比对照组显著提高1.4°Brix,花色苷提高1.92倍;酶解后的果汁香气成分增加,酯类含量增加20%,其中乙酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯含量增加,同时增加了乙酸异戊酯和苯甲酸乙酯新成分,起到增香的效果。     

蓝莓中多酚氧化酶的酶学特性

为分析蓝莓中多酚氧化酶的酶学特性,本文对影响蓝莓多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶活力的主要因素:p H、温度、金属离子、抑制剂及热稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:蓝莓中PPO最适p H为6.5,最适温度为30℃,Ca~(2+)和Mn~(2+)对蓝莓PPO有抑制作用,Cu~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)对蓝莓PPO有激活作用。柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、L-半胱氨酸及亚硫酸氢钠能抑制PPO酶活,但柠檬酸抑制效果较差。热稳定性实验结果表明:蓝莓果PPO耐热性较差,高温短时可显著抑制PPO酶活性。     

臭氧处理对蓝莓贮藏品质及抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究不同臭氧气体浓度(2.14,4.28,6.42,8.56 mg/m~3)处理对蓝莓贮藏品质及抗氧化相关酶活性的影响,为蓝莓采后保鲜技术的应用提供理论参考。研究结果表明:在0℃贮藏条件下,臭氧气体处理能够延缓蓝莓果实腐烂,保持较高的好果率,同时抑制了果实硬度、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物含量和pH值的下降,并保持较高的花色苷含量;臭氧处理还能较好地保持蓝莓果实中的多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。采用4.28 mg/m~3浓度处理有利于保持果实的贮藏品质和抗氧化酶活性。     

滁菊多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶热钝化动力学研究

为深入研究热处理对滁菊中酶的钝化效果,以滁菊多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）和过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）为研究对象,探讨热处理过程中滁菊PPO和POD的热稳定性和热钝化动力学。结果表明：滁菊PPO的最适反应温度为30℃,滁菊POD的最适反应温度为45℃,随着热处理时间的延长,滁菊PPO和POD的酶活性均下降,但在相同热处理水平下滁菊POD的热稳定性较PPO强。动力学分析表明滁菊PPO和POD的热钝化符合一级反应动力学,DPPO,70℃=10.0524 min,DPOD,70℃=21.0512 min, 钝化 PPO 和 POD 所需活化能分别为 13.495 kJ/mol和17.092 kJ/mol。     

超高压技术在鲜榨桃汁加工中的应用

以鲜榨桃汁为原料,分别研究了热处理对其多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)的灭酶效果影响和超高压对其微生物的灭菌效果影响。结果显示:PPO、POD相对残存酶活随着热处理温度和时间的增加而减小,PPO对热处理的耐受性明显高于POD,最适灭酶条件为75℃1min;菌落总数、霉酵总数和乳酸菌数均随着超高压处理压力和时间的增加而减少,霉菌和酵母菌对超高压的耐受能力明显差于细菌,最适灭菌条件为600MPa10min;按以上最适条件生产的桃汁在1个月贮藏期内达到商业无菌。     

氯化钙处理对速冻蓝莓冻藏期品质的影响

研究不同质量分数氯化钙处理对速冻蓝莓果实于－18 ℃冻藏时品质变化的影响。结果表明：随着冻藏时间延长,速冻蓝莓果实的质量、硬度、可溶性固形物（TSS）、可滴定酸、VC、花色苷和总酚含量均呈下降趋势。浸钙处理可延缓速冻蓝莓果实质量、硬度、TSS、可滴定酸、VC、花色苷和总酚含量的下降,保持果实原有品质。在整个冻藏期多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性不断下降,氯化钙处理组冻藏后期PPO活性明显被抑制,但对POD活性没有显著效果。综合分析各指标,经1.5%氯化钙溶液处理的速冻蓝莓其冻藏期品质最好。     

Effect of ultrasonic treatment on enzyme activity and bioactives of strawberry puree

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ultrasound (US) at different frequencies (20, 370, and 583 kHz) and power levels (35 and 48 W) on the residual activity (RA) of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in strawberry puree. Total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) were also assessed. Results were compared with untreated, thermally treated at 40 °C (control) and pasteurized (90 °C) strawberry puree. POD and PPO RA were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, whilst there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in TAC (5%–19%) in all US-treated samples in comparison with the untreated samples and the controls. US at 20 kHz (35 W) increased significantly (P < 0.05) TPC (9%) and FRAP (6%) in strawberry puree, whereas the effect of 583 kHz (48 W) on these parameters was insignificant (P > 0.05). Pasteurization inactivated POD and PPO, however, decreased dramatically TAC (14%), TPC (17%) and FRAP (9.5%) in strawberry puree. These findings suggest that US is a promising novel non-thermal food technology that can be tailored to improve the quality of strawberry puree by inactivating enzymes responsible for food deterioration whilst maintaining the content of bioactive compounds.     

High Pressure and Temperature Effects on Enzyme Inactivation in Strawberry and Orange Products

High hydrostatic pressure treatment (50-400 MPa) combined with heat treatment (20–60°C) effects on peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and pectin methylesterase (PME) activities of fruit-derived products were studied. Assays were carried out on fresh orange juice and strawberry puree. Pressurization/depressurization treatments caused a significant loss of strawberry PPO (60%) up to 250 MPa and POD activity (25%) up to 230 MPa, while some activation was observed for treatments carried out in 250–400 MPa range for both enzymes. Optimal inactivation of POD was using 230 Mpa and 43°C in strawberry puree. Combinations of high pressure and temperature effectively reduced POD activity in orange juice (50%) to 35°C. The effects of high pressure and temperature on PME activity in orange juice were very similar to those for POD.     

High pressure processing of cocoyam,Peruvian carrot and sweet potato: Effect on oxidative enzymes and impact in the tuber color

High pressure processing (HPP) is a non-thermal technology used to activate or inactivate enzymes. This study investigated the effects of HPP (600 MPa for 5 or 30 min at 25 °C) on cocoyam, Peruvian carrot and sweet potato color, and the polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities in tuber cubes, puree, and enzyme extract subjected to HPP. The results showed enzyme inactivation by HPP in cocoyam (up to 55% PPO inactivation in puree and 81% POD inactivation in extract) and Peruvian carrot (up to 100% PPO and 57% POD inactivation the extract). In contrast, enzyme activation was observed in sweet potato (up to 368% PPO and 27% POD activation in puree). The color results were compatible to enzyme activity: the color parameters remained unchanged in cocoyam and Peruvian carrot, which showed high PPO and POD inactivation after HPP. Furthermore, the impact of HPP on the enzymes was influenced by the matrix in which HPP was carried out, evidencing that the enzyme structure can be protected in the presence of other food constituents.Industrial relevanceThe enzymes PPO and POD are an important concern for vegetable processing, due its ability to induce browning after vegetables are cut. The HPP at 600 MPa for 5 or 30 min can be used to inactivate these enzymes in cocoyam and Peruvian carrot, guaranteeing the color and freshness of the tubers similar to the fresh cut vegetable.     

Mechanism of Browning in Fresh Highbush Blueberry Fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum L). Role of Blueberry Polyphenol Oxidase,Chlorogenic Acid and Anthocyanins

Browning reactions which occurred after crushing fresh blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L) were followed by determination of chlorogenic acid colour density, polymer colour and the level of polymers. A polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity plays a dominant role in enzymatic browning. Peroxidase (POD) does not contribute to brown colour formation. The loss of 29% of the colour in a model system containing PPO and blueberry anthocyanins indicated that PPO could act directly on these pigments. However, the rate of anthocyanin degradation was stimulated by the addition of chlorogenic acid. © 1997 SCI.     

冻藏温度对桑椹品质影响的研究

本文研究速冻桑椹在-18、-24、-40℃三种温度下10个月冻藏中品质的变化。结果表明:-18℃贮藏温度下桑葚的失水率、VC损失、花色素苷和类黄酮的损失、褐变程度明显高于-24℃和-40℃,多酚氧化酶(polyphenoloxidase,简称PPO)的活性冻藏初期略有上升、后期显著下降。过氧化物酶(peroxidase,简称POD)的活性在贮藏1个月后大幅度下降,到3个月时接近失活状态。     

微波提取对蓝莓花色苷组分及抗氧化活性的影响

研究不同温度下微波提取对蓝莓花色苷组分及抗氧化活性的影响,采用pH示差法测定不同温度下蓝莓总花色苷含量;通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)鉴定蓝莓花色苷组分;采用高效液相色谱法(High-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定蓝莓花色苷单体含量,同时分析蓝莓总花色苷含量、组分以及抗氧化活性的动态变化规律。结果表明:蓝莓花色苷总含量随温度升高呈现先增加后减小的趋势,当温度在50 ℃时,花色苷总含量达到最大值207.39 mg/100 g。经HPLC-MS/MS鉴定蓝莓花色苷共有13种花色苷单体。当温度在30~70 ℃时,蓝莓中所有花色苷单体含量均呈现先增加后减小的趋势;在60 ℃时,仅有芍药-3-葡萄糖苷消失;在70 ℃时,芍药-3-葡萄糖苷和芍药-3-阿拉伯糖苷均消失。蓝莓花色苷的抗氧化活性随温度升高也呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其中对脂质体的抑制率、DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率均高于Vc,而对.OH自由基的清除能力低于Vc。所建立的动力学模型能有效预测微波提取不同温度下花色苷含量和抗氧化活性的变化规律,研究结果可为蓝莓深加工提供理论依据。     

MeJA处理对蓝莓果实采后灰霉病的影响及机理

以“埃利奥特”蓝莓果实为实验材料,研究茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）处理对蓝莓果实灰霉病、活性氧代谢酶、防御相关酶活性和总酚、总花色苷含量的影响。50 μmol/L MeJA处理蓝莓果实后刺孔接种Botrytis cinerea孢子悬浮液,于（1±1） ℃贮藏16 d。结果表明,MeJA处理有效抑制果实发病率和过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,促进贮藏初期果实H2O2的迅速积累,提高果实防御相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性,促进酚类、木质素等植保素类物质的合成。表明MeJA处理可提高蓝莓果实抗病性,从而有效抑制了果实灰霉病的发生。     

贮藏温度对草莓浆理化成分和品质变化的影响

探明贮藏条件对草莓浆理化成分和品质的影响。研究了常温(25℃)、0、4、-18℃冷冻贮藏期间草莓浆花色苷、V_C、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、风味的变化。结果表明,贮藏60 d,常温和4℃冷藏草莓浆花色苷保留率为12.56%和70.6%,0℃和-18℃冷冻贮藏草莓浆花色苷保留率仍在88%以上,常温和4℃贮藏V_C保留率分别为42.26%和73.21%,0℃和冷冻贮藏V_C保留率均为90%以上;可滴定酸和可溶性固形物在0℃和冷冻贮藏60 d内无显著变化;0℃和冷冻贮藏草莓浆的色泽明显优于常温贮藏;-18℃冷冻贮藏可以较好的保持草莓浆的酸味、甜味等味觉感官品质。经综合评价,0℃和-18℃冷冻环境条件有利于草莓果浆品质的保持,可显著延缓花色苷和V_C的降解,是较合适的草莓浆保藏温度,为草莓浆加工与保藏提供了参考。